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Divine Essence
(988 words)
[German Version] I. Philosophy of Religion – II. Dogmatics
I. Philosophy of Religion Considering that philosophical theories of essence are grounded in the effort to establish a principle of ontological unity in the face of experienced multiplicity and mutability, any talk of divine essence may be surprising, as no such difference is to be presupposed in God. It is indeed essential for one tradition to use the term “essence” precisely to express its absolute simplicity (Unity, Divine), and thus God's self-identity
per se. Accordingly, the statement that God is pure essence (
essentia…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Original State
(3,622 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Bible – III. Dogmatics
I. Religious Studies Myths of an original state are usually associated with cosmogonic and anthropogonic (Anthropogony) myths concerning the origins of the world, life, animals, and human beings, for the original state refers to a primal age (Protology) before all time, falling between creation and history. Many religious traditions describe a harmonious, even paradisal eon when humans or (sometimes theriomorphic) protohumans were “still” in d…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Autarchy
(141 words)
[German Version] “Autarchy” denotes individual or national
economic independence through self-sufficiency, whereas the goal of autonomy, as a combination of reason (I) and freedom (V), is
moral self-determination.
Theologically, God alone is autarchic (
indepedentia dei; Aseity; Sovereignty), since only God exists
a se. Human beings are not autarchic but are dependent on (God's) Providence (cf. Matt 6:19–32). The New Testament therefore severely attacks human striving for autarchy (…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Atheism
(4,492 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Church History – III. Philosophy of Religion – IV. Practical Theology – V. Missiology
I. Religious Studies
1. Preliminary Considerations. “Atheism” is a Lati-nized term, current since the end of the 16th century, meaning disbelief in God. It derives from Gk ἄθεός/
átheós (alpha privative), literally “without God.” This historical background with its specifically European connotation must be kept in mind in any …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Respect
(270 words)
[German Version] is a fundamental sense of the value of persons (V) and other creatures; when God is its object, it is called reverence. Respect can also be shown toward goods, values, and ideals. Secondarily it is possible to respect the distinctive characteristics of others (Tolerance and intolerance), but only through prior recognition of their personal worth (Human dignity). For I. Kant, respect is the determin…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Urstand
(3,118 words)
[English Version]
I. Religionsgeschichtlich Die Mythen vom U. knüpfen meist an kosmogonische und anthropogonische (Anthropogonie) Mythen an (Ursprung von Welt, Leben, Tier und Mensch), denn der U. bez. eine Ur-Zeit (Protologie) vor aller Zeit und steht damit zw. Schöpfung und Geschichte. In vielen rel. Traditionen wird ein harmonischer, geradezu paradiesischer Äon beschrieben, als die Menschen bzw. die (u.U. theriomorphen) Protomenschen mit den Gottheiten »noch« in direktem Kontakt standen un…