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Messana, Messene

(2,692 words)

Author(s): Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] [1] Town in northeastern Sicily This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Socii (Roman confederation) | | Commerce | Italy, languages | Colonization | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Μεσσάνα/ Messána, Ionian Μεσσήνη/ Messḗnē, Lat. Messana). Town in northeastern Sicily, modern Messina. The original name Zancle (Ζάγκλη/ Zánklē = Siculan: ‘sickle’) is derived from the topographically suggestive shape of the natural harbour (Thuc. 6,4,5). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] A. Foundation The site was settled at an early time because of its o…

Beroea

(1,229 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Leisten, Thomas (Princeton)
(Βέροια; Béroia). [German version] [1] In Macedonia This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Education / Culture In Macedonia. Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) [German version] A. Hellenistic and Roman periods City in Macedonian  Bottice, east of the Bermium; now Verria. First mentioned in the 5th cent. BC (Thuc. 1,61,4), B. had its development, like many Macedonian cities, principally in the Hellenistic period; the Antigonids seem to have particularly favoured…

Euboea

(1,553 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Falco, Giulia (Athens)
(Εὔβοια; Eúboia). [1] Greek island [German version] I. Location The largest Greek island other than Crete extends parallel to the eastern coast of central Greece (Locris, Boeotia and Attica). E. is about 160 km long, about 5.5 to 50 km wide and has an area of 3,580 km2. It is separated by a strait from the mainland which narrows at its centre to a 40-m wide channel, the  Euripus [1]. Since the 5th cent. BC several bridges linked E. at this point to the mainland. Because of its steep cliffs the east coast is almost inaccessible with Cyme a…

Nicopolis

(1,739 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Burian, Jan (Prague) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Et al.
(Νικόπολις; Nikópolis). [German version] [1] Town on the upper Nestus river This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia Town on the upper Nestus river on the road from Philippopolis to the Aegean coast (Ptol. 3,11,13: Ν. ἡ περὶ Νέσσον; 8,11,7; Hierocles, Synekdemos 636,5), near modern Goce Delčev (Bulgaria), founded in AD 106 by Traianus. From the 2nd to 4th cents. AD, N. reached a high economic and cultural level (minting from Commodus to Caracalla: HN 287; thermal baths, peristyle buildings, sculpt…

Mesambria/Mesembria

(837 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel)
[German version] [1] City on the west coast of the Black Sea This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Apollo | Moesi, Moesia (Μεσ(σ)αμβρία, Μεσ(σ)ημβρία/ Me(s)sambría, Me(s)sembría). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] I. Location A city on the west coast of the Black Sea ( Pontos Euxeinos), situated at the northern entrance to the bay of Burgas, on a small rocky peninsula, 850 m long and 300 m wide, now known as Nesebâr (in modern Bulgaria). It is connected with …

Argos

(1,811 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Doric Migration | Dark Ages | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Apollo | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Natural catastrophes | Oracles | Peloponnesian War | Athletes | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Ἄργος; Árgos). I. Mythical characters [German version] [I 1] Son of Zeus and Niobe The son of Zeus and Niobe, brother of Pelasgus (Acusilaus FGrH 2 F 25), husband of Evadne, father of Epidaurus i.a. (Hes. fr. 247), or Pei…

Corinthus/Corinth

(2,211 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Coloniae | Doric Migration | Dark Ages | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Commerce | Achaeans, Achaea | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Rome | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κόρινθος; Kórinthos, Corinthus, the modern Corinth). [German version] I. Position The city lies on the second and third terraces above the coastal plain (40-95 m above sea level), c. 2 km from the coast; its original location was presumably on a delta originating from the time c. …

Stephanus

(2,678 words)

Author(s): Walter, Uwe (Cologne) | Hidber, Thomas (Berne) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Savvidis, Kyriakos (Bochum) | Eck, Werner (Cologne) | Et al.
(Στέφανος; Stéphanos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician, 4th cent. BC Athenian, son of Antidorides from the deme Eroiadai (Syll.3 205 = IG II/III2 213 = Tod 168: request to renew friendship and alliance with Mytilene in the spring of 346 BC), as prosecutor and politician aligned with Callistratus [2]. The allegation by Apollodorus [1] that S. had attempted to pass off the children of (his children by?) his common-law spouse, Neaera [6], a former hetaera from Corinth, as his own children from a legitimate marr…

