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Your search for 'dc_creator:( "Renger, Johannes (Berlin)" ) OR dc_contributor:( "Renger, Johannes (Berlin)" )' returned 108 results. Modify search
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Wine
(4,434 words)
(οἶνος/
oînos; Lat.
vinum). [German version] I.Egypt and Ancient Near East Archeological finds (excavations, pictorial representations in tombs) as well as Egyptian and Roman texts contain a plethora of information about the growing, production and use of wine in Egypt from the Early Period to the Ptolemaic-Roman Period. Wine (Egyptian
jrp; Coptic
ērp; Old-Nubian
orpj/ē; cf. in Sappho 51 ἔρπις/
érpis [9. 46], probably an old foreign cult word [7. 1169]) was grown primarily in Lower Egypt or the Nile Delta and in the oases, clearly because of the favourab…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Oils for cooking
(2,001 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt In the Ancient Orient and Egypt, oil was not only part of human nutrition (e.g. the daily rations for the population dependent on central institutions), but was also used as body oil, for making scent, for embalming (in Egypt), for medicinal purposes, in craft production, as lamp oil and in the cultic and ritual sphere (e.g. unction for rulers in Israel: 1 Sam 10,1; 16,3; not in Mesopotamia). Depending on the regionally varying agronomic and climatic conditions, oil was obtained from a number of plants: whereas numerous olei…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Market
(2,086 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt The concept of the market is the subject of controversial discussions in classical Middle Eastern studies and Egyptology, since there was no term, neither in the Mesopotamian area nor in Egypt, that clearly designated the market as a place and a
modus operandi. Background of the discussion are, on the one hand, the studies regarding pre-modern societies inspired by K. Polanyi (among others by M. Finley for the classical world), according to which a market did not exist as a system of supply and dema…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lists
(643 words)
[German version] A. Definition Lists are a graphic-linguistic technique for representing facts and concepts of varying complexity. They asyntactically and enumeratively present facts removed from their written or oral (narrative/descriptive) context. Lists may be exhaustive - with a claim to completeness - or open. In addition to simple lists (compilations of terms and/or numbers in a column or line or row), there are binary lists, in which terms (words) are opposed in two columns. In a matrix, term…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Deification
(1,408 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient In the Ancient Orient the deification of rulers always occurred in the context of the legitimization and exercise of rulership. Deified rulers and proper gods were always differentiated on principle. Renger, Johannes (Berlin) [German version] A. Mesopotamia References to the deification of living rulers are geographically restricted to Babylonia and temporally to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC: a) individual rulers claimed divine descent for themselves as a means of legitimizing their rule…
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Brill’s New Pauly
New Year's celebration
(1,992 words)
(NYC). The beginning of the year was variously fixed in different local or supra-regional calendars. It was oriented, as far as we know, towards agricultural patterns connected to the time of the year (especially sowing in the spring and harvest in the autumn). The beginning of the year was connected with administrative measures (e.g. raising taxes). Spring and autumn received particular consideration in the festival calendar because of their significance within the agrarian cycle. Because in re…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Measures
(1,991 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient Although the different basic measurement systems (length, measures of volume and weights) were created and defined independently of each other, at least in Mesopotamia relationships between them were established. In the Ancient Orient as elsewhere, the terms for measures of length were based on body parts (cubit, palm and finger widths), however, the foot was not used as a basic measure of length. Regional and temporal differences must be considered. The Babylonian ‘cubit’ (Sumerian
kùš, Akkadian
ammatu, normally
c. 50 cm; in the 1st millenni…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Ishtar
(181 words)
[German version] The Semitic goddess I. is etymologically related to Astarte (
Aṯtarat). Grammatically speaking, the name is masculine (cf. Western Semitic
Aṯtar). In southern Mesopotamia she was identified with Innana, the Sumerian city-goddess of Uruk, and there is evidence of her being worshipped in that city into Achaemenid times. In northern Babylonia and Assyria figures of I. were venerated in numerous cities (I. of the cities Akkad, Arbela [1], Nineveh) and to an extent identified with other goddesses. Th…
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Brill’s New Pauly