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Lutheranism

(5,871 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Hjelm, Norman A.
1. Term The term “Lutheranism” may be used in a variety of ways: as describing the form of Christianity that developed from the 16th-century Reformation at Wittenberg and most particularly from the teachings of its leader, Martin Luther (1483–1546); as describing the theological and confessional tradition based on the documents of the Book of Concord; or as describing the self-understanding and/or the identity of church bodies throughout the world that claim agreement with Luther’s teaching. Luther himself, however, decried the use of his name: “I ask that [people] mak…

Geibel, Johannes

(160 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] …

Amphilochius of Iconium

(174 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] (c. 340/345–400). Amphilochius was the cousin of Grego…

Harnack

(1,413 words)

Author(s): Schröder, Bernd | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] 1. Theodosius Andreas

Council of Brethren

(797 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] ( Bruderrat), designation for the leadership bodies of the Confessing Church ( Bekennende Kirche) at all levels. At first prevalent in especially the (pietistic) community movement ( Gemeinschaftsbewegung), after 1933 it emanated from the emphasis on …

Tradition

(8,661 words)

Author(s): Baumann, Martin | Hezser, Catherine | Liss, Hanna | Schröter, Jens | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Et al.
[German Version] I. Religious Studies In general usage, tradition (from Lat. transdare/ tradere, “hand on, transmit”) connotes retention and safeguarding, understood as a conservative handing down of mores, customs, norms, rules, and knowledge. The emphasis is on continuity with the past. Jan Assmann interprets tradition as an exemplary case of “cultural memory,” an enduring cultural construction of identity. In religions appeal to tradition is a prominent element justifying interpretations, practices, clai…

German Evangelical Church

(673 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] (Deutsche Evangelische Kirche, DEK). In the history of the attempts to replace or modify the structure of German Protestantism determined by regional churches, the time after 1933 offered a paradigm of fundamental significance. The idea, propagated to a degree from the 19th century onward, of a national church acquired new relevance following the National Socialist overthrow of the state (National Socialism), above all through corresponding demands of the Deutsche Christen…

United Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Germany (VELKD)

(1,407 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Christoph, Joachim E.
[German Version] I. History This institution, founded in 1948 (a German Federal Church with eight member churches) has a prehistory rooted in the 19th century which presupposes the confessional division of German Protestantism from 1529 to 1648. It is based on the axiom that, according to ¶ CA 7, all churches that follow the Lutheran confessional documents form a single church. This also results in fellowship in the Lutheran World Federation. 1. Because of a lack of precision in the terms “confession” and “Lutheran,” and the persistency of the Landeskirchen model, efforts for union proved problematical as early as the 19th century. These efforts contrasted with the Prussion Union Church (Unions, Church: I) and with conceptions of a national or general Protestant church. They were carried forward not by institutions but by…

Nectarius of Constantinople

(214 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] (born probably in Tarsus, died 397). As a member of the political elite in Constantinople, Nectarius was appointed bishop of the capital by Theodosius I after the retirement of Gregory of Nazianzus, although he was a layman and probably not even baptized. This showed that he was trusted to overcome the division in the church there. The scant sources make it difficult to assess his historical importance. He resolved the crisis of the Council of Co…

Münster

(1,677 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Kampmann, Jïrgen
[German Version] I. City and Bishopric – II. University I. City and Bishopric As part of his missionary efforts in the southern part of West Saxony, in 793/795 Lu…

Germany

(25,084 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Brenner, Beatus | Dehn, Ulrich | Pollack, Detlef
[German Version] I. General – II. Church History and Denominations – III. Non-Christian Religions – IV. Society, Culture, Religion, and the Churches in the Present…

Bishop

(5,831 words)

Author(s): Schöllgen, Georg | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Rees, Wilhelm | Plank, Peter | de Wall, Heinrich | Et al.
[German Version] I. New Testament – II. Church History – III. Dogmatics and Canon Law – IV. Missiology I. New Testament The NT contains no evidence of the episcopate in the traditional Catholic sense (a single bishop at the apex of a hierarchical clerical ministry functioning as head of a Christian community), but it does use the word ἐπίσκοπος ( epískopos; the etymological source of bishop) for functionaries and officials exercising oversight in the community (Acts 20:28; Phil 1:1; 1 Tim 3:1–7; Tit 1:7–9). For the primitive church, it is therefore better ¶ to speak of episkopoi rather than bishops. In non-Christian usage, ἐπίσκοπος denotes a wide range of officials with various administrative functions in cities, towns, and associations; often they were in charge of finances. The use of the same…