Antigonea

(401 words)

Author(s): Sontheimer, Walther (Stuttgart) | Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Ἀντιγόνεια; Antigóneia). [German version] [1] City in Syria This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni In Syria (Str. 16,750; Diod. Sic. 20,47) at the Orontes. Founded by Antigonus in the year 307 BC. Sontheimer, Walther (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] City on the west coast of the Chalcidice On the west coast of the Chalcidice (at Hagios Pavlos?), probably founded by Antigonus [2] as a counterpoise to Cassandria (Potidaea). In a historical context only mentioned about 200 BC in a Delphic list of theorodokoi [1. 18, col. III, 76] and mentioned in the thir…

Sinope

(550 words)

Author(s): Marek, Christian (Zürich) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Caesar | Christianity | Xenophon | | Coloniae | Diadochi and Epigoni | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Patricius | Education / Culture (Σινώπη/ Sinṓpē). [German version] I. Location, Early History City on the southern coast of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos) with an excellent harbour, present-day Sinop, founded in the 7th cent. BC on the eastern edge of the cape that reaches far into the sea (the northernmost cape of Anatoli…

Argolid

(641 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Argives; Ἀργολίς, Ἀργεῖοι; Argolís, Argeîoi). By modern common practice collective name for the north-eastern region of the  Peloponnese, consisting of the Argive plains and its fringes and the mountainous Argolic Acte. In ancient times, too, the term A. was used in the modern sense, parallel with the more common form of the ethnic Ἀργεῖα ( Argeîa), which was mostly exclusively restricted to the territory of  Argos (Plut. Ages. 31). In its landscape and climate, the entire region is part of the arid zone of eastern Greece (πολυδίψιον Ἄργος: Hom. Il…

Xystus

(510 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] [1] (presumed) bishop of Rome 117-125 (Ξύστος/ Xýstos). In sixth place (as successor to an Alexander) in his list of sources of the Apostolic tradition ( traditio apostolica) in Rome, Iren. Adversus haereses 3,3 mentions a X., who may therefore have been considered the most important member of the Christian community in Rome in the first half of the 2nd cent. This list was later understood as a list of bishops and X. was placed as Sixtus I with a period in office from 117 to 125. Petrus [1] D Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) Bibliography E. Caspar, Geschichte des Papsttums,…

Collectiones canonum

(213 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] Collections of council decisions, later also papal letters of disciplinary content establishing normative standards (overview: [1]), which were quoted in lawsuits, councils and internal Church conflicts [3]. From the 4th cent. onwards, collectiones canonum [ c.c.] were created in various places, including a collectio of Greek council texts in Antioch, which in partially divergent translation exerted a decisive influence on the West [2]. Of the numerous Latin collectiones canonum of the 5th and 6th cents. from Africa, Gallia, Spain and Italy, the c…

Apollonia

(1,493 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Et al.
(Ἀπολλωνία; Apollōnía). [German version] [1] City in southern  Illyricum This item can be found on the following maps: | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Delian League City in southern  Illyricum, in antiquity on the north bank of the Aous, c. 6 km from the sea, near modern Pojani (Albania). Founded by Corinthians at the beginning of the 6th cent. BC, with the participation of Corcyra (mythical oikist Gylax). Hdt. 9,93-95, Paus. 5,22,3 f. and inscriptions attest to the wealth of A. during the 5th cent. BC; …

Lebadea

(917 words)

Author(s): Funke, Peter (Münster) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones | Oracles | Boeotia, Boeotians (Λεβάδεια, Λεπάδεια; Lebádeia, Lepádeia). Boeotian city on the south-west end of a bay in a plain which spreads out towards the north-east to the western shore of the former Lake Copais and which encroaches on the northern side of the Helicon [1]. L. lay immediately at the exit of a narrow rock canyon from which the river Hercyna emerges, which is fed by additional rich springs, some of them warm, nea…

Nicomedia

(1,111 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Byzantium | Christianity | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Natural catastrophes | Pergamum | Pompeius | Patricius | Rome | Rome (Νικομήδεια/ Nikomḗdeia, Latin Nicomedia). [German version] I. From the foundation to the death of Nicomedes IV Town at the northeast end of the gulf of Astacus or N., modern İzmit or Kocaeli. Founded and named by Nicomedes [2] I in 264/3 BC as the capital of the Bithynian kingdom (Memnon FGrH 434 F 12; Arr. FGr…

