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[German version] Harbour town in far southeastern Britannia, modern Richborough (Kent), on the now silted-up channel between the island of Tonatis (modern Isle of Thanet) and the mainland of Kent [1]. The settlement, captured by the invading army of the emperor Claudius [III 1] in AD 43, was used as a central military supply base until the late 1st cent. AD. Between AD 80 and 90, a triumphal arch was erected here, probably to celebrate the northern conquests of the Flavian governors [1. 40-73]. Th…

[German version] British tribe who inhabited the region between Snowdonia and the Severn valley (Ptol. 2,3,18); a site of principal settlement is unknown. They opposed the Roman invasion under Nero (AD 50), but were defeated by Julius Frontinus and Julius [II 3] Agricola between AD 74 and AD 79 (Tac. Ann. 12,33). According to…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Britannia | Britannia (modern Silchester). An Iron Age oppidum, main centre of the Atrebates [2], it developed from 100 BC into a significant political centre. Through its links with  Commius, the settlement boomed in the mid 1st cent. BC. It is likely that, after AD 43, Calleva Atrebatum (CA) was incorporated into Cogidubnus' empire. The early Roman town was established within the Iron Age fortifications [1]. From its very beginnings, CA's developmen…

[German version] Roman fort near Manchester, on the road from Deva to Eboracum, first occupied in the Flavian period (AD 69-96), probably under Cn. Iulius [II 3] Agricola. Renovated in the early 2nd cent. [1]. An inscription on a Severan building suggests a further extension in the 3rd cent. [2. 581]. In the 4th cent., M. gained considerable strategic importance, before being abandoned after AD 370. A large vicus surrounded the fort. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography 1 G. D. B. Jones, S. Grealey, Roman Manc…

[German version] Roman fort about 40 km to the west of Newcastle upon Tyne, modern Chesterholm, founded in the Flavian period (AD 69-96) [1]. The fort was renovated under Hadrian; Hadrian's Wall runs 3 km to the north of it (Limes II, with map). The fort was also renovated a century later. A large vicus developed to the west of it in the 2nd and 3rd cents. [2. 1700; 3]. The most significant find from V. is the Vindolanda Writing Tablets. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter)…

[German version] (Καττιτερίδες; Kattiterídes, ‘tin islands’). The C. were probably the regions and islands of the Atlantic coast of both Gaul and Britain; C. also generally referred to the south-west of Britain and the offshore islands. Most ancient authors had but little specific knowledge of this region. Thus Pliny reports that the Greek Midacritus was the first to import tin from the island of …

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[German version] In one of the burial mounds at SH near Woodbridge in Suffolk a wooden ship was found with a rich treasure (Gaulish, Scandinavian and Eastern English goods, Byzantine silver bowls, including one with the stamp of Anastasius [1] I, also Frankish coins of the period around AD 625). It is presumably the tomb of Rædwald (6th/7th cent. AD), a king of East Anglia. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography R. Bruce-Mitford, The S. H. Ship-Burial, 3 vols., 1975-1983.

(Ireland). [German version] A. Ancient knowledge Ancient geographers report little of the north-west coasts of Europe and the islands off this coast. The first knowledge regarding the island of Ireland, Ierne or H. was probably only obtained during the exploratory journey of Pytheas ( c…

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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Britannia The region around Gloucester, located at the lowest lying crossing-point over the Severn, was first occupied by the Roman army in c. AD 50. A legion base was erected in Kingsholm, probably by the legio XX Valeria Victrix [1]; this was abandoned in c. AD 60 and replaced towards the end of the rulership of Nero by a fortress on the ground of modern Gloucester, which itself was abandoned in c. AD 74/5. On the ground…

[German version] Celtic people, settled in the region of modern Essex in the late Iron Age. In the middle of the 1st cent. BC they were under pressure from the neighbouring Catuvellauni (Caes. Gall. 5,20) and for some time were dependent on them. Under their king Cunobellinus ( c. 10-40 AD) they were again independent and dominant in southern Britain. Their largest oppidum was Camulodunum. Britannia (with map) Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography R. Dunnett, The T., 1975  S. S. Frere, Britannia, 31987.

