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Dt. Kunsthistoriker und Kulturw…

Österr. Klass. Archäologe und Kunsthistoriker. Geb. am 7. 5. 1853 in Steyr, gest. am 6. 4. 1909 in Venedig. Studium in Wien bei Theodor von Sickel (Gesch.), Alexander Conze (Arch.) sowie bei Rudolf Eitelberger und Moritz Thausing (Kunstgesch.); 1880 Diss. über Dürers Antikenstudien. 1879–1885 Kustos der Textilsammlung des Österr. Museums für Kunst und Industrie; ab 1885 Extraordinarius, 1891–1909 als Nachfolger Thausings Ordinarius an der Univ. Wien. Werk und Wirkung Mit W. hielt in Wien eine histor.-kritisch ausgerichtete Kunstgeschichte Eingang. Methodenges…

Österr. Kunsthistoriker. Geb. am 14. 1. 1858 in Linz, gest. am 19. 6. 1905 in Wien. Studium von Jura, Philosophie und Gesch. sowi…

Austrian art historian. Born Linz 14. 1. 1858, died Vienna 19. 6. 1905. Studied law, philosophy, history and history of art with Rudolf Eitelberger and Moriz Thausing at the Institut für Österreichische Geschischtsforschung in Vienna. Doctorate there 1883. 1886–1897 worked in the textile department of the Österreichische Museum für Kunst und Industrie in Vienna. 1889 habil.; 1895 prof. ext., 1897 prof. ord. at Vienna Univ. Work and influence …

German art historian and cultural scholar. Born Hamburg 13. 6. 1866, died there 26. 10. 1929. 1886–1892 studied art history etc. with Karl Justi, Hermann Usener and Karl Lamprecht at Bonn, then, when Justi refused to supervise his dissertation, at Strasbourg with Hubert Janitschek and Adolf Michaelis. 1895/96 visited United States, where he studied Native American rituals. Then spent time in Florence. From 1904 private scholar in Hamburg; refused several teaching positions. From 1905, made his s…

Austrian classical archaeologist and art historian. Born Steyr 7. 5. 1853, died Venice 6. 4. 1909. Studied at Vienna with Theodor von Sickel (history), Alexander Conze (archaeology) and Rudolf Eitelberger and Moritz Thausing (art history). 1880 diss. on Dürer’s studies of antiquity. 1879–1885 curator of the textile collection at the …

[German Version] (May 15, Straßburg [Strasbourg] – Apr 3, 1961, Cologne), architect and city planner. Influenced by the Liturgical Movement (R. Guardini) and critical of historicist architecture, Schwarz strove to give church buildings a universally meaningful, “resacralized” form. Interiors with a clear geometrical design, control of light, and reduction of appointments (lamps, armoires) communicate the direct involvement of the building and the assembled community in the liturgical action (expansion of Burg Rothenfels am Main of the …

[German Version] (Oct 20, 1632, East Knoyle – Feb 25, 1723, London), the most highly acclaimed English architect of the Baroque period, who popularized the Neoclassical architectural idiom in England. After a broad academic and scientific education, he devoted himself to research and teaching; he did not take up architecture until 1661 (renovation of Old Saint Paul’s, London; study in Paris). After the Great Fire of London in 1666, Wren was responsible for the rebuilding of 47 city churches, emplo…

[German Version] (Mar 1, 1812, London – Sep 14, 1852, Ramsgate, Kent), English Gothic Revival architect (like his father, Augustus Charles Pugin, and his son, Edward Welby Pugin), craftsman, and writer. Pugin had a broad influence on the 19th-century rediscovery of medieval art (George Gilbert Scott, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, arts and crafts movement). Influenced by the Catholic reform movement in England (with his own conversion to Catholicism in 1835), Pugin preached the…

[German Version] I. Liturgy The sacristy ( sacristia; historically also secretarium,sacrarium, or vestiarium) is a separate room in a church building, usually near the altar, that communicates with the body of the church. It serves various purposes meant to be kept from public view. The word’s ultimate derivation from Latin sacer, “holy, sacred,” suggests its use as a place to store the sacred liturgical implements, paraments, and vestments (Vestments/Paraments, Vestments, Liturgical), as well as the liturgical books. The consecrated elements of the Eucharist ( …

[German Version] I. Bronze Age to Late Antiquity It is important to distinguish between a sarcophagus to hold a dead body, an urn for the ashes of a person who has been cremated, and an ossuary to hold the bones of the dead after the flesh has decayed (see also Burial). These receptacles were generally buried; they were not visible and were therefore simple. In some areas and in some periods, it became customary to make them out of marble or other kinds of stone and decorate them with representational or ornamental reliefs. In Greek areas sarcophagi were the exception (6th–4th cents. bce). The E…