Hippolytus

(1,509 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Ἱππόλυτος; Hippólytos). [German version] [1] Son of Theseus and an Amazon Son of  Theseus and an Amazon ( Antiope [2] or  Hippolyte). His mythical-literary image was shaped essentially through the H. dramas by Sophocles ( Phaedra, lost) and esp. by Euripides, the lost earlier H. Kalyptómenos (‘The Veiled H.’) and the extant H. Stephanēphóros (‘The Garlanded H.’). The point of departure for both authors is his stepmother  Phaedra's love for H., which he rejects, whereupon Phaedra accuses him of sexually pursuing her. The enraged Theseus curses H.…

Hormisdas

(847 words)

Author(s): Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Modern Persian Hormizd, Arab. Hurmuz; Sassanids). [German version] [1] H. I. Son of Sapor I, Persian governor in Armenia, approx. AD 250 Lat. Odomastes (HA Tyr. Trig. 2,2). Son of  Sapor I, on whose order he invaded Armenia. He was in office there from c. AD 252 as Persian governor with the title of Great King and succeeded his father after his death (autumn 272) to the throne of Persia for c. one year. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] H. II. Nephew of H. [1], king of Persia AD 302-309 Nephew of [1], king of Persia AD 302-309 (Agathias 4,25,1). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) …

Hydruntum

(510 words)

Author(s): Lombardo, Mario (Lecce) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] I. Bronze Age until Imperial Period A harbour town on the Iapygian coast (supposed to have been founded by Cretans, Steph. Byz. s.v. Βίεννος), c. 70 km south of  Brundisium in the area between Adriatic and Ionian Sea (Liv. 36,21,5; Plin. HN 3,100; CIL X 1795; Ps.-Scyl. 14; 27; Str. 6,3,4), where the crossing to Greece is the shortest (Plin. HN 3,100f.; cf. Cic. Att. 15,21,3; but Luc. 5,375: avius Hydrus [1]), modern Otranto. H. played an important role in the Bronze (Mycenaean finds) [2; 3] and Iron Age (settlement remains of the 9th/8th cents. BC,…

Lamia

(900 words)

Author(s): Johnston, Sarah Iles (Princeton) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] [1] Female spirit (Λάμια; Lámia). A female spirit who specialized in attacking children (Duris, FGrH 76 F 17; Diod. Sic. 20,41,3-5; Str. 1,2,8; [1. ch. 5]). In this function, L. was often confused with Gello, Mormo and the Strix. In later sources, L. also seduces and destroys attractive men (Philostr. VA 4,25; cf. Apul. Met. 1,17). Her name is etymologically related to laimós (‘maw’), which is an expression of her all-consuming hunger (cf. Hor. Ars P. 340; Hom. Od. 10,81-117 on Lamus, the king of the cannibalistic Laestrygones; lamía is also a designation for ‘shark’…

Hadrianopolis

(637 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Belke, Klaus (Vienna) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Ἁδριανόπολις; Hadrianópolis). [German version] [1] City in Paphlagonia Caesarea (Καισάρεια; Kaisáreia). City in Paphlagonia in the basin of Eskipazar (formerly Viranşehir), close to the fortress of Semail, the centre of the Paphlagonian region of Sanisene [2]. In 6/5 BC this, together with Potamia and Marmolitis, became a regio attributa [1. 116ff.] of the Paphlagonian eparchía of the province of Galatia, which was soon organized as the pólis of H. (originally Καισαρεῖς Προσειλημμενεῖται [1. no. 1]). Before AD 305/6 H. was defeated and became the province of…

Edessa

(672 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Leisten, Thomas (Princeton)
This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Syria | Christianity | Zenobia | | Coloniae | Commerce | Asia Minor | Limes | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Rome (Ἔδεσσα; Édessa). [German version] [1] City in central Macedonia This item can be found on the following maps: | Macedonia, Macedones City in central Macedonia at the eastern entrance to the Kara-Burun pass from Lower to Upper Macedonia, today known as Edessa, formerly as Vodena. In previous times, E. was wrongly regarded as the old Macedonian royal seat of  Aegae [1]. E. was first men…

