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[English version] Stadt der Bastetani, Name wohl iberisch. Die genauere Lage ist nicht festzustellen, die Identifikation mit Ilugo, Ilucia, Ἴλουνον/ Ílunon bleibt problematisch [1]. Bei L. fügten die Lusitani L. Aemilius [I 32] Paullus 190 v.Chr. schwere Verluste zu (Liv. 37,46,7). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 A. Schulten (Hrsg.), Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae 3, 1935, 199ff. Tovar 3, 157.

[English version] Keltiberischer Stamm im Gebiet des mittleren und oberen Guadiana und am Nordhang der Sierra Morena ( Oretana iuga, Plin. nat. 3,6) mit Zentrum in Oretum, 33 km westl. von Valdepeñas am Jabalón [1; 2], erstmals erwähnt unter den Truppen, die Hannibal [4] 219 v.Chr. zur Sicherung der Metagonia und Karthagos nach Afrika schickte (Ὀρῆτες Ἴβηρες, Pol. 3,33,9, evtl. zur Unterscheidung von den im selben Gebiet ansässigen Ωρητανοί, Ptol. 2,6,58, bzw. O. Germani, Plin. nat. 3,25 [3. 29721]). In westgot. Zeit (6./7. Jh.n.Chr.) erscheint das Bistum Oretum und die Oretana ec…

[English version] (Georres, Giorres). In Valdeorras am oberen Sil (Prov. Orense) hat man die Inschr. ILS I 2079 gefunden, auf der ein röm. Soldat mit dem kelt. Beinamen (nach [2. 1089]) Reburrus als Gigurrus Calubrigensis gen. wird. Calubriga ist der (nach [1. 705]) kelt. Name einer unbekannten Stadt (Vermutungen darüber bei [3. 95]). Der asturische Stamm der G. wird mehrfach erwähnt (Plin. nat. 3,28; Ptol. 2,6,37; Geogr. Rav. 4,45). Da Valdeorras im MA Val de Geurrez oder Jurrez hieß (s. [3] und ILS a.O.), ist nicht zu bezweif…

[English version] Ortsname, geht zurück auf Geron/ Theron, einen König von Tartessos ( fani est prominens et ... Gerontis arx est eminens: Avien. ora maritima 261; 263; 304). Das Heiligtum soll im Mündungsgebiet des Baetis gelegen haben [1. 237], die A. südl. davon, möglicherweise auf der Halbinsel Salmedina, von der h. nur noch einige vom Meer überflutete Klippen übrig sind [2. 39, 41, Karte 1; 1. 236f.]. Sie wurde nach einer späteren Quelle (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2,767) ἄκρα Γλαύκου genannt, König Geron also mit dem…

[English version] Keltiberer, die in Altkastilien (Prov. Soria) siedelten, anläßlich des Numantinischen Krieges erstmals erwähnt (vgl. Pol. 35,2), leisteten unter Viriatus und Sertorius den Römern hartnäckigen Widerstand. Als Kavallerie-Einheiten dienten sie im röm. Heer der Kaiserzeit (CIL XVI 26 ff.). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography W. Schüle, Die Meseta-Kulturen der iberischen Halbinsel, 1969.

[English version] Der h. Guadiana, neben dem Guadalquivir (Baetis) der bedeutendste Fluß in Südspanien. Er entspringt in Ruidera (Prov. Ciudad Real), mündete aber in der Ant. mit zwei Mündungsarmen (Avien. or. m. 208; Strab. 3,1,9) bei Ayamonte nahe der spanisch-portugiesischen Grenze in den Atlantik. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 1989, 179.

