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Exegesis of the Qurʾān: Early Modern and Contemporary
(11,466 words)
This article deals with the exegetical efforts of Muslim scholars as well as with their views of exegetical methodology from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present.
Aspects and limits of modernity in the exegesis of the Qurʾān Treating early modern and contemporary exegesis of the Qurʾān as a distinct subject implies that there are characteristics by which this exegesis differs noticeably from that of previous times. The assumption of such characteristics, however, is by no means equally correct for all attempts at interp…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
Image of God
(2,928 words)
[German Version] I. Old Testament and Judaism – II. Christianity – III. Islam
I. Old Testament and Judaism
1. Only in three passages does the Old Testament speak of humankind's being made in the image of God (collective use of הָ]אָדָם]/[
hā]
ʾādām in Gen 1; cf. Gen 1:27: male and female): in the relationship between God and human beings in Gen 1:26f. and 9:6, and in the relationship between human beings in Gen 5:1, 3 (all P). Substantially the same idea is conveyed in Ps 8:6–9*; for later treatment of the theme, Sir 17:3–7 and Wis 2…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Human Rights
(5,661 words)
[German Version] I. Concept and Terminology – II. History – III. Ethics – IV. Constitutional and International Law – V. Education
I. Concept and Terminology In the usage of international law and national constitutional states, human rights are rights possessed by every individual (Human beings) by virtue of his or her humanity, independent of cultures, nationalities, and periods (universality). Their guiding principle is that of human dignity (inviolable, indisposable, inalienable). Guarantees of human rights can a…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Society
(6,607 words)
[German Version]
I. Terminology The word
society (
societas, société) has changed from a term denoting
particular forms and modes of human coexistence to a term (in both sg. and pl.) denoting the
totality of human coexistence; it has thus become the basic term of the theoretical sciences that deal with human coexistence. The German equivalent,
Gesellschaft (from OHG
sal, “room,” and
selida, “dwelling place”), suggests ties that arise from sharing the same room (cf.
Geselle, “apprentice,” etymologically “someone ¶ sharing accommodations” with a master) or belonging to the sa…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Fundamentalism
(5,667 words)
[German Version] I. Terminology – II. Religious Studies – III. Systematic Theology – IV. Social Sciences – V. Practical Theology
I. Terminology The term
fundamentalism was used originally as a self-description by a coalition of conservative Protestant groups that emerged in the 1870s in the USA. In 1919 this coalition united to form the World's Christian Fundamentals Association. The first written attestation of the term was in the title of a series published in the USA between 1909 and 1915 entitled
The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth. Citing the verbal inspiration an…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Säkularisation/Säkularisierung
(6,587 words)
[English Version]
I. Religionswissenschaftlich In den 60er Jahren des 20.Jh. begann in der Religionswiss. eine intensive Diskussion der kontinuierlichen Abnahme rel. Bindungen in eur. Ländern. Es waren dabei v.a. die Entwürfe von Bryan Wilson (Religion in Secular Society, 1966) und Peter L. Berger (The Sacred Canopy, 1967), die, anknüpfend an Konzepte von Max Weber, É. Durkheim u.a., zur Formulierung einer sog. Säkularisierungsthese führten. Säkularisierung (S.) beschreibt demnach einen selbstver…
Human Beings
(18,165 words)
[German Version] I. Natural Sciences and Psychology – II. Religious Studies – III. Philosophy – IV. Old Testament – V. New Testament – VI. Church History – VII. Dogmatics and Ethics – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam
I. Natural Sciences and Psychology
1. Evolution From the perspective of the natural sciences, the theory of evolution offers the most comprehensive framework for understanding human beings. It views the human species as a late product of a biogenetic process that began with the origin of life (VI) on earth some 3.8 billion …
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Religion Past and Present
God
(23,549 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Philosophy of Religion – V. Dogmatics – VI. Practical Theology – VII. Missiology – VIII. Art – IX. Judaism – X. Islam
I. Religious Studies
1. It is fundamentally true that God is not an object of religious studies, since God – as theology teaches – cannot be made an object of empirical scientific study. Religious studies can only address the concepts that human beings have expressed concerning their God (or gods: God, Representations and sym…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Secularization
(7,317 words)
[German Version]
I. Religious Studies In the 1960s, religious studies began to discuss the continuing decline of religious commitment in Europe intensively. In particular the writings of Bryan Wilson (
Religion in a Secular Society, 1966) and Peter L. Berger (
The Sacred Canopy, 1967), drawing on the ideas of M. Weber, É. Durkheim, and others led to formulation of a so-called theory of secularization, where
secularization denotes a natural aspect of the process of modernization, in which the traditional religious legitimation of the world has increasingly lost…
Source:
Religion Past and Present