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b. Yūsuf b. Maṭar al-Ḥāsib , a translator who lived in Bag̲h̲dād in the late 2nd/8th and early 3rd/9th centuries. His translations include the Elements of Euclid (revised by T̲h̲ābit b. Ḳurra and commented by al-Nayrīzī [ qq.v.]) and a version, from a Syriac text, of the Astronomy of Ptolemy. The latter, called K. al-Mad̲j̲istī , was completed in 212/827-8. (Ed.) Bibliography Brockelmann, I 203, SI 363 A. Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden 1938, 85.

, one of the best known of the bandit-lords who, from the marshes of the Baṭāʾiḥ [ q.v.] where they were entrenched, periodically defied and even threatened the authorities of Bag̲h̲dād itself. A native of al-D̲j̲āmida, a place between Wāsiṭ and Baṣra, ʿImrān was obliged to go into hiding following a crime which he had committed, and from then on led the life of a brigand, for which the region where he dwelt was very suitable. He next entered into relations with Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-Barīdī [see al-barīdī ], who saw in him the man he needed to defend the marshes ag…

(Eng. and Fr.: Navarre), a province of northern Spain, whose capital, Pampeluna, abandoned its allegiance to the Muslims in 182/798 and made itself into a semi-independent kingdom. Its history, at the time of Muslim domination, becomes intermingled with that of Pampeluna [see banbalūna ] and with that of the majority of its inhabitants, the Basques or Vascons [see bas̲h̲kunis̲h̲ ]. (Ed.)

, Ottoman name of the island of Imbros in the Aegean Sea, some 15 km off the southern end of the Gallipoli peninsula (Thracian Chersonese), and thus of strategic importance as commanding the entrance to the Dardanelles, Čanaḳ-ḳalʿe Bog̲h̲azi̊ [ q.v.]. In 1444, when it was visited by Cyriacus of Ancona, it was still Byzantine (although the neighbouring islands of Thasos and Samothrace were in the hands of the Gattilusio family). When news of the fall of Constantinople (857/1453) reached the island, many of its leading men fled, but the…

a locality situated on the left bank of the Tigris, not far south of East Bag̲h̲dād, capital of a district ( ṭassūd̲j̲ ) of the same name. Here the Nahr Bīn flowed into the Tigris; a branch of the Nahrawān, it provided East Bag̲h̲dād with a network of canals. Kalwād̲h̲ā was a large town endowed with a Great Mosque frequented by the people of Bag̲h̲dād since it was only a short distance to travel (Ibn Rusta-Wiet, 214, estimates it at three parasangs, but Yāḳūt , s.v., reduces it to one parasang, specifying that in his day the place was in ruins). The town i…

, commander ( ḥād̲j̲ib ) high in the service of the local ruler of the Baṭāʾiḥ [ q.v.] or marsh lands of lower ʿIrāḳ, ʿImrān b. S̲h̲āhīn [ q.v.], and then petty ruler there during the second half of the 4th/10th century. After ʿImrān’s death in 369/979, al-Muẓaffar set aside his sons and set up a grandson, a minor called Abu ’l-Maʿālī (373/983-4). He himself in practice exercised all power, although he set up further puppet rulers of the line of ʿImrān until his own death in 376/986-7, after which al-Muẓaffar was succeeded…

(karah) or karad̲j̲ abī dulaf , an ancient town in the D̲j̲ibāl province [ q.v.] of Persia; the actual site is unknown, but it was situated to the south-east of Hamad̲h̲ān, almost half-way between that city and Iṣfahān. It derives its second name from al-Ḳāsim b. ʿĪsā al-ʿId̲j̲lī [ q.v.], better known by his kunya of Abū Dulaf, who probably enlarged ( maṣṣara ) an existing settlement and constructed a fortress there; during the wars between al-Amīn and al-Maʾmūn, this commander carved out for himself a fief in D̲j̲ibāl and secured the privilege of paying in return a tax for this concession ( īg̲h…

(a.), a word found in Ḳurʾān, XCVI, 18, usually interpreted by the commentators as the guardians of Hell or else the angels who carry off the souls at death [see malāʾika. 1]. A. Jeffery, The foreign vocabulary of the Qurʾān , Baroda 1938, 148, thought that an origin from Syriac zabūrā , the ductores who, says Ephraim Syrus, lead the departed souls for judgment was likely; but W. Eilers, Iranisches Lehngut im arabischen , in Indo-Iranian Jnal , v (1962), 220, favoured an Iranian etymology, from MP zen ( dān ) bān “warder, keeper of a prison”, NP zindānbān . (Ed.) Bibliography Given in the article.