Confessing Church

(2,616 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] I. Background – II. Establishment – III. Fundamental Difference: Two Types – IV. Schism in the Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche; BK). “Bekennende Kirche” was the self-designation of those who, from 1934, appeared alongside and in opposition to the administrative bodies dominated by the Deutsche Christen (“German Christians”) at the levels of the Reich, the state, and the community, with their own forms of organization suited to the confession. Depending on the respective legal situation a variety of forms existed. Along with the Catholic Church, the Confessing Church was the only major institution that withdrew from the conformity enforced by National Socialism; parts of it engaged in resistance to the totalitarian state (National Socialism: I; Church and state: I, 4). I. Background The general conditions for the establishment of the Confessing Church i…

Synod

(3,747 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Brandt, Reinhard | Germann, Michael | Ohme, Heinz
[German Version] I. History

Pneumatomachi

(872 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] The Pneumatomachi, a group found primarily in Asia Minor, had a traditional binitarian doctrine of God, rejecting the divinity of the Holy Spirit (Spirit/Holy Spirit). They were an outgrowth of the “middle way” that evolved after 358, made up of followers of Origen and Eusebius. Within this new group of Homoiousians, some opposed the consubstantiality of the Holy Spirit in speaking of the divine essence. This accentuation of doctrinal differences with the Niceans, who were a distinct minority in…

Presbyter/Presbytery

(3,654 words)

Author(s): Karrer, Martin | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Lindner, Herbert | Germann, Michael
[German Version] I. New Testament Social structures that entrusted older individuals with functions on behalf of the community were widespread in the ancient Mediterranean world. In the memory of Israel, they were particularly important in the early history of the people (Num 11– 1 Sam 30:26ff.; 2 Sam 2:4; 12:17; Elders in the Old Testament). Their entrustment with local and regional judicial functions continued (reflected in Deut 19:12; cf. 11QT XLII 13f.) albeit often in diminished form. In the N…

Evangelical Church in Germany

(4,198 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Schloz, Rüdiger
[German Version] I. History, Constitution, and Structure – II. Works and Institutions (EKD; Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland) I. History, Constitution, and Structure To an increasing degree, the federalistically determined history of German Protestantism in the 20th century has been stamped by the growing responsibility of the general membership of the unified agency of the EKD and its predecessor institutions. 1. Founding, 1945–1948 Since the 19th century, from the Eisenach Conference of 1852 to the Union of German …

Christology

(26,944 words)

Author(s): Karrer, Martin | Williams, Rowan D. | Hauschild, Wolf Dieter | Flogaus, Reinhard | Gunton, Colin | Et al.
[German Version] I. Primitive Christianity – II. History of Doctrine – III. Dogmatics – IV. Forms of Extra-ecclesial Christology I. Primitive Christianity 1. History of research and preliminary questions a.  The term Christology, which originated in the early 17th century, was coined for systematic reflection concerning Jesus Christ. Initially, conceptions and Christologies dealing with the salvation history of the whole Bible beginning with the Old Testament were as highly valued as the New Testament (cf. e.g. G.F. Händel's Messiah). NT Christology went its own way only in the late 18th century. It did not detach itself from the theological task, but, through historical methods, from service to dogmatic theology. To the extent that shoots of OT …

Community

(5,842 words)

Author(s): Kehrer, Günter | Rüterswörden, Udo | Banks, Robert J. | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Marquardt, Manfred | Et al.
[German Version] I. History of Religion – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Dogmatics – VI. Ethics – VII. Practical Theology – VIII. Church Law – IX. Judaism – X. Islam I. History of Religion In the following comments the term community will refer exclusively to a religiously motivated association of people. From the standpoint of the history of religion, the formation of communities is more the exception than the rule. The fact that associations such …

Reichskirche

(1,120 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] The German term Reichskirche (“imperial church”), scarcely found in historical sources, denotes the post-Constantinian (Constantine the Great) synthesis of civil and ecclesiastical sovereignty in the “Roman Empire,” whose claim of universal dominion made it different from other states. Only in this sense does the term differ from analogous realities in other territories, called state churches, national churches, or regional churches. I. Imperium Romanum A constitutive element of the Roman imperial church was its attachment to the figure of th…

Lübeck, Bishopric

(857 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] Lübeck's origins go back to the German c…

Confessing Synods,

(666 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[German Version] …

Vereinigte Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche Deutschlands (VELKD)

(1,184 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Christoph, Joachim E.
[English Version] I. Geschichtlich Die 1948 gegründete Institution (eine Bundeskirche mit heute acht Gliedkirchen) hat eine im 19.Jh. verankerte Vorgesch., deren Voraussetzung die konfessionelle Spaltung des dt. Protestantismus seit 1529–1648 war. Sie basiert auf dem Axiom, daß alle Kirchen, die sich an den luth. Bekenntnisschriften orientieren, gemäß CA 7 eine einheitliche Kirche bilden. Daraus resultiert auch die Gemeinschaft im Lutherischen Weltbund. 1. Wegen mangelnder Präzision der Begriffe »Bekenntnis« und »luth.« und wegen der Beharrungskraft des…