[German version] The Roman invasion of eastern Scotland under Iulius [II 3] Agricola brought Roman troops across the isthmus between the Forth and Clyde in AD 82 or 83 (Tac. Agr. 29,2-38,2; [1]). In contrast to the tribes of southern Scotland, the Caledonii …

[German version] On the great Roman road of the Fosse Way between Lincoln and Leicester lay various Roman settlements; one of the largest was M., near East Bridgeford, Nottinghamshire. Originally a Roman fort (late Claudian/early Neronian period), abandoned in around AD 70 [1; 2]. M. probably served as a military supply base, since the local iron ore was intensively smelted. After the end of the military occupation, the civilian settlement continued on both sides of the Fosse Way, possibly in conjunction with a mansio (or mutatio). Residential and other buildings were modest. The centre of the settlement was…

[German version] One of a line of Roman outposts north of Hadrian's Wall near the modern High Rochester. Established by Agricola (AD 77-84), the camp was renovated by Lollius Urbicus (AD 139-142), and again restored under Septimius Severus and Diocletian [1. 242-244]. CIL VII p. 178f.…

[German version] British island connected to the mainland at low tide where, according to Diod. Sic. 5,22,2, the inhabitants of Belerion (Land's End in south-west-Britain) sold Tin from their mines - this was the beginning of the tin trade between Britannia and the Mediterranean region. The location of I. is still under debate. Possibilities include St. Michael's Mount in Mounts Bay, Cornwall [1. 176], which is connected to the mainland …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Britannia | Britannia Modern Canterbury; arose in the form of an Iron Age oppidum on the Stour in the late 1st cent. BC. The Roman city developed shortly after AD 43, perhaps revealing the pre-Roman character of the tribes of Cantion (Kent). Public buildings were erected in the late 1st and early 2nd cents. A large theatre was added in the late 2nd cent. [1]; defensive works were built in the late 3rd cent. An extra muros Christian church, probably from the 4th cent., survived until c. AD 700 (Bede, Hist. Eccl. 1,26). A…

[German version] (or Magni). Roman fort on Hadrian's Wall in northern England (Not. Dign. Occ. 40,43; Geogr. Rav. 107,11), probably dating to the Flavian period (AD 69-96), modern Carvoran, identified because of epigraphical evidence ( numerus Magn(c)es(ium) [1. 1825]). In the early 2nd cent., before M. became part of the Hadrianic Limes after AD 122, it may have been part of Trajan's border line [2. 192-196]. The fort was not integrated into the vallum as was usually the case, but remained situated to the south. Under Hadrian and after him, the cohors I Hamiorum was stationed there until it was replaced by the cohors II Delmatarum in the 3rd cent. Rebuilt in stone in AD 136-138. Archaeological finds: a grain measure ( modius) in bronze, da…

[German version] Tribe in the area of Kent and East Sussex. Its name is derived from the region of Cantium. Caes. B Gall. 5,22,1 tells of four indigenous kings; this account allows the conclusion that there were a number of sub-tribes. The tribal centre was  Durovernum, also important was Durobrivae (modern Rochester). Numerous …

[German version] Modern Dover, was of great importance during the period of Roman occupation of  Britannia, as a port and coastal fortress. The first-rate port may well have been used during the invasion of AD 43. A fort was built in the late 2nd cent. to accommodate a unit of the classis Britannica [1]. The fort was re…

[German version] A headland on the northern coast of Cornwall, for a long time connected with King Arthur and his court. Limited settlement in the late Roman period was followed by more intensive settlement from the late 5th cent. AD onwards with many imports from the eastern Mediterranean, particularly amphorae and fine pottery. At that time T. was evidently the residence of the kings of the Dumnonii. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography C. Thomas, The Book of T.: Arthur and Archaeology, 1993.

[German version] (Ὀρκάδες/ Orkádes, Latin Orcades). The archipelago of Orkney (today c. 70 islands, of which 24 are inhabited) off the north coast of Scotland probably first came to the attention of the ancients through Pytheas (l…

[German version] Celtic tribe, probably in the southeast of Britain, which surrendered to Caesar in 54 BC (Caes. Gall. 5,21). Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography A. L. F. Rivet, C. Smith, The Place-Names of Roman Britain, 1979, 453 f.

[German version] The D. lived in so…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Legio | Limes | Limes | Britannia Roman legionary camp set up c. AD 74 in Britannia, modern Caerleon (South Wales). The legio II Augusta was stationed there [1; 2]. In about AD 100 the fortifications wer…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Britannia (modern Lincoln in central England; cf. etymology L. + colonia). Town in a strategically important position where the river Witham cuts through the Lincoln Edge. Around a swampy pond in the valley floor ( lindus, Celtic ‘pond’) there was a late Iron Age settlement [1]. A legionary camp formed the core of the Roman colonia on the hills in the north. Founded in about AD 60, this fortress was kept by the legio IX Hispana until around AD 71 and then by the legio II Adiutrix until c. AD 85. With 7.2 acres this fortress is smaller than the other legionary camps in Britannia [2]. After the garrison ha…