[English version] Fluß, der südl. von Barcino(na) im Gebiet der Laietani ins Mare Tyrrhenum mündet (Mela 2,90; Plin. nat. 3,21; Ptol. 2,6,18), h. Llobregat. Flußaufwärts befand sich die Stadt Rhubrikata (Ῥουβρικάτα; Ptol. 2,6,74), h. Rubí. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography TIR K/J 31 Tarraco, 1997, 134.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Caesar | Coloniae | Handel | Hispania, Iberia | Phönizier, Punier | Punische Kriege | Punische Kriege | Pyrenäenhalbinsel | Roma | Roma | Straßen wurde von Hasdrubal um 225 v.Chr. als Herrschaftszentrum anstelle von Mastia (mit dem besten Hafen der gesamten spanischen Mittelmeerküste) gegr. (h. Cartagena). Die karthagische Stadt erhielt viele Repräsentationsbauten: Tempel der pun. Gottheiten Baal und Eshmun, Paläste, Hafenanlagen und eine mächtige Mauer (Pol. 10,…

[English version] Die Anfänge der Prov. H.B. stehen im Zusammenhang mit der Neuordnung der Provinzen durch Augustus 27 v.Chr. (Cass. Dio 80,2). Das älteste Dokument, das die H.B. nennt, ist eine Inschr. vom Forum Augustum in Rom (ILS 103). Ab dem 2. Jh. n.Chr. wird die H.B. Baetica provincia bzw. Hispania Baetica gen. (ILS 269). Die Grenze der H.B. bilden im Westen der Anas (Guadiana), im Norden die Sierra Morena, im Süden Atlantik und Mittelmeer. Hauptstadt dieser senatorischen Prov. war Corduba. Lusitania Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography C.Castillo Garcia, Städte und Perso…

[English version] Ort, der nur im Rahmen der Anekdote von der Milde des Metellus gegen die Belagerten von C. erwähnt wird (142 v.Chr.; Val. Max. 5,1,5; Liv. POxy. 161-163). C. - der Name ist kelt. [1. 989] - lag vermutlich im Tal des Jalón [3. 354]. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 Holder 1 2 A. Schulten, Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae 4, 1937, 33f. 3 Ders., Numantia 1, 1914 4 Tovar 3, 369-370.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Pyrenäenhalbinsel Ibererstadt in der Prov. Hispania Baetica, h. Pinos Puente bei Illora la Vieja westl. von Granada (Plin. nat. 3,10). Ihre Lage ist inschr. gesichert (CIL II p. 284; Suppl. p. 1147). Mz. [1. 107f.; 2. 1234]. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 A. Vives, La moneda hispánica 3, 1924 2 J.B. Keune, s.v. I., RE Suppl. 3, 1233-1235. Tovar 1, 136; 3, 163ff.

[English version] Rechter Nebenfluß des Iberus [1] (h. Ebro) in Celtiberia (Celtiberi), h. Jalón. Er berührt in seinem Lauf Ocilis, Arcobriga, Aquae Bilbilitanorum, Bilbilis, Nertobriga [1] und Allobone. Sein eiskaltes Wasser war bes. geeignet, Eisen zu härten (Mart. 1,49,12; 4,55,15; 12,21,1). In den keltiberischen Kriegen (2. Jh. v. Chr.) war das Tal Operationsbasis der Römer (App. Ib. 188 ff.; [1]). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 W. V. Harris, Roman Expansion in the West III. Spain, in: CAH 8, 21989, 118-142. Schulten, Landeskunde 2, 314 f.  TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 196.

(Hiberus). Name zweier span. Flüsse, von dem gleichlautenden Völkernamen abgeleitet, nicht - wie ant. Gelehrte (Plin. nat. 3,21; Iust. 44,1,2) glaubten - umgekehrt [1. 307-315]. [English version] [1] h. Ebro Heute Ebro. Alle Quellen stimmen darin überein, daß der ant. I. mit seinen Nebenflüssen fast völlig dem h. Ebro entspricht. Der einzige Unterschied: Der ant. Fluß war bis Vareia (h. Varea östl. von Logroño) schiffbar (Plin. nat. 3,21), h. nur bis Tortosa (andere neuere Auffassungen widersprechen dieser Identifizierung, …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Coloniae | Hispania, Iberia | Straßen Stadt in der Nähe von Santiponce bei Sevilla. 206 v.Chr. von P. Cornelius Scipio gegr. und mit Veteranen besiedelt (App. Ib. 38) als vicus civium Romanorum (CIL II 1119). Seit Caesar erscheint I. als municipium (Bell. Alex. 52,4; Mz.), seit Hadrianus (117-138 n.Chr.) als colonia (Gell. 16,13,4; CIL II 1135; XI 2699; XII 1856). I. war die Heimat der Kaiser Traianus und Hadrianus, aber schwerlich auch des Dichters Silius. In I. waren die legio VII (CIL II 1125f.) und die cohors III Galli…