Calchedon

(726 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Byzantium | Christianity | Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Oracles | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Delian League (Καλχηδών; Kalchēdṓn, also Chalkedon; Lat. Calchedon, Calcedon, Chalcedon). [German version] I. Prehistory to Roman Period Prehistorical settlement area on the south-eastern entrance into the  Bosporus (map); in c. 685 BC, the harbour town was founded as a Megarian colony; modern Kadıköy. Its territory extended along the e…

Larisa

(2,121 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) | Et al.
(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα; Lárisa, Lárissa). Name of numerous locations in Greece and Asia Minor, cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [German version] [1] Acropolis of Argos The 289-m high acropolis of Argos with Mycenaean remains (not precisely identified) [1]. The temple of Zeus Larisaios and Athena Polias under the large Venetian castle has been excavated. References: Str. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. Vassilatos, Larissa. The Acropolis of Argos, 1994. [German version] [2] City in Achaea Phthiotis Important city in Achaea Phthi…

Dyrrhachium

(529 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | Wine | | Coloniae | Commerce | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Rome | Delian League | Balkans, languages (Δυρράχιον; Dyrr[h]áchion, Dyrrhachium). [German version] I. Graeco-Roman period Harbour town on the Illyrian coast, the modern Durrës in Albania; founded on a peninsula by Corinth and Corcyra, probably in 626/625 BC, as the colony of Epidamnus (Eus. Chronicon 88f.; Thuc. 1,24-26; Scymn. 435-439). The name D. (c…

Alburnus maior

(227 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] Roman mining settlement in  Dacia superior, today Roşia Montanăm, Rumania; centre of gold mining in the 2nd to 3rd cents. AD. A. was settled with Dalmatian and Greek miners soon after  Traianus had conquered Dacia. Inscriptions were found (CIL III 1260-1277; 7820-7831; AE 1990, 827-850; [1. 376-386, cf. 329-337; 2. 374-422]), artefacts especially from the mining area [3], for example the 25 wax tablets found between 1786 and 1854 (CIL III p. 913-958 from AD 139-167 [1. 386-415, cf. 336-347]) that refer i.a. to the dissolution of a   collegium funeraticium ( tabula cer…

Symmachian Forgeries

(188 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] During the disputes within the Christian community between Laurentius and Symmachus over the office of Bishop of Rome, shortly after Easter in AD 501 among those around Symmachus, a group of five texts emerged which, based on invented examples from the past of the bishopric of Rome (Marcellinus [1], Silvester, Liberius [1], Xystus III), set out to establish the norm that nobody should judge the bishop of Rome. One of the texts, which tells of an alleged council of Silvester in Rome and also provides its canones ( Collectiones canonum ), was extended …

Clemens

(1,382 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) | Meyer, Doris (Strasbourg)
[German version] [1] of Rome 3rd bishop of Rome, 2nd cent. AD (?) Since  Irenaeus (Haer. 3,3,3) recorded as the third bishop of Rome in the list of Roman bishops although the Roman congregation was probably led by a college of presbyters and not a bishop alone in the late 1st cent. All information on C. comes from later centuries and documents the historical development of an image of C. but not the historical person. Dionysius of Corinth (Eus. HE, 4,23,11) considered C. the author of a letter of the Roman c…

Ambracia

(566 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Acarnanians, Acarnania | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars (Ἀμβρακία; Ambrakía). South Epirote town in Thesprotia, originally about 80 stades upriver of the mouth of the Arachthus (navigable up to A.) into the Gulf of A. (Scyl. 33), the location of the modern Arta. The older form of its name, up to the 4th cent. BC, was Ἀμπρακία ( Amprakía; Hdt.; Thuc.; coins), derived from the castle of Ambrakos in the lagoons south of the town (Pol. 4,61,4 ff…

Arcadians, Arcadia

(879 words)

Author(s): Lienau, Cay (Münster) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Ἀρκάδες, Ἀρκαδία; Arkádes, Arkadía). [German version] A. Geography Central inland mountainous region of the  Peloponnese with a mean height of 500 m above sea level. The borders of ancient A. are not identical with those of the modern nomos Arkadia with its chief place of Tripolis (founded in the 14th cent. AD, Turkish name: Tripolitsa). To the north, A. extended to the massifs of  Cyllene (Ziria, 2376 m), Oroania (Chelmos, 2355 m), and  Erymanthus (Olonos, 2224 m); in the south-west, the sanctuary of …