, Turkish political party, registered on 7 January 1946. In the general elections held in July of the same year, the party put up 273 candidates for 465 seats; sixty one of them were elected, forming the main opposition group. The first party congress, held on 7 January 1947, formally adopted the party programme and charter. As a result of various internal disagreements, notably the secession of a group of deputies who formed the National Party ( Millet Partisi ) in July 1948, the strength of the Democrat Party in the Assembly had fallen by 1950 to 31…

(t.), literally “centre”, in Ottoman Turkish military terminology, the equivalent of a company of fighting men in the three divisions (the Segmen , the D̲j̲emāʿat and the Bölük ) of which the Janissary corps was eventually composed [see od̲j̲aḳ and yeñi čeriler ). The number of ortas within the corps varied through the ages, but eventually approached 200; d’Ohsson reckoned the total at 229. The strength of each orta likewise varied; in the time of Meḥemmed II Fātiḥ [ q.v.], they are said to have been composed of 50 men, but in the low hundreds at subsequent periods. The commander of an orta …

(a.), one of the various words used in the Ḳurʾān for Hell Fire. Saʿīr seems to be a native Arabic formation (unlike D̲j̲ahannam and possibly Ṣaḳar [ q.v.]) with the meaning “[place of] fiercely kindled flame”. It occurs 16 times in the Holy Book (IV, 11/10, 58/55, XXII, 4, etc.), most frequently in third Meccan period and Medinan sūras. (Ed.) Bibliography Nöldeke-Schwally, G des Q i, 89 T. O’Shaughnessy, The seven names for Hell in the Qurʾān, in BSOAS, xxiv (1961), 455-7.

(a.), literally, “one who metes out justice, inṣāf [ q.v.]”, a term used in Muslim Indian administration, and then in that of British India, to denote a legal official or judge of subordinate grade. In Mug̲h̲al times, a chief munṣif ( munṣif-i munṣifān ) tried civil cases, especially those involving revenue questions, within a sarkār see R.C. Majumdar (ed.), The history and culture of the Indian people, vii. The Mughul empire, 1974, 79, 84, 86). In British India, from 1793 onwards, it was the title of a native civil judge of the lowest grade (see Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson, a glossary of…

, Abū Muḥammad or Abū Naṣr ʿAbd al-Ḳādir b. al-ʿArabī al-Munabbahī al-Madag̲h̲rī , Moroccan physician and poet who was contemporary with sultan Mawlāy Ismāʿīl (1082-1139/1673-1727) and who died after 1140/1727-8. He received a traditional education at Fās, studied medicine under Ādarrāḳ [ q.v. above] Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, performed the pilgrimage and profited by the opportunity to follow courses in medicine at Alexandria and Cairo. He then returned to settle at Meknès, where he entered the sultan’s service, but led a fairly austere and cloistered life. As well as a commentary on a …

, the name of a river and its valley in the northeastern part of Afg̲h̲ānistān. The river flows southwards from the Hindū Kus̲h̲ [ q.v.] and joins the Kābul River at Sarobi, and near this point a barrage was constructed in the 1950s to supply water for Kābul. The Pand̲j̲hīr valley has always been important as a corridor for nomads who winter in the Lāmg̲h̲ānāt-D̲j̲alālābād [ q.vv.] regions and then travel to summer pastures in Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ān [ q.v.]. In mediaeval Islamic times, Pand̲j̲hīr was a famed centre for silver mining [see maʿdin at V, 964, 967, 968 for details], and coins were…

(a.), the verbal noun of Form X of the verb laḥiḳa “to reach, catch up with,” having the meaning of “to try to reach, attach, adopt, affiliate s.o. to s.th.” (see WbKAS , letter lām, 330). In early Islamic history, it was especially used for the attempt in 44/665 of the Umayyad caliph Muʿāwiya I [ q.v.] to attach the very able official Ziyād b. Abīhi [ q.v.] to his own, ruling clan of Umayya. Ziyād was of dubious parentage, his mother Sumayya being apparently a slave, and Muʿāwiya aimed at linking Ziyād to his own family as the putative son of his own father, Abū Sufyān [ q.v.]. For details of this istilḥā…

, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Saʿīd b. ḥammād al-ṣanhād̲j̲ī , an ¶ Egyptian poet of Berber origin, born on 1 S̲h̲awwāl 608/7 March 1212 at Būṣīr [ q.v.] or near to Dalāṣ (see Yāḳūt, s.v.) in Upper Egypt. He was in fact known also by the nisba of Dalāṣī, it being said that one of his parents originated from Dalāṣ and the other from Būṣīr; he also had a composite nisba, al-Dalāṣīrī, but this last was never very current. He followed the courses of the Ṣūfī Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Mursī (d. 686/1287; see al-S̲h̲aʿrānī, al-Ṭabaḳāt al-kubrā , Cairo n.d., ii, 12-18; P. Nwyia, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh …

(p.), a title used in many different senses in Islamic lands. In earlier times it was variously used of scholars, teachers, merchants, ministers and eunuchs. In mediaeval Egypt, according to Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī, Ṣubḥ , vi, 13, it was a title for important Persian and other foreign merchants (cf. CIA, Égypte , i, no. 24). In Sāmānid times, with the epithet buzurg “great”, it designated the head of the bureaucracy; later it was a title frequently accorded to wazīrs, teachers, writers, rich men, and merchants. In the Ottoman Empire it was used of the ulema , and in the plural form K̲h̲ w ād̲j̲egān [ q.v.]…

(a.), pl. wat̲h̲āʾiḳ , from the verb wat̲h̲uḳa “to be firm, assured”, hence a document that certifies the commission of a promise or legal act, such as a covenant, contract, etc., or the appointment of a person to an office. It thus becomes a general term for an official or legal document or formulary; see for these, diplomatic, i, and on the general usage of the term, Dozy, Supplément, ii, 780. In modern Arabic usage, wat̲h̲āʾiḳ is often used in the sense of “official records, archives”, housed in a dār al-wat̲h̲āʾiḳ . (Ed.) ¶

, a town in the western part of the Rohilk̲h̲and region of modern Uttar Pradesh state in India (lat. 29° 37′ N., long. 78° 19′ E.), the centre of a taḥṣīl of the same name in the Bijnor District. The town was founded by the Afg̲h̲ān commander and wazīr of the Mug̲h̲al Emperors, Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla [ q.v.], who in 1168/1755 built a fort, Patthagaŕh, one mile to the east. Sacked by the Marāt́hās [ q.v.] in 1186/1772, it passed two years later to the Nawwābs of Awadh [ q.v.] (Oudh). Nad̲j̲īb al-Dawla’s greatgrandson Maḥmūd participated in the Great Rebellion of 1857-8, and his palace wa…

, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad b. Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm b. al-K̲h̲aṣīb al-Anbārī , kātib and man of letters of the 3rd/9th century, called Naṭṭāḥa and known also, as his grandfather Ibrāhīm had been (Ibn al-Muʿtazz, Ṭabaḳāt , 92), as al-K̲h̲aṣībī, after the ancestor of the family, the governor of Egypt al-K̲h̲aṣīb b. ʿAbd al-Ḥamid, who had been praised by Abū Nuwās (see E. Wagner, Abū Nuwās, Wiesbaden 1965, 70 ff. and index). Often confused with the viziers Aḥmad b. al-K̲h̲aṣīb and his grandson Aḥmad b. ʿUbayd Allāh [see al-k̲h̲aṣībī ], he was in fact only the secretary of ʿUb…

, al-ḥasan b. ʿalī b. warsand founder of a sect among the Berbers of Morocco, whose adherents are called Bad̲j̲aliyya. Al-Bakrī states that he appeared there before Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-S̲h̲īʿī [ q.v.] came to Ifrīḳiya (before 280/893). Al-Bad̲j̲alī came from Nafṭa (Nefta) and found many adherents among the Banū Lamās. ¶ His teaching agreed with that of the Rawāfiḍ, but he asserted Chat the Imāmate belonged only to the descendants of al-Ḥasan. So al-Bakrī and Ibn Ḥazm state, in opposition to Ibn Ḥawḳal (ed. de Goeje, 65), who says that he was a Mūs…