[English version] [1] Stadt zw. Saguntum und Valentia Iberische [1] Stadt zw. Saguntum und Valentia auf dem Hügel La Pedrera [2; 3]; die römerzeitliche Siedlung liegt etwas westl. davon an der Stelle des h. Puig. L. wurde in den Kämpfen zw. Pompeius und Sertorius zerstört (Plut. Sertorius 18, Plut. Pompeius 18; App. civ. 1,109; Frontin. strat. 2,5,31; Oros. 5,23,6f.). Von Plin. nat. 14,71 wegen ihres trefflichen Weins erwähnt. Mz. [4], Inschr. CIL II 3875, XV 4577f. Wein, Weinbau Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 Holder 2, 163 2 C. Konrad, Plutarch's Sertorius. A historical …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Caesar | Coloniae | Handel | Hispania, Iberia | Limes | Pyrenäenhalbinsel | Roma | Roma | Wein | Straßen Heute Córdoba am Ufer des Guadalquivir (Baetis), der von C. bis zur Mündung schiffbar ist; die Stadt liegt inmitten einer landwirtschaftl. äußerst fruchtbaren Gegend. Ihre Bed. verdankt C. auch den günstigen Verkehrsverbindungen, der alten via Herculea, und dem Bergbau der Umgebung. In vorröm. Zeit lagen hier bed. Zentren der tartessischen Kultur (Colina de los Quemados, Montoro). Im Zusam…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Hispania, Iberia City of the Vaccaei (Pol. 3,14,1; 3,14,3: Ἑλμαντική/ Helmantikḗ; Liv. 21,5,6: Hermandica; Polyaenus, Strat. 7,48: Σαλμαντίς/ Salmantís; Ptol. 2,5,9: Σαλμάντικα/ Salmántika; It. Ant. 434,4: Salmatice; CIL II 857; 859; 870: S.), modern Salamanca. Conquered by Hannibal [4] in 220 BC to secure a grain supply for his army. Roman municipium on the army road from Augusta [2] Emerita to Asturica Augusta. A Roman bridge over the Tormes still stands there today. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography P. Barceló, A…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | | Coloniae | Pyrenean peninsula The present-day Barcelona was an Iberian settlement of the  Lacetani (Mela 2,90; Plin. HN 3,22; Ptol. 2,6, 18). During the Civil War, B. was on Caesar's side. B. received the name Faventia Julia Augusta Pia (or Paterna?) Immunis. B. reached its highest peak during Roman imperial times. The city attained its special significance not least because of its bishops -- under the  Visigoths, when the decline of Tarraco started. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 438-440 R. W…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni City on the right bank at the mouth of the Tagus (Tejo) in Lusitania, modern Lisboa (Lisbon) in Portugal. Attested variant names: Olisipo, It. Ant. 416,4; 418,7; 419,7; 420,8; Olisipona, Tab. Peut. 1,1; Ὀλυσιπών/ Olysipṓn, Str. 3,3,1; Olisippo: Plin. HN 4,116f.; Ulisippo, Mela 3,1,8; Ὀλιοσείπων/ Olioseípōn, Ptol. 2,5,3. There was a palaeolithic settlement on the hill of Castelo São Jorge on the Tejo. Important trade centre. In 138 BC, O. was the basis for consul…