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[German Version] The original London cathedral, begun by Bishop Mellitus in 604, was replaced between 1087 and 1148 by a three-aisle Romanesque church more than 100 m long. The crossing tower, completed in 1221/1222, was extended at the beginning of the 14th century; until destroyed by fire in 1561, it was some 150 m high. The crypt and choir, proportional to the nave, were constructed between c. 1258 and 1327 (esp. in the last quarter of the 13th cent.), modeled on Ely Cathedral (choir ending in …

[German Version] I. General – II. The West – III. Theology and Practical Theology – IV. Orthodox Churches – V. Asia, Africa, Latin America I. General Churches are built to provide a physical setting for the Christian celebration of the Eucharist, in order to shelter it and also to give it a place of prominence set apart from the outside world. The Bible does not discuss the legitimation and need for churches as distinct structures; historically, church buildings made their first appearance at th…

[German Version] (Lat. cappella, also: oratorium, sacellum, aedicula). A chapel is a sacred space, often small, and not independent in terms of canon law (Church architecture); it is usually used exclusively for prayer and worship. From the late 9th century, the term, derived from the cloak relic ( cappa) of St. Martin of Tours, referred to the royal treasury of relics and insignia, the court clergy, and the oratoria of the royal palatinates; the most important of them, the palatinate chapel in Aachen, was erected…

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[English Version] Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore (1.3.1812 London – 14.9.1852 Ramsgate, Kent), engl. neogotischer (Neugotik) Architekt (wie schon sein Vater Augustus Charles P. und sein Sohn Edward Welby P.), Kunsthandwerker und Schriftsteller. P. wirkte umfassend auf die Wiederentdeckung der ma. Kunst im 19.Jh. (George Gilbert Scott, Euge`ne Viollet-le-Duc, Arts & Crafts-Bewegung). Beeinflußt durch die kath. Reformbewegung in England (eigene Konversion zum Katholizismus 1835), propagierte P. die »W…

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[English Version] I. Liturgisch Als räumlich abgeschlossener Teil des Kirchengebäudes, der mit diesem aber kommuniziert, meist in Altarnähe, dient die S. (hist. auch secretarium, sacrarium, vestiarium) sehr verschiedenen Zwecken, die dem allg. Blick entzogen sein sollen. Leitet man S. von lat. sacer ab, weist dies auf den Aufbewahrungsort der hl. Geräte, Paramente und Gewänder sowie der liturgischen Bücher, darüber hinaus auch der hl. Gaben der Eucharistie (reliqua sacramenti; Reliquiar) zum Zweck …

[English Version] I. Bronzezeit bis Spätantike Es sind zu unterscheiden: S. für die Aufnahme der Leichen, U. für die Asche der verbrannten Toten, O. oder Ostothek für spätere Bestattung der Knochen der Toten, wenn das Fleisch verwest war (s.a. Bestattung). Diese Behältnisse wurden in der Regel vergraben, waren also nicht sichtbar und deshalb schlicht. In einigen Gegenden und zu bestimmten Zeiten kam die Sitte auf, sie aus Marmor oder anderen Gesteinen zu fertigen und mit figürlichen oder dekorativen Reliefs zu schmücken. Im griech. Gebiet ga…

[English Version] , Sir Christopher (20.10.1632 East Knoyle – 25.2.1723 London), bedeutendster engl. Architekt des Barock, verbreitete die klassisch-neuzeitliche Architektursprache in England. Umfassende akademisch-naturwiss. Bildung und Lehrtätigkeit, erst seit 1661 architektonische Tätigkeit (Umbauprojekt von Old-Saint-Paul's, London; Studienreise nach Paris). Nach dem Londoner Stadtbrand …

[English Version] Schwarz,  Rudolf (15.5.1897 Straßburg – 3.4.1961 Köln), Architekt und Städteplaner, der, beeinflußt von der liturgischen Bewegung (R. Guardini) und der Kritik an der historistischen Architektur, dem Kirchengebäude eine allg. gültige, »resakralisierte« Form zu verleihen bestrebt war. Geometrisch klar strukturierte Innenräume und die Lenkung des Lichtes sowie die Zurückdrängung von Ausstattungsobjekten (Beleuchtungskörper) vermitteln die unmittelbare Teilhabe von Bauwerk und versamm…