(a.), in French rekkas , a term which has several meanings but which only merits an entry in the EI because, amongst several technical senses, it particularly denotes, in the Muslim West, a messenger who travels on foot long distances in order to carry official or private mail. The name is derived from the noun raḳṣ meaning “trotting” (of a horse or camel; see LA, s.v.), but is also applied to a man who “trots”, as is the case with the raḳḳāṣ . The development of various means of communication has put an end to this calling, now unnecessary, and the word raḳḳāṣ can now only denote an occasional …

(t.) “hot spring”, and a bath served by a hot spring (whereas in principle, in Ottoman usage, a ḥammām [ q.v.] is a bath whose water is artificially heated), a characteristically Western Turkish word, the diminutive(?) of i̊li̊ “hot” ( < i̊li̊g , cited by Maḥmūd Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī, Ar. text, i, 31 = tr. B. Atalay, i, 31, in contrast to “Turkish” yi̊li̊g , as an example of the Og̲h̲uz tendency to drop initial y-). According to ʿĀṣim (T. translation of al-Fīrūzābād̲j̲’s Muḥīṭ , s.v. al-ḥimma , = ed. of 1268-72, iii, 435; cited in TTS, i, 349), a thermal and curative spring is called “ i̊li̊d̲j̲a …

al-Ḥimmānī al-tamīmī , Abu ’l-Asad, minor poet of the early ʿAbbāsid period whose verses are known only from citations in other works and whose dates of birth and death are unknown. A native of Dīnawar in western Persia, he was in the circle of the caliph al-Mahdī’s vizier al-Fayḍ b. Abī Ṣāliḥ S̲h̲īrawayh, and was a companion of the famous singer ʿAllawayh [ q.v. in Suppl.]. (Ed.) Bibliography D̲j̲ahs̲h̲iyārī, Wuzarāʾ, ed. al-Saḳḳā et alii, Cairo 1401/1980, 164 Ag̲h̲ānī 1, xvi, 62 Ziriklī, Aʿlām, viii, 320.

, ʿabd allāh b. k̲h̲ulayd b. saʿd (d. 240/854), a minor poet who claimed to be a mawlā of the Banū Hās̲h̲im and who was originally from Rayy. He was in K̲h̲urāsān in the service of Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusayn [ q.v.] as a secretary and as tutor to Ṭāhir’s son ʿAbd Allāh, whose children he further tutored and whose secretary and also librarian he was. In particular, he had the duty of judging the value of the poems addressed to his master, and it was in this capacity that he came to reject a poem by Abū Tammām, who protested violently. He was, …

, a region in western Assam [ q.v.], the most north-easterly limit of penetration by Muslim armies in India. Conquest was not followed by any great settlement of Muslims in the region, which was in fact held only for limited periods. The few Muslims in the district today are mostly traders in the towns. For the history of the district as it affects Islam, see assam. In the Muslim geographers ( Ḥudūd al-ʿālam , Marwazī) it is often referred to as Ḳʾmrwn. (Ed.)

, the name currendy given to ʿīsā b. k̲h̲alīd b. al-walīd , minor poet of Baghdād whose fame stems from his clashes with Diʿbil [ q.v.]. The long dispute between the two poets was clearly a manifestation of the latent conflict between the partisans of Yemen and those of Nizār, and it was probably provoked by the famous ḳaṣīda of Diʿbil in praise of the South Arabs (ʿAbd al-Karīm al-As̲h̲tar, S̲h̲iʿr Diʿbil , Damascus 1964, No. 212), to which Abū Saʿd replied by a poem in -rāʾ which achieved some fame in its time. After this incident, the Banū Mak̲h̲zūm might…

b. Badr al-Dīn ¶ Luʾluʾ , Rukn al-Dīn, ephemeral ruler in Mawṣil [ q.v.] after his father. Luʾluʾ [ q.v.] had submitted to the Mongols, and Ismāʿīl, his eldest son, had journeyed to the Great Ḵh̲ān’s ordo at Ḳaraḳorum in order to give his father’s homage. When Luʾluʾ died in 657/1258, Ismāʿīl succeeded him, but now switched sides and opposed the Mongols. He joined forces with the Mamlūk Baybars [ q.v.], but was killed, together with his young son, when the Mongols captured and sacked Mawṣil, so that the brief line of the Luʾluʾid Atabegs came to an end. (Ed.) Bibliography M. van Berchem, Monuments…