[German version] This Iberian [1. 58] settlement was located near the salines of Men Baca between  Castulo and Linares and Vilches (CIL II 5091, p. 710) and belonged to the conventus of  Carthago Nova (Plin. HN 3,25). The identification with Iniesta in [2. 175] is mistaken. Pliny praised the salt of Egelasta because of its unique medicinal effect (HN 31,80). Otherwise only rarely mentioned (Str. 3,4,9; Ptol. 2,6,56, Egelésta). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 A. Schulten, Numantia 1, 1914 2 Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada 19. Tovar, 3, 1989, 155f., 234.

(Νοῖγα/ Noîga). [German version] [1] Coastal city in northern Spain Coastal city in northern Spain in the territory of the Astures (Asturia), east of the Melsus (= Nelo in Plin. HN 4,111; modern Nalón), possibly near Gijón (Str. 3,4,20; Ptol. 2,6,6: Νοῖγα Οὐκεσία/ Noîga Oukesía). Mela 3,113-15 has the most detailed information on its location; but despite intense discussion the location remains unclear. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography C.Fernández Ochoa, Noega-Gigia: reflexiones sobre dos enclaves astur-romanos, in: Leyenda y arqueología de las ciudades pre…

There were several towns with this name in the province of  Hispania Baetica [3. 1225]. Often they are difficult to distinguish from Ilipa, Ilipla, Elepla, Elipla [1]. Only the most important are briefly listed here. [German version] [1] I. Magna (Ptol. 2,4,9) or I. Laus ( Iulia?, Plin. HN 3,10). Location unknown. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) [German version] [2] I. Minor (Plin. HN 3,12; CIL II 1469f.), modern Repla, south of Osuna. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) [German version] [3] I., Ilipla ([2]; Ptol. 2,410). Between  Baetis and Anas, modern Niebla. The ruins of the old town a…

[German version] The province Hispania Tarraconensis (HT) was established by the administrative reorganization of the Iberian peninsula by Augustus in 27 BC (Cass. Dio 80,2). Initially it encompassed the northeastern half of Hispania and was the largest of the three Hispanic provinces. In the north it extended to the Atlantic and the Pyrenees, in the east the Mediterranean formed a natural border, including the Balearics, in the south it was bounded by Baetica, and in the west by Lusitania. As the…

[German version] (Ἄνας; Ánas) Modern Guadiana, next to the Guadalquivir (Baetis), the most important river of southern Spain. It rises in Ruidera (Ciudad Real province); in antiquity, it branched into two arms (Avien. Or. m. 208; Str. 3,1,9) at its mouth into the Atlantic near Ayamonte, close to the Spanish-Portuguese border. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 1989, 179.

[German version] Lusitanian settlement of unknown location. Val. Max. 6,4,1 reports an incident when, during his campaign of 136 BC, D. Iunius Brutus offered a large amount of gold to the besieged inhabitants of C., if they capitulated. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 270.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | | Etrusci, Etruria | Hispania, Iberia | Colonization | Punic Wars | Pyrenean peninsula (Emporion). Sea-trading port, now Ampurias, on the eastern edge of the Pyrenees, in the province Gerona, on the Costa Brava. Sources: [1; 2]. Archaeological activity that was unparalleled in Spain took place here from the start of the 20th cent. and has been extensively covered in several publications [3. 334ff.; 4. 66ff.; 5. 94; 6; 7; 8. 273ff.]. The inscriptions have pr…

Iberian [1] name of two cities. [German version] [1] City in southern Spain This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Hispania, Iberia City in southern Spain, modern-day Montilla near Córdoba (Bell. Hisp. 30ff. [2]; Plin. HN 3,12). Scene of two ancient battles: It was there that Cn. Cornelius [I 77] Scipio defeated the Carthaginians (Liv. 24,42,1-4) in 214 BC; in 45 BC Caesar defeated the Pompeians there. The latter occasion probably marked the final destruction of M. (Bell. Hisp. 41). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) [German version] [2] City in Celtiberia City in Celtiberia, con…