Pneumatomachen

(774 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[English Version] . Die v.a. in Kleinasien verbreitete Gruppierung vertrat in der Gotteslehre einen traditionellen Binitarismus und lehnte die Gottheit des Hl. Geistes (Geist/Heiliger Geist) ab. Sie erwuchs aus der nach 358 sich differenzierenden origenistisch-eusebianischen »Mittelpartei«. Innerhalb der neuen Gruppe der Homöusianer polemisierten einige gegen die Einbeziehung des Hl. Geistes in die Reflexion über das Wesen Gottes. Diese Verschärfung des Lehrunterschieds zu den im Osten wenig verbreiteten Nicaener…

Reichskirche

(902 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[English Version] Mit diesem in den Quellen kaum begegnenden Begriff wird die seit Konstantin entwickelte Synthese von staatl. und kirchl. Herrschaft im »Imperium Romanum« bez., dessen Anspruch auf Universalherrschaft den Unterschied zu anderen Staaten begründet. Nur insofern ist der Begriff R. abzuheben von analogen Realitäten in anderen Territorien, die als Staatskirchen, Nationalkirchen oder Landeskirchen bez. werden. I. Imperium Romanum …

Tradition

(7,687 words)

Author(s): Baumann, Martin | Hezser, Catherine | Liss, Hanna | Schröter, Jens | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Et al.
[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich …

Synode

(3,126 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Brandt, Reinhard | Germann, Michael | Ohme, Heinz
[English Version] I. Geschichtlich Der Begriff S. (von griech. συ´n̆οδος/sýnodos, »Zusammenkunft, zus. auf dem Weg sein«) kann bei der altkirchl. und ma. Entwicklung nicht vom Begriff Konzil getrennt werden. Nur im Blick auf den Protestantismus des 19./20.Jh. ist eine Isolierung sinnvoll, weil hier – vorbereitet seit dem 16.Jh. – die S. ein verfassungsrechtlich neuartiges Phänomen darstellt (Kirchenverfassung: IV.,2.; V.,1., c). Zu dessen Vorgesch. gehören die ma. Diözesansynode (als Fortentwicklung …

Presbyter/Presbyterium

(3,109 words)

Author(s): Karrer, Martin | Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter | Lindner, Herbert | Germann, Michael
[English Version] I. Neues Testament Sozialstrukturen, die ältere Personen mit Aufgaben für die Gemeinschaft betraut sehen, sind im antiken Mittelmeerraum weit verbreitet. Nach der Erinnerung Israels erhielten sie in dessen Frühgesch. bes. Bedeutung (Num 11–1Sam 30,26ff.; 2Sam 2,4; 12,17; Älteste: Altes Testament). Die Betrauung mit regionalen und lokalen Rechtsfunktionen hielt sich durch (gespiegelt in Dtn 19,12; vgl.11QT XLII 13f.), wenn auch oft abgeschwächt. Um die ntl. Zeit konnten das Synhedrion (Sanhedrin) in Jerusalem wie zentrale Gremien in Diasporastädten (z.B. Alexandrien; vgl. Philo Flacc. 117) Presbyter (P.) umfassen bzw. Presbyterium heißen (Lk 22,66). Die Ältesten sind Schrift und Tradition verpflichtet (vgl. Mk 7,3.5). P. einzelner Synagogen deuten sich allenfalls an (CIJ 2, 1404). Eine Esch…

Nectarius

(180 words)

Author(s): Hauschild, Wolf-Dieter
[English Version] von Konstantinopel (geb. wohl in Tarsus, gest.397) wurde als Angehöriger der polit. Elite in Konstantinopel nach dem Rücktritt Gregors von Nazianz durch Theodosius I. zum Bischof der Hauptstadt bestimmt, obwohl er Laie und wohl ungetauft war. Das zeigte, daß man ihm die Überwindung der dortigen Kirchenspaltung zutraute. Die dürftige Quellenlage läßt seine hist. Bedeutung kaum erkennen. Die Krise des Konzils von Konstantinopel (: IV.,1.) löste er als dessen Präsident durch kirchenpolit. Vermittlung. Die Durchsetzung der Ergebnisse des Konzils und damit des Neonicaenertums (Neunicaenismus) förderte er u.a. durch eine Fortsetzung 382 (seitdem regelmäßige Konstantinopeler Bischofssynoden). Gemäß Theodosius' Versöhnungsprogramm lud er Oppositionsgruppen 383 zu einer Disputation ein; dabei stellte er gegen philos. und exegetische Dialektik als Norm den Traditionsbeweis aus den Väterschriften. Keineswegs schaffte er die öfftl. Buße ab (so Soz.h.e. VII 16), nur die Konstantinopeler Praxis…
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