Anchiale

(384 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Burian, Jan (Prague) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Hild, Friedrich (Vienna)
(Ἀγχιάλη; Anchiálē). [German version] [1] Cretan nymph Cretan nymph, mother of the Idaan  Daktyloi Tities and Cyllenus (birth myth in Apoll. Rhod. 1,1129-31) and, as lover of Apollo, mother of Oaxes also, the founder of the Cretan city of Oaxus (Serv. ecl. 1,65). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] (Anchialos) City on the western coast of Pontus This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Christianity | Moesi, Moesia (Anchialus; Ἀγχίαλος; Anchíalos) City on the western coast of Pontus, present-day Pomorije, founded by and dependent on  Apollon…

Aulon

(252 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
[German version] [1] Common designation for glens and gorges (αὐλών; aulṓn) Common designation for glens and gorges: 13 instances in [1], 17 in [2]. Ath. 5,189 documents for Attica several hieroi Aulones (‘sacred aulones’), but only that of Dionysus is known [3]. The south Attic Aulon, a small mining area, appears in several mining lease certificates and possibly lay in the territory of the deme  Phrearrhii [4]. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Pape/Benseler 1, 176 2 A. Milchhoefer, s.v. A., RE 2, 2413ff. 3 J. Jessen, s.v. Auloneus, RE 2, 2415 4 H. Lohmann, Atene, 1993, 53, …

Thebes

(6,143 words)

Author(s): Quack, Joachim (Berlin) | Fell, Martin (Münster) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Klodt, Claudia (Hamburg) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Et al.
[German version] [1] City in the 4th upper Egyptian nome This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | Commerce | Egypt The Egyptian Thebes, city in the 4th upper Egyptian nome. Quack, Joachim (Berlin) [German version] I. Names Actually Ws.t ('the strong'), from which derived, no later than the 17th dynasty, a female personification Ws.t nḫt.tj ('victorious Thebes'). Beginning with the Middle Kingdom ( c. 1990-1630 BC), often called simply njw.t, 'the city (par excellence)' - from which also the Hebrew form no (Ez 30:14 f.; Jer 46:25; Nahum 3:8) and Assyrian Ne [10. 260] -- o…

Ephesus

(2,941 words)

Author(s): Scherrer, Peter (Vienna) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Höcker, Christoph (Kissing)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Byzantium | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Commerce | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Ionic | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Limes | Marble | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Athletes | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture | Mineral Resources I. History [German version] A. Site City (today Turkish county seat Selçuk) at the mouth of the Caystrus in the Aegean Sea, 80 km south of Izmir. The river sedimentation moved the coastline by abou…

Philippi

(765 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Macedonia, Macedones | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes | Education / Culture | Mineral Resources (Φίλιπποι/ Phílippoi, Latin Philippi). [German version] I. Founding Hellenistic and Roman Periods City in eastern Macedonia, founded by Philip [4] II around 355 BC on the site of Crenides or Daton (App. B. Civ. 4,105) on the occasion of the conquest of the region between the Strymon and the Nestus [1], inhabited by the Thracians (Thraci). The Via Eg…

Buthrotum

(480 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Macedonia, Macedones | Education / Culture (Βουθρωτόν; Bouthrōtón). [German version] A. Greek and Roman period Harbour town in Epirus opposite Corcyra (Str. 7,7,5), modern Butrint/Albania. Its mythological foundation by Helenus has been attested (FGrH 274 fr. 1), its early habitation verified by archaeological finds (prehistoric and Corinthian pottery of the 7th to 5th cents. [1]) and by Hecataeus. (FGrH 1 fr. 106). Caesar ordered the foundati…

Odessus

(653 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Thraci, Thracia | | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Apollo | Moesi, Moesia (Ὀδησσός; Odēssós). [German version] I. Development up to the 3rd century AD Greek city on the western coast of the Pontos Euxeinos (Ptol. 3,10,8; 8,11,6), modern Varna (in Bulgaria); Milesian foundation (beginning of the 6th cent. BC; Ps.-Scymn. 748-750; Plin. HN 4,45; Colonization, with map and overview). Member of the Delian League (ATL 1, 116, 157, fr. 38 for 425 BC). After an u…

Naissus

(645 words)