[German version] Iberian people in the region of modern Alcoy, north of Alicante in southeastern Spain, with a centre in Althaea or Cartana (Pol. 3,13f.; 33,9; Liv. 21,5; site unknown); subjugated by Hannibal [4] straight after he was appointed strategos in 221 BC. In 219 the O. sent troops to Africa to secure the Libyan coast. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography P. Barceló, Hannibal, 1998, 35  G.V. Sumner, Roman Policy in Spain before the Hannibalic War, in: HSPh 72, 1967, 205-246, esp. 215f.  Tovar 2, 94f.

[German version] Station on the road from Tarraco to Asturica at modern Sasamón (Str. 3,4,13; Plin. HN 3,26; Ptol. 2,6,50; CIL II Suppl. p. 932 f.). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography P. Barceló, Das kantabrische Gebirge im Altertum, in: E. Olshausen, H. Sonnabend (eds.), Gebirgsland als Lebensraum (Geographica Historica 8), 1996, 53-61, plate XIX  F. J. Lomas Salmonte, Asturia prerromana y altoimperial, 1989, 87  TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 207 f.

[German version] Iberian town in the area of the upper  Baetis, with the tomb of one of the two Scipios who fell in 211 BC, probably Cn. Scipio (Plin. HN 3,25). The equation of I. with the modern Lorca (province of Murcia) is disputed. CIL II p. 476. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography A. Schulten (ed.), Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae 3, 1935, 91 J. B. Keune, s.v. I., RE Suppl. 3, 1229 G. Alföldy, Röm. Städtewesen auf der neukastilischen Hochebene, 1981, 38.

[German version] Alongside the  Astures, the C. were the most important tribe of the Spanish Atlantic coastal region. The main income of this tribe, which was split up into various groups, was derived from breeding cattle in the mountainous regions of the modern districts of Asturia and Santander; arable farming was very much of secondary importance only. Food shortages in the mountains may have been the motivation for the C.'s raids on the  Vaccaei, who settled in the fertile Duero valley. The C.…

[German version] Iberian tribe (Liv. 25,34,6; 28,24,4; 34,20,1 on events in the years 210 to 184 BC; Plin. HN 3,24: 'Suessetania') between the Iberus [1] (Ebro) and the Pyrenees [2], between Vascones in the west, Sedetani in the south and Lacetani in the east; Corbio [2] (location unknown) was one of its settlement centres (Liv. 39,42,1). The S. may have been identical with the Cessetani. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 215.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Hispania, Iberia City near Santiponce in the vicinity of Seville. Founded in 206 BC by P. Cornelius Scipio and settled with veterans (App. Hisp. 38) as a vicus civium Romanorum (CIL II 1119). From the time of Caesar, I. appears as a municipium (Bell. Alex. 52,4; coins), from the time of Hadrian (AD 117-138) as a colonia (Gell. NA 16,13,4; CIL II 1135; XI 2699; XII 1856). I. was the home of the emperors Trajan and Hadrian, but probably not that of the poet Silius Italicus. The legio VII (CIL II 1125f.) and the cohors III Gallica …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Pyrenean peninsula (modern Gerona). The place name is probably Iberian (an almost complete collection of toponymical evidence in [1. 2015]). It is debatable whether the Iberian coins with Krsa (?) on it refer to G. [2. 81]. The place is frequently mentioned in inscriptions (CIL II p. 614; Suppl. p. 1145). According to Plin. HN 3,23, G. was an oppidum civium Latinorum. In the Christian period G. played a role as the city of the martyr Felix (died during the reign of Diocletian; Prudent. 4,2…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pyrenean peninsula Iberian town in the province of  Hispania Baetica, modern Pinos Puente near Illora la Vieja west of Granada (Plin. HN 3,10). Its location is certain from inscriptions (CIL II p. 284; Suppl. p. 1147). Coins [1. 107f.; 2. 1234]. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 A. Vives, La moneda hispánica 3, 1924 2 J. B. Keune, s.v. I., RE Suppl. 3, 1233-1235. Tovar 1, 136; 3, 163ff.