[German version] Present-day Towcester, Northamptonshire; It. Ant. 2; 6. Late Iron Age settlement; from the mid 1st cent. AD a Roman army station. The town was protected in the 2nd cent. by the construction of a rampart and ditch; stone fortifications were added in the 3rd cent. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Britannia | Britannia City above the south bank of the River Ver at modern Saint Albans to the northwest of Londinium (modern London), settlement centre since the 1st cent. BC of the Catuvellauni [1]. The settlement expanded into the valley, where after AD 43 the Romans built a fort [2]. A municipium possibly since the Flavian period (Tac. Ann. 14,33), affected by Queen Boudicca's uprising in 60/1, V. was given a forum (cf. [3]) in AD 79 or 81 and public buildings c. 100. In about 155 parts of the city…

[German version] Roman camp near modern Risingham (Northumberland)…

[German version] (Tamesis). River in southeastern Britain, modern Thames (Caes. Gall. 5,11,8; Tac. Ann. 14,32; Cass. Dio 40,3,1; 60,20 f.; 62,1). At the mouth of the T., an excellent natural harbour, was Londinium (modern London). Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography M. Förster, Der Flußname Themse, 1942 A. L. F. Rivet, C. Smith, The Place-Names of Roman Britain, 1979, 466.

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[German version] Ancient authors applied the name C. variously: either to the inhabitants of Scotland north of a line from the Forth to the Clyde (Tac. Agr. 25), or to a tribe in the region of the Great Glen (Ptol. 2,3,8), or to a group of tribes in northern Scotland (Cass. Dio 76,12). The reference to …

[German version] A. Name Originally the island was known as Albion (Avien. Ora maritima 108f. probably goes back to Pytheas, c. 325 BC). In the oldest Greek sources, B. appears as Βρεταννικαὶ νῆσοι ( Bretannikaì nêsoi) and the inhabitants as Βρεττανοί ( Brettanoí, Str. 2,1,18; 2,5,12). In Latin authors the form …

[German version] Iron Age hill fort in Somerset, used for a short time in the middle of the 1st century AD by the Roman army. Resettled and fortified in the late 5th century. Ceramics were imported from the Mediterranean, other goods from Gaul. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography …

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[German version] ( Scoti, 'Scots'). A Celtic people - wild and bellicose according to Roman reports - which originally settled in the north of Hibernia (Ireland) (Oros. 1,2,81 f.). In the late 4th cent. AD, groups of them ferried across to Britannia (Amm. 18,2,3; 26,4,5; 27,8,1; 29,4,7). The S. had been Christianised before AD 431 in Hibernia by the deacon Palladius (Prosp. 1301) and came to develop a very active monastery culture. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Christianity | | Commerce | Limes | Rome | Rome | Britannia (modern London). The Roman city of L. - the name possibly contains the Celtic personal name Londinos - lay, probably without pre-Roman precursors, at the most suitable crossing point of the Tamesis (Thames), which drew the attention of the Romans at the time of the invasion in AD 43. The early settlement was on hills on both sides of the swampy valley of the Walbrook that flows from the nor…

[English version] Bei Ebbe mit dem Festland verbundene brit. Insel, auf der nach Diod. 5,22,2 die Bewohner von Belerion (Land's End in SW-Britannien) Zinn aus eigenen Minen vertrieben - dies waren die Anfänge des Zinnhandels zw. Britannia und dem Mittelmee…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Straßen Röm. Kastell in Britannia, vor 50 n. Chr. an der Stelle einer eisenzeitlichen Siedlung am h. Soar errichtet und ca. 20 J. gehalten. Darüber und über dem Kastell- vicus entwickelte sich der Kernbereich einer blühenden Stadt (Itin. Anton. 477,4; Ptol. 2,3,2…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Britannia | Legio | Limes | Limes | Straßen Ca. 74 n.Chr. angelegtes röm. Legionslager in Britannia, h. Caerleon (Süd-Wales). Hier war die legio II Augusta stationiert [1; 2]. Um 100 n.Chr. wurden die Verteidigungsanlagen in Stein erneuert, dann die Innenbauten. Außerhalb der Lagermauern wurde ein Amphitheater ausgegraben, desgleichen Kaianlagen am Ufer des Usk [3; 4]. Seit 300 wurde die Besatzung reduziert und im 4. Jh. ganz abgezogen. Seit dem 2. Jh. entwickelte sich ein ausgedehnter vicus. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography 1 G.C. Boon, I., 31972 2 M.G. Jarrett, Legio II Augusta in Britain, in: Archaeologia Cambrensis 113, 1964, 47-63 3 R.E.M. Wheeler, T.V. Wheeler, The Roman Amphitheatre at Caerleon, in: Archaeologia 78, 1928, 111-218 4 J.D. Zienkiewicz, The Legionary Fortress Baths at Caerleon, 1986. R.J. Brewer, Caerleon-I.: The Roman Legionary Museum, 1987.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Britannia | Christentum | Coloniae | Handel | Legio | Limes | Limes | Pertinax | Roma | Roma | Straßen (h. York). Die strategisch günstige Lage im Herzen des Vale of York empfahl E. den Römern als Basis für die mil. Kontrolle von Nord-Britannia. Die früheste Garnison in E. wurde unter Q. Petilius Cerealis 71/74 n.Chr. stationiert [1]. Das Legionslager ( legio IX Hispana) war ein Holz/Erde-Kastell der 70er Jahre; der Umbau in Stein wurde im frühen 2. Jh. vorgenommen. Die legio VI Victrix ersetzte die legio IX Hispana zw. 109 u…