, the former name (in use till 1937) of the Persian town and port on the Ḥaffār channel to the lower Kārūn river [ q.v.], now known as K̲h̲urrams̲h̲ahr. Hence for the history of Muḥammara, see k̲h̲urrams̲h̲ahr , and also k̲h̲azʿal k̲h̲ān . To the references given in the Bibls . to these two articles should be added: H.G. Rawlinson, Notes on Mohamrah and the Cha’ab Arabs , in Procs . Royal Geogr . Soc ., i, 351 ff.; Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbooks, Persia , London 1945, index s.v. Khurramshahr ; M.ʿA. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār, al-Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-siyāsī li-imārat ʿArabistān al-ʿara…

(a.), the verbal noun of the form II verb waffaḳa “to facilitate, make easy, direct aright”, a term of Islamic theology. Here, tawfīḳ means “facilitating, helpfulness, predisposing towards”, used especially of God’s grace and help towards mankind. In Ḳurʾān, IV, 65/62, it is used by the Hypocrites of their own intentions; in XI, 90/88, by S̲h̲uʿayb [ q.v.] for his hope from God of success in his prophetic mission amongst Midian; in IV, 39/35, of God’s bringing harmony and peace amongst disputants. It is usually regarded by the Islamic theologians as being, with hudā / hidāya …

(a., literally "deviation by excess"), the method of increasing the common denominator of the fractional shares in an inheritance, if their sum would amount to more than one unit. This has, of course, the effect of reducing each individual share. For instance, a man dies leaving a widow, two daughters and both parents. The share of two daughters would be 2/3= 16/24 that of the widow 1/8 = 3/24, that of the father 1/6 = 4/24, and that of the mother 1/6 = 4/24 total 27/24. The denominator is therefore increased to 27, and the two daughters receive 16/27, the widow 3/27 = 1/9 and the ¶ father and the m…

b. Mirdās al-Fihrī , a poet of Mecca. Chief of the clan of Muḥārib b. Fihr in the Fid̲j̲ār [ q.v.], he fought against the Muslims at Uḥud and at the battle of the Trench, and wrote invectives against the Prophet. He was however converted after the capture of Mecca, but it is not known if he perished in the battle of Yamāma (12/633) or whether he survived and went to settle in Syria. (Ed.) Bibliography Sīra, ed. Saḳḳā, etc., Cairo 1375/1955, i, 414-5, 450, ii, 145-6, 254-5 Ṭabarī, index Muḥ. b. Ḥabīb, Muḥabbar, 170, 176, 434 Buḥturī, Ḥamāsa, index Ibn Sallām, Ṭabaḳāt, ed. S̲h̲ākir, 209-12 Ag̲h̲ānī, i…

, the inhaling of water through the nostrils at the time of the wuḍūʾ and g̲h̲usl . This practice is recommended by the various rites (obligatory according to Ibn Ḥanbal). In practice this is not really important since the Believer always performs it during his ablutions. (Ed.) Bibliography See istind̲j̲āʾ.

, a fortress in the Jhelum District of the Pand̲j̲āb province of Pākistān (lat. 32° 55′ N., long. 73° 48′ E.), 16 km/10 miles to the northwest of Jhelum town. It was built by S̲h̲īr S̲h̲āh Sūr [ q.v.] in 949/1542 after his victory over the Mug̲h̲al Humāyūn [ q.v.] and named after S̲h̲ēr S̲h̲āh’s other fortress in Bihār, Rōhtāsgaŕh [ q.v.]. (ed.) Bibliography Imperial gazetteer of India 2, xxi, 332.

(a.), noun derived from ʿAntar [ q.v.], denoting in Egypt: 1) a story-teller who narrates the Sīrat ʿAntar ; 2) a short garment worn under the ḳafṭān . The latter usage, assimilated by popular etymology to ʿAntarī, derives from the Turkish Entari, a word of Greek origin. (Ed.) Bibliography Dozy, Suppl. ii, 180 and references quoted.