[German version] Celtic tribe on the middle Iberus in La Rioja. Their most important towns were Tricio, Oliba and  Vareia (Liv. fr. 91: validissima urbs). Sertorius occupied the tribe's territory in 76 BC. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 77-78.

[German version] River in the territory of the Carpetani (Plut. Sertorius 17,2), modern Tajuña. It rises in the extreme east of the Sierra de Guadalajara at Maranchón, flows past Caracca and into the Tagus (Tajo) on its right side. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 216.

[German version] [1] City between Saguntum and Valentia Iberian [1] city between Saguntum and Valentia on the hill of La Pedrera [2; 3]; the settlement from the Roman period lies somewhat to its west on the site of modern Puig. L. was destroyed in the battles between Pompey and Sertorius (Plut. Sertorius 18, Plut. Pompey 18; App. B Civ. 1,109; Frontin. Str. 2,5,31; Oros. 5,23,6f.). Mentioned by Plin. HN 14,71 because of its excellent wine. Coins [4], inscription CIL II 3875, XV 4577f. Viticulture Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 Holder 2, 163 2 C. Konrad, Plutarch's Sertorius. A H…

[German version] Town in southern Spain (Sierra Morena) near modern Villanueva de las Minas in the province of Seville (the form of the name has been deduced from municipium [ Flavium] Muniguense, CIL II 1049-1051 [2]), modern Castillo de Mulva. Probably an Iberian [1] place name. Under Vespasian (AD 69-79) municipium; M. had a special official to apply municipal rights, known as the promotor (?) iuris Latini (CIL II 1052). In the 2nd cent., M. became a prosperous mining town with a large terraced sanctuary (emperor cult?) [3; 4]. Around AD 300, M. was abandon…

[German version] Described in Pol. 3,14,1 (cf. Liv. 21,5,6) as a city of the  Vaccaei (in the provinces of Segovia and Salamanca) [1. 98]. Further references in [2]. Its location is unknown: Toro and Alba de Tormes are considered as possibilities [1. 323]. In 220 BC, after putting up a strong resistance, the city had to surrender to  Hannibal. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 Tovar 3, 1989 2 E. Hübner, s. v. A., RE 2,1, 420-421. R. Martin Valls, G. Delibes de Castro, Toro ciudad celtibérica, in: Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueologia 43, 1977, 306 ff. F. Wattemb…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Hispania, Iberia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pyrenean peninsula Settlement of the  Turdetani, modern Carmona (province of Sevilla in Spain). C. rose to importance during the conflicts between Rome and Carthage (3rd/2nd cents. BC; App. Ib. 25; Liv. 33,21,6ff.). Caes. B Civ. 2,19,4 and Str. 3,2,2 refer to C. as one of the most important towns of Baetica. The names of some of the officials of this   municipium civium Romanorum or Latinorum are known from coins [1. 199] and from inscriptions (CIL II 1378ff.; 5120). Barceló, Pedro (Pots…

[German version] [1] Town near modern Mansilla de las Mulas, northern Spain Town of the Astures near modern Mansilla de las Mulas, northern Spain, approximately 20 km from León (on the Celtic place name [1; 2], also [3; 4]). Conquered in 25 BC by P. Carisius, but spared (Cass. Dio 53,25,8; Flor. Epit. 2,33,37f.; Oros. 6,21,10; cf. also Plin. HN 3,28; Ptol. 2,6,28; It. Ant. 395,3; [5]). Substantial, almost exclusively Roman remains; Roman coins. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 Holder, s.v. L. 2 A. Schulten, Los Cántabros y Astures ..., 1943, 107, 151 3 F. Abbad Rios, F. Jordá Cerdá, In…

[German version] Iberian tribe in Hispania Tarraconensis (now Cataluña); the place name Berga (province of Barcelona) commemorates it. On his march to Italy Hannibal passed through the tribe's territory (Pol. 3,35; Liv. 21,19; 23). In the first phase of the Roman conquest of Spain the B. put up resistance, but were subdued by Cato in 195 BC (Liv. 34,16ff.). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 39f.