Author(s): Burian, Jan (Prague) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia | Pertinax | Pilgrimage [German version] I. Site; Roman period Municipium in Moesia Superior (or Dardania; Ναϊσσός/ Naïssos: Ptol. 3,4,9; Νάϊσ(σ)ος/ Náïs(s)os: Zos. 1,45,1; 3,11,1f.; Procop. Goth. 3,40,2; Ναϊσσούπολις/ Naïssoúpolis: Procop. Aed. 4,1,31; Naissus/ Naisus is the usual form in Latin sources; Naessus: Amm. Marc. 21,10,5), modern Niš in Serbia. Originally a Thracian settlement, which by the 1st cent. AD was evidently used by the Romans as an occasional base. Its indig…

Naupactus

(1,246 words)

Author(s): Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Milan) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Achaeans, Achaea | Peloponnesian War (Ναύπακτος/ Naúpaktos, Latin Naupactus). [German version] I. Location Coastal town in West Locris (Locrians [1]), about 9 km from the strait of Rhion and Antirrhion, protected by a promontory of the Rhigani mountains (cf. Scyl. 35; Str. 9,4,7; 10,2,3; Plin. HN 4,6; Ptol. 3,14). The plains to the east and west of N. were very fertile but exhausted by olive and grain cultivation. The chṓra of Naupactus ( Naupaktía) included most of the coastal plain (Pol. 5,103,4) and ascended …

Amphissa

(444 words)

Author(s): Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Milan) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones (Ἄμφισσα; Ámphissa). Largest town of western  Locris (Paus. 10,38,4; Str. 9,3,4. 4,7 f.; from the Middle Ages called Salona, nowadays once again A.), located in the north of the fertile plain of  Crisa (Str. loc. cit.) c. 15 km north-west of  Delphi, where the road from western Locris joined that from Doris and Delphi. Both the desire of this wealthy agrarian town to expand into the Crisaean plain, and its key strategic position in central Greece are possible reasons for it…

Philippoi

(680 words)

Author(s): Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Bodenschätze | Christentum | Coloniae | Makedonia, Makedones | Makedonia, Makedones | Naturkatastrophen | Theater (Φίλιπποι, lat. Philippi). [English version] I. Gründung, hellenistische und römische Zeit Stadt in Ost-Makedonia, von Philippos [4] II. um 355 v.Chr. an der Stelle von Krenides bzw. Daton (App. civ. 4,105) anläßlich der Eroberung des von Thrakes besiedelten Gebiets zw. Strymon und Nestos [1] gegr. An Ph. führte später die Via Egnatia vorbei. Die ant. Ruinenst…

Buthroton

(401 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Christentum | Coloniae | Makedonia, Makedones | Theater (Βουθρωτόν). [English version] A. Griechische und Römische Zeit Hafenstadt in Epeiros gegenüber Korkyra (Strab. 7,7,5), h. Butrint/Albanien. Myth. Gründung durch Helenos bezeugt (FGrH 274 fr. 1), frühe Besiedlung arch. (prähistor. und korinth. Keramik des 7.-5.Jh. [1]) und durch Hekat. (FGrH 1 fr. 106) bezeugt. Koloniegründung von Caesar veranlaßt, in röm. Zeit Reisestation [2. 690-694]. B. blieb in Spätan…

Clemens

(1,307 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) | Meyer, Doris (Straßburg)
[English version] [1] von Rom dritter Bf. von Rom, 2. Jh.? In der röm. Bischofsliste seit Irenaeus (haer. 3,3,3) als dritter Bischof von Rom verzeichnet, auch wenn die röm. Gemeinde am Ende des 1.Jh. wohl noch von einem Presbyterkollegium, nicht von einem Bischof allein geleitet wurde. Alle Nachrichten zu C. entstammen späteren Jh.; sie dokumentieren die histor. Entwicklung eines C.-Bildes, nicht aber die histor. Person des C. Dionysios v. Korinth (Eus., HE, 4,23,11) sah in C. den Verf. eines Briefs der r…

Hippolytos

(1,344 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Princeton) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
(Ἱππόλυτος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Theseus und einer Amazone Sohn des Theseus und einer Amazone (Antiope [2] oder Hippolyte). Sein mythisch-lit. Bild ist maßgeblich durch die H.-Dramen des Sophokles ( Phaídra, verloren) und bes. des Euripides geprägt, den verlorenen früheren H. Kalyptómenos (‘der verhüllte H.) und den erhaltenen H. Stephanēphóros (‘der Kranzträger H.). Beide gehen von der Liebe der Stiefmutter Phaidra aus, welche H. ablehnt, worauf Phaidra ihn der sexuellen Nachstellung anklagt; der erzürnte Theseus verflucht H., und P…