, “the informer”, “the spy”, a name which seems to have been given by Tamīm al-Dārī [ q.v.] to the fabulous female animal which he claimed to have encountered on an island upon which he had been cast by a storm, at the same time as the Dad̲j̲d̲j̲āl [ q.v.] who was chained there; the latter being unable to move about, the D̲j̲assāsa, which is a monster of gigantic size, brings him whatever news it has gathered. Assimilated by later exegesis with the Beast ( dābba [ q.v.]) mentioned in the Ḳurʾān (XXVII, 84/82), it adds considerably to the fantastic element in travellers’ and geogra…

(a.), lit. “sorting out, distinguishing, classifying s.th.”, whence “putting in order, composing a book, etc.”, and then as a common noun “orderly presentation or classification”. See ins̲h̲āʾ ; kitāb , and the Bibl . to this last article, to which should be added G. Bosch, J. Carswell and G. Petherbridge, Islamic bindings and bookmaking. Catalogue of an exhibition, The Oriental Institute, Chicago 1981; J. Pedersen, The Arabic book, Eng. tr. G. French, Princeton 1984. The associated noun form muṣannaf has a technical usage in Islamic religious litera…

al-mad̲j̲nūn al-kūfī , the name of a lunatic of al-Kufā. We first meet him in the Bayān of al-Ḏj̲āḥiẓ (ed. Hārūn, ii, 230-1), who depicts him as a simpleton exposed to the rough jokes of passers-by, and definitely as a S̲h̲īʿī ( yatas̲h̲ayyaʿ ). It is possible that he met Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd at al-Kūfa in 188/804, as Ibn al-D̲j̲awzī reports ( al-Ad̲h̲kiyāʾ , ed. 1277, 180 ff.; see JRAS, 1907, 35), and perhaps he even addressed some remonstrances to him (al-S̲h̲aʿrānī, Ṭabaḳāt , 58); but it is certain that legend, as far back as the 4th/10th century and may…

, a term used, in almost all its occurrences, as the opposite of the word islām , and which refers to the state of affairs in Arabia before the mission of the Prophet, to paganism (sometimes even that of non-Arab lands), the pre-Islamic period and the men of that time. From the morphological point of view, d̲j̲āhiliyya seems to be formed by the addition of the suffix -iyya, denoting an abstract, to the active participle djāhil , the exact sense of which is difficult to determine. I. Goldziher ( Muḥ . St., i, 219 ff.; analysis in Arabica , vii/3 (1960), 246-9), remarking that djāhil is opposed to ḥalīm…

, patronymic which usually refers to two Ḥanafī jurisconsults who lived in Syria towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule. The first, Muḥammad Amīn b. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿĀbidīn, born in 1198/1784 at Damascus, studied first S̲h̲āfiʿī law and later Ḥanafī law, of which he became one of the most distinguished scholars of his time; he died at Damascus in 1258/1842. His best known work is a commentary on the Radd al-Muḥtār of al-Ḥaṣkafī (d. 1088/1677, published in Cairo in 1299 and in Istanbul in 1307). The second, his son ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn b. …

b. Abī waḳḳās al-Zuhrī abū ʿUmar , a Companion of the Prophet and a neph w of the more famous Saʿd b. Abī Waḳḳāṣ [ q.v.]. Converted to Islam on the day of the conquest of Mecca, he distinguished himself at the battle of the Yarmūk, where he lost an eye, and held important commands under his uncle at Ḳādisiyya and Ḏj̲alūlā. where he led the Arab forces. He was killed fighting on the side of ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn. (Ed.) Bibliography Caetani, Annali, index Tabarī, index.

, pseudonym of the Spanish traveller Domingo Badia y Leblich (Leyblich), b. 1766, d. 1818 in Syria, author of Voyages d’Ali-Bey el Abbassi en Afrique et en Asie pendant les années 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806 et 1807, 3 vols, and Atlas, Paris 1814; Travels of Ali Bey . . . between the years 1803 and 1807, 2 vols., London 1816. (Ed.) Bibliography P. Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIX e siècle, s.v. Badia y Leblich U. J. Seetzen, Reisen, iii, 373 f.

(Ital. posta ), borrowed into Ottoman Turkish and Arabic in the 19th century in the forms p/ bōsta , p/ bōsṭa to designate the new conception of European-style postal services in the Near East. In more recent times, it has been replaced at the formal level by barīd [ q.v.], a revival of the mediaeval Arabic term for the state courier and intelligence services, but būsta / busṭa and būstad̲j̲ī “postman” continue in use in the Arab Levant at the informal level, and posta remains the standard term in Modern Turkish. In modern Persian also post , from the French poste , is used. (Ed.)