[German version] Town in the upper Ebro valley; precise location unknown. In 179 BC founded as a Gracchuris by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus in place of the Iberian town of Ilurcis (Liv. Epitome 41; Festus p. 86,5). G. is mentioned later in the war against Sertorius in 76 BC (Liv. Epitome 41). Pliny (HN 3,24) names G. among the oppida Latii veteris of the conventus of Caesaraugusta. There are no inscriptions, but G. appears on several coins from the time of Tiberius as a municipium [1. 113f.]. Later G. is no longer mentioned. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 A. Vives, La moneda hispánic…

[German version] Only mentioned by Avien. 182ff. and by Dionys. Per. 338. They were probably a Celtic tribe (different in [1. 978]), who originally lived on the island of Cartare (probably in the  Baetis delta), later south of the Tagus and in the Anas valley. Possibly identical with the Celtici (cf. Str. 3,1,6). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 Holder 1. A. Schulten, Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae 1, 21955, 104ff. Tovar 2, 195f.

[German version] Celtic tribe in north-western Hispania, giving its name to the modern region of Galicia. First mentioned in connection with the Celtiberian Wars (181-133 BC) (App. Ib. 300). The Roman governor Iunius Brutus, who crushed them between 138 and 136 BC, was given the cognomen Callaicus. Caesar, too, had dealings with them during his propraetorship in 60 BC. For a time, the C. appeared alongside the  Astures and  Cantabri, when Augustus was at war with these and subjugated them finally …

[German version] Celtiberian town, modern Coca (province of Segovia). First mentioned in the context of the brutal war conducted by  Lucullus in 151 BC (App. Ib. 51f.). Scipio, too, laid the town to ruins in the course of his battle against Numantia (App. Ib. 89). In the imperial age, the town belonged to the conventus of  Clunia (Plin. HN 3,26), and gained fame as the birthplace of emperor  Theodosius I (Zos. 4,24,4). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 334 F. Wattemberg, La región vaccea, 1959.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Celtiberian settlement on the Cerro de Bámbola near Calatayd (province of Zaragoza); its name is possibly derived from the river Birbilis (Just. Epit. 44,38), an alternative name for the Salo, or the name of one of its tributaries. In Roman times, the road from Augusta [2] Emerita to Caesaraugusta passed through B. It is a matter of debate whether B. was a   colonia or a   municipium . It is the birthplace of Martial, who extolled the wealth of his homeland. The town fell into ruin in…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Punic Wars Settlement in the mining area on the upper  Baetis (modern Bailen). In 208 BC, it was the location of one of the decisive battles of the Second Punic War, in which Hasdrubal was defeated by P.C. Scipio Africanus. Hasdrubal subsequently departed from Spain (Pol. 10,38,7; 11,20,5; Liv. 27,18,1; 28,13,5; App. Ib. 24). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 153-154.

[German version] [1] City in the easternmost Pyrenees near Rhode (Πυρήνη; Pyrḗnē). City of Iberian or Phocaean origin in the region between the Sordi and the Ceretes peoples (Avien. 559), therefore in the easternmost Pyrenees (P. [2]) near Rhode. Here, according to Hdt. 2,33, was the source of the Istrus [2] (Danube); P. was a rich city, seven days' journey from Pylae [1] Gadeirides (Avien. 562-565) and often visited by merchants from Massalia. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 460. [German version] [2] Mountains, modern Pyrenees (Πυρήνη/ Pyrḗnē, Πυρηναῖα/ Pyrēnaîa, Πυρ…