Ambrakia

(484 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Aitoloi, Aitolia | Akarnanes, Akarnania | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Kolonisation | Makedonia, Makedones | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege (Ἀμβρακία). Südepeirotische Stadt in der Thesprotia, urspr. 80 Stadien oberhalb der Mündung des (bis A. schiffbaren) Arachthos in den Golf von A. (Skyl. 33) an der Stelle des h. Arta. Die ältere Namensform war bis zum 4. Jh. v. Chr. Ἀμπρακία (Hdt.; Thuk.; Münzen), abgeleitet vom Kastell Ambrakos in den Lagunen südl. der Sta…

Larisa

(1,854 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Schwertheim, Elmar (Münster) | Et al.
(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα). Name zahlreicher Orte Griechenlands und Kleinasiens, vgl. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [English version] [1] Burgberg von Argos Der 289 m hohe Burgberg von Argos mit myk. Resten (nicht genau identifiziert) [1]. Der Tempel des Zeus Larisaios und der Athena Polias unter der großen venezianischen Burg ist ausgegraben. Belege: Strab. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. Vassilatos, Larissa. The Acropolis of Argos, 1994. [English version] [2] Stadt der Achaia Phthiotis Bed. Stadt der Achaia Phthiotis am Süd…

Nikopolis

(1,581 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Burian, Jan (Prag) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) | Et al.
(Νικόπολις). [English version] [1] Stadt am Oberlauf des Nestos Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Moesi, Moesia | Straßen Stadt am Oberlauf des Nestos an der Straße von Philippopolis zur Ägäisküste (Ptol. 3,11,13: Ν. ἡ περὶ Νέσσον; 8,11,7; Hierokles, Synekdemos 636,5), in der Nähe des h. Goce Delčev (Bulgarien), gegr. 106 n.Chr. von Traianus. Vom 2. bis zum 4. Jh.n.Chr. erreichte N. ein hohes wirtschaftliches und kulturelles Niveau (eigene Münzprägung von Commodus bis Caracalla: HN 287; Thermen, Peri…

Apollonia

(1,420 words)

Author(s): Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Et al.
(Ἀπολλωνία). [English version] [1] Stadt im südl. Illyricum Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Kolonisation | Makedonia, Makedones | Perserkriege | Punische Kriege | Straßen Stadt im südl. Illyricum, in der Ant. am Nordufer des Aoos ca. 6 km vom Meer entfernt, beim h. Pojani (Albanien). Von Korinthern Anf. des 6. Jhs. v. Chr. unter Beteiligung von Korkyra gegr. (mythischer Oikistes Gylax). Hdt. 9,93-95, Paus. 5,22,3 f. und Inschr. bezeugen den Reichtum von A. im 5. Jh. v. Chr.; zur …

Odessos

(586 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Apollon | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kolonisation | Moesi, Moesia | Schwarzmeergebiet | Thrakes, Thrake, Thraci | Straßen (Ὀδησσός). [English version] I. Entwicklung bis zum 3.Jh.n.Chr. Griech. Stadt an der Westküste des Pontos Euxeinos (Ptol. 3,10,8; 8,11,6), h. Varna (Bulgarien); milesische Gründung (Anf. 6. Jh.v.Chr.; Ps.-Skymn. 748-750; Plin. nat. 4,45; Kolonisation, mit Karte und Übersicht). Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes (ATL 1, 116, 157, fr. 38 zu 425 v…

Ephesos

(2,443 words)

Author(s): Scherrer, Peter (Wien) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Höcker, Christoph (Kissing)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Athleten | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Bildung | Bodenschätze | Byzantion, Byzanz | Caesar | Christentum | Handel | Ḫattusa | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Ionisch | Kleinasien | Kleinasien | Kleinasien | Limes | Marmor | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Pergamon | Perserkriege | Pilgerschaft | Pompeius | Roma | Roma | Schrift | Theater | Wein | Straßen I. Historische Entwicklung [English version] A. Lage Stadt (h. türk. Kreisstadt Selçuk) an der Mündung des Kaystros in das Aigaion Pelagos, 80 km südl. Izmir. Di…
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