(a.), a term denoting the dyeing of certain parts of the body (and especially, in regard to men, the beard and hair) by means of henna [see ḥinnāʾ ] or some similar substance. It is still used in this sense today, but is used moreover for the items of make-up and cosmetics employed by modern women; the reader may find under marʾa information about those items of cosmetics used by women attached to the traditional usages. (Ed.)

(d. 235/849), a K̲h̲azar military slave or g̲h̲ulām [ q.v.] who had been bought in 199/815 by the future caliph al-Muʿtaṣim, and who played an important role in the reigns of his master, of al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ and of al-Mutawakkil. At the opening of al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ’s caliphate, he was, with As̲h̲nās, the “mainstay of die caliphate”. After being commander of die guard in Sāmarrā, in 233/847 he was made governor of Egypt, but delegated his powers there to Hart̲h̲ama b. Naṣr (Ibn Tag̲h̲rībardī, Nud̲j̲ūm , ii, 265; al-Maḳrīzī, K̲h̲iṭaṭ , ed. Wiet, v, 136). It was he who, in…

, Mullā ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Tayd̲j̲awzī , a Kurdish poet who composed an ʿAḳīda-nāma and a celebrated dīwān in the Hawrāmī dialect of Gūrānī. He was born ca. 1222/1807 at Tāwagōz in D̲j̲awānrūd and died at Sars̲h̲āta, on the river Sīrwān near Ḥalabd̲j̲a, ca. 1300/1883. (Ed.) Bibliography V. Minorsky, The Gūrān, in BSOAS, xi (1943-5), 94 Pīramērd, Dīwān-i Mawlawī, 2 vols., Sulaymānīya, 1938-40 ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Sad̲j̲d̲j̲ādī, Mēz̲h̲ū-y adab-ī kurdī, Bag̲h̲dād 1952.

(t.), lit. “writer, secretary” < Tkis̲h̲. yaz- “write”, hence the Turkish equivalent of kātib , dabīr and muns̲h̲ī . The term was used in Ottoman times for the clerks in the various government departments, such as the ¶ treasury, with a bas̲h̲ yazi̊d̲j̲i̊ at their head. It could also be used for the secretaries of high court and military officials, e.g. of the Ḳi̊zlar Ag̲h̲asi̊ “Chief Eunuch of the Women”, who was also, in the 10th/16th century, in charge of the ewḳāf for the Ḥaramayn, Mecca and Medina, and other great mosques of the empire [see Ḥaramayn , at Vol. III, 175b]. (Ed.) Bibliography Gi…

(modern spelling Debdou; usual pron.: Dǝbdu, ethn. dəbdūbī , pl. dbādba ), a small town in eastern Morocco, at an altitude of 1,100 m., “at the foot of the right flank of the valley” of the Oued Dubdū “which rises in a perpendicular cliff to a height of 80 m. above the valley”; on a plateau nearby stands the fortress ( ḳaṣba [ ḳaṣaba ]) protected by a fosse on the side facing the mountain; on the left side of the valley lies a suburb named Mṣəllā. A dependency of the ʿamāla (under the administration of the French Protectorate in the region) of Oujda, it is the ce…

(a.), verbal noun of the verb kaffa in the sense of “to abstain, desist [from s.th.],” and “to repel [s.o. from s.th.]” (see WbKAS , i, Letter Kāf , 236-9), in a religio-political context refers to the quiescent attitude of some K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ite [ q.v.] groups in early Islam, called ḳaʿada “those who sit down”, i.e. stay at home, in abstaining from overt rebellion and warfare against the ruling authority. See further ḳuʿūd . (Ed.)

(t.), the term used in Ottoman Turkish military terminology for cannon, with ṭopd̲j̲u denoting a member of the corps of artillerymen and Ṭopk̲h̲āne being the name for the central arsenal in Istanbul. The Ṭopk̲h̲āne Gate there has given its name, in popular parlance, to the adjacent imperial palace; see ṭopḳapi̊ sarāyi̊ . The word tob / top originally in Turkish denoted “ball”, hence cannon-ball; it appears in almost all the Turkic languages and passed into the usage of Persian, the Caucasian and the Balkan languages, etc. See Doerfer, Türkische Elemente im Neupersischen …