[English version] Kelt. Stamm im Gebiet von Norfolk und Suffolk (SO-England). Erstmals erwähnt unter dem Namen Cenimagni als einer der Stämme, die sich Caesar 54 v.Chr. unterwarfen (Caes. Gall. 5,21,1). Zur Zeit der claudischen Eroberung (43 n.Chr.) waren sie bereit, die Allianz mit Rom zu akzeptieren. 47 n.Chr. rebellierten sie und wurden unterworfen, blieben aber im Status eines verbündeten Königreiches (Tac. ann. 12,31). Nach dem Tod ihres Königs Prasutagus ca. 59 n.Chr. wurde ihr Gebiet in die…

[English version] Britannisches Volk, bewohnte das Gebiet zw. Snowdon-Massiv und dem Severn-Tal (Ptol. 2,3,18); ein Zentralort ist nicht bekannt. Sie widersetzten sich der röm. Invasion unter Nero (50 n.Chr.), wurden aber von Iulius Frontinus und Iulius [II 3] Agricola zw. 74 und 79 n.Chr. unterworfen (Tac. ann. 12,33); nach Tac. Agr. 18,2 wurden sie von Agricola aufgerieben. Immerhin überlebte ihr Name z.B. in Dinorwig und Rhyd Orddwy (Wales).…

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[English version] A. Name Urspr. war die Insel unter dem Namen Albion geläufig (Avien. ora maritima 108f. geht wohl auf Pytheas, ca. 325 v.Chr. zurück). In den ältesten griech. Quellen erscheint B. als Βρεταννικαὶ νῆσοι ( Bretannikaí nḗsoi), die Einwohner als Βρεττανοί ( Brettanoí, Strab. 2,1,18; 2,5,12). Bei lat. Autoren ist die Form B. seit dem 1.Jh. v.Chr. üblich (Caes. Gall. 2,4,7ff.; 4,20ff.; 5,2ff.; Cic. fam. 7,6ff.). Der Oberbegriff für die Insel ist eine Schöpfung klass. Autoren [1]. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) [English version] B. Rom und Britannia Die ersten Kontakte zw. B.…

[English version] (h. Towcester/Northamptonshire; Itin. Anton. 2; 6). Späteisenzeitliche Ansiedlung; seit Mitte 1. Jh.n.Chr. eine röm. Militärstation. Die Stadt war im 2. Jh. mit Wall und Graben, im 3. Jh. durch eine Steinbefestigung gesichert. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography A.L.F. Rivet, C. Smith, The Place-Names …

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[English version] Mächtiger Stamm in Britannia nördl. der unteren Themse, der mit den gallischen Catualauni in Verbindung gestanden haben dürfte. Seine einflußreichsten Fürsten waren Tasciovanus und sein Sohn Cunobellinus [1]. Nach der Eroberung von Britannia durch Claudius (Cass. Dio 60,20,2) wurden die C. als eine civitas mit dem Zentrum Verulamium organisiert (Tac. ann. 14,33). Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography 1 S.S. Frere, Britannia, 31987, 44f. S.S. Frere, Verulamium Excavations 1, 1972  R.E.M. und T.V. Wheeler, Verulamium, 1936  K. Branigan, The C., 1985.

[English version] Ortschaft im Tal des North Tyne, h. Corbridge. Während der Eroberung durch Agricola (77-84 n.Chr.) wurde hier ein großer Stützpunkt errichtet, den anschließend ein Lager weiter östl. ersetzte (ca. 125 durch Feuer zerstört). Nach der Errichtung des Hadrianswalls 7 km nördl. wurde C. zur Versorgungsbasis ausgebaut. C. spielte im frühen 3. Jh. eine bed. R…