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2.6.14. Cimmerians

(810 words)

Author(s): Wittke, Anne-Maria
[German source] The Cimmerians (Neo-Assyrian  gi-mir/gi-mir-a-a or similar; OT  gmr; Greek  Kimmérioi) probably came from the central Caucasus. They were active in Asia Minor in the late 8th century [826–36], appearing first in the northeast of the territory of Urarṭu. With respect to the MIA record, they are a unique example of a mobile people that left little to nothing in the way of archaeological remains (small-scale art in the ‘Scythian animal style’, perhaps also arrowheads and horse harnesses [8]; [9]; [12146. 165 f.]) yet remain as a tangible presence for a time. …
Date: 2018-08-16

2.6.10. Luwian cultural sphere

(5,127 words)

Author(s): Aro, Sanna | Wittke, Anne-Maria
A. Definition [German source] The ‘Luwian cultural sphere’ refers to the presumed settlement area of the LBA (until the 12th cent.) and EIA (12th–7th/6th cents.) Luwians. The distribution of the Luwian language in the LBA suggests that their territory may have covered much of Asia Minor (cf. BNP Atlas 22), while linguistic monuments and outside written sources indicate that it eventually was confined to what is now central southern and southeastern Turkey in the EIA. Immediately after the collapse of the Hittite Empire around 1200/1180, Neo-Hittite successor states emerged in t…
Date: 2018-08-16

Introduction

(9,994 words)

Author(s): Wittke, Anne-Maria
A. Themes and goals [German source] A.1. IntroductionThis reference work on The Early  Mediterranean World seeks to span the period between the 12th and 6th centuries, bringing together various disciplines, including Ancient Egyptian, Ancient Near Eastern, biblical and classical philology, prehistoric, Egyptian, Near Eastern and classical archaeology and ancient history. In doing so, it breaks new ground, not only in the realm of specialist scholarly literature. Its geographical and chronological range facili…
Date: 2018-08-16

2.6.8. South central and coastal Asia Minor

(1,225 words)

Author(s): Wittke, Anne-Maria
A. Overview [German source] The area discussed here bordered on Lydia (2.6.3.), Caria (2.6.4.) and Lycia (2.6.5.) to the west, the heartland of Phrygia (2.6.7.) to the north and the Luwian princedoms to the east (cf. Luwian cultural sphere 2.6.10.). Its landscapes later acquired the names Pamphylia (western section of south coast), Pisidia (north of Pamphylia; Barrington Atlas 65, 62), western Rough Cilicia (eastern section of south coast), Isauria (north of Rough Cilicia) and western Lycaonia (north of Isauria, Barrington Atlas 66, 63). The region encompasse…
Date: 2018-08-16

2.6.1. Overview: Asia Minor

(3,341 words)

Author(s): Blum, Hartmut | Wittke, Anne-Maria
A. Terminology and geographical definition [German source] The present-day terms for the peninsula west of the Euphrates did not appear until after the period under consideration here (12th–6th cents.). The name Asia Minor was first used by Ptolemy in the 2nd century ad ( mikrà Asía, Ptol. Tetrabiblos 2,3,17; 2,3,20 Feraboli) and then again by Orosius in the 5th century ad (1,2,26: Asia minor). The name Anatolia (from Greek  anatolḗ: ‘sunrise’, ‘east’), which sometimes refers only to the interior, dates back to medieval Byzantium (summary [3525 f.]). The original name,  Asía/Asíē …
Date: 2018-08-16

3.3.2. Religion: Eastern Mediterranean

(7,430 words)

Author(s): Niehr, Herbert | Wittke, Anne-Maria | Kubisch, Sabine | Matthäus, Hartmut
A. General principles [German source] Scholars often treat the religions of the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean world 2.7.) in the context of the ‘Fertile Crescent’. This concept, however, brings together the religions of Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Egypt as dominant, while tending to neglect those of the Aramaeans (2.7.2.), the Phoenician cities 2.7.3., Israel (2.7.5.) and Judah (2.7.6.). Lumping cultures like Egypt and Mesopotamia together also has the effect of glossing over differences between them. …
Date: 2018-08-16

2.6.9. East central Asia Minor

(3,628 words)

Author(s): Aro, Sanna | Wittke, Anne-Maria
A. Location, geography and settlement [German source] East central Asia Minor, which in the time of the Hittite Empire (13th cent.) was the heartland of Ḫattusa and the northern part of the ‘Lower Land’, can be roughly divided into two cultural and linguistic zones for the EIA and MIA, separated approximately by the southern arc of the Halys (Kızılırmak).The northern zone, the so-called inner Halys arc, which today is a plateau exhibiting mostly steppe vegetation, was more heavily forested in Antiquity and contained many settlement clusters. To the n…
Date: 2018-08-16

2.6.5. Lycia

(1,858 words)

Author(s): Wittke, Anne-Maria
A. Location, names, language [German source] By at least the 8th century, Lycia was the name given to the cultural and linguistic landscape of southwestern Asia Minor that bordered on the Mediterranean [21]. The first attestation of the Greek  Lykía is found in the Iliad (Hom. Il. 2,879; 6,152–210 et al.) denoting the homeland of the Lycians ( Lýkioi) from the river Xanthus (Eşen Çayı; probably partly navigable). This name probably derived from the designation of part of the Lukkā Lands, known from Hittite sources of the 13th century. The extent of this territory in the …
Date: 2018-08-16