, generally known by his kunya , companion of the Prophet. It was in the ¶ house of Abū Ayyūb that the Prophet stayed on his emigration to Medina, before his own mosque and house were built. He took part in all the Prophet’s expeditions, was present at all the battles of early Islam and served under the command of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀsī during the conquest of Egypt. Later on he was appointed by ʿAlī to the governorship of Medina, but was obliged to rejoin ʿAlī in ʿIrāḳ when Busr b. Abī Arṭāt approched the town with a…

“pīr-i raws̲h̲ān (or raws̲h̲an ) b. ʿabd allāh ḳāḍī b. s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ muḥammad , the founder of a religious and national movement of the Afg̲h̲āns (called pīr-tārīk by the Mug̲h̲al historians etc., after Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Mullā Muḥammad, commonly known as Mullā Zangī, a teacher of the Pīr’s chief opponent Āk̲h̲und Darwīza, who was the first to dub him thus ( Tad̲h̲kira f. 92). He claimed descent through S̲h̲. Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn (his fifth ancestor) from (Abū) Ayyūb al-Anṣārī, the famous Companion of the Prophet, (his 21st ancestor). His mother Aymana (varr. Bih-bīn, Bīban, Maʾāt̲h̲ir al-Umarāʾ …

ʿabd al-kāfī b. abī yaʿḳūb b. ismāʿīl al-t(anāw(a)tī , Ibāḍī theologian who ¶ lived in the middle of the 6th/13th century. He studied in the oasis of Wargla/Ward̲j̲lān (in modern Algeria) wim Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Abī Bakr, the famous Ibāḍī historian (cf. EI 2, I, 167), and also in Tunis, with what must have been Sunnī authorities there. He was a tribesman, and as such he does not entirely fit the model of the bourgeois scholar; he is reported to have come with his herds to the Mzāb and to have proselytised among the tribes of that region, one which was to become a stronghold of Ibāḍī faith later on. H…

, properly muḥammad s̲h̲ams al-milla wa’l-dīn , saint of the Bayrāmiyya [ q.v.] and discoverer of the tomb of Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī near Constantinople. He was the son of a certain Ḥamza, who acquired fame in Syria as a worker of miracles and later died in the district of Ḳawaḳ (near Amasia). Aḳ S̲h̲ams al-Dīn was born in 792/1389-80 in Syria (Damascus) and came with his parents to Ḳawaḳ in 799/1396-7. After the early death of his father (when S̲h̲ams al-Dīn was seven years old) he engaged in theological stud…

, an Anṣārī [see anṣār ] Companion of the Prophet Muḥammad credited with a crucial role in the collection of the Ḳurʾān [ q.v. at Vol. V, 404b-405b]. He belonged to the Banu ’l-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār of the K̲h̲azrad̲j̲, or more precisely, to the ʿAbd ʿAwf b. G̲h̲anm b. Mālik b. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār. His mother, al-Nawār bt. Mālik, was of the ʿAdī b. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār. Much of the rather detailed biographical information about Zayd was preserved by ḥadīt̲h̲ transmitters from among his offspring who were intensely interested in the life and work of their great ancestor. Zayd’s father was killed in the b…

(a.), literally, “producer or seller of leaves, waraḳ ”, in mediaeval Islam the designation for the copyist of manuscripts, paper seller, and also bookseller. According to al-Samʿānī, Ansāb , ed. Ḥaydarābād, xiii, 300, the term was specifically applied to copyists of maṣāḥif and ḥadīt̲h̲ compilations. The earliest material used must have been parchment and papyrus [see Ḳirṭās and raḳḳ ], gradually replaced largely by paper, whose production in Bag̲h̲dād began in the late 2nd/8th century and early 3rd/9th century [see kāg̲h̲ad ]. From this time onwards, …

( Ḳadam Rasūl Allāh ). Among the miracles ( muʿd̲j̲izāt ) popularly attributed to Muḥammad was the fact that when he trod on a rock, his foot sank into the stone and left its impress there. This miracle is usually referred to along with others, e.g., that he cast no shadow, that if one of his hairs fell in the fire, it was not burnt, that flies did not settle on his clothes etc. (cf. al-Ḥalabī, al-Sīra al-Ḥalabiyya , Būlāḳ, 1292, iii, 407), or that his sandals left no imprint on the sand (cf. Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-Haytamī, commentary on al-Ḳaṣīda al-Ḥamziyya , 1. 176. (Ind. Off,…

, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Čelebi , a Turkish biographer, littérateur and poet who lived in the 10th/16th century. Born in Kastamonu in 895/1491, according to his own statement ( Tad̲h̲kira , Istanbul 1314/1896-7, 135, 297), he belonged to an old and a noble family called the K̲h̲aṭīb-zādeler and his forefather, Ḥamdī Čelebi, was a poet who lived in the time of Meḥemmed II, the Conqueror. He states in his Tad̲h̲kira (298) that he started writing poetry when he was seven years old. He began to receive his education in Kastamonu, but soon gave it up (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳ Čelebi, Mas̲h̲āʿir al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ …

, 1. In Arabie literature. Rūm occurs in Arabic literature with reference to the Romans, the Byzantines and the Christian Melkites interchangeably. This issue of nomenclature is the first problem that confronts the reader of Arabic literature. Most often, however, the reference is to the Byzantines, which is the meaning followed in this entry. The sources for the pre-Islamic times include the important Namāra [ q.v.] inscription. All the literary sources were written in later Islamic times, deriving from the historian Ibn al-Kalbī. In the Islamic period, the first reference to…

(a., pl. awliyāʾ ), indicates a friend of God or a saint, often also a mystic in general. 1. General survey. Walī is a faʿīl form of the root w-l-y with the meaning of “to be near”. The one who is near is also a friend, he possesses friendship ( wilāya [ q.v.]) (more rarely walāya for a discussion of these two forms, see Corbin, En Islam iranien, iii, 9-10; Chodkiewicz, Sceau , 34). But in some way, the walī also acquires his friend’s, i.e. God’s, good qualities, and therefore he possesses particular authority, forces, capacities and abilities. In the Ḳurʾān, the adjective walī is also applied to…

(a., pl. ziyārāt ), pious visitation, pilgrimage to a holy place, tomb or shrine. ¶ 1. In the central and eastern Arab lands during the pre-modern period. Unlike the ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ [ q.v.], the canonical pilgrimage to Mecca, and the lesser pilgrimage, the ʿumra [ q.v.], the ziyāra lacked the authority of Scripture. Mediaeval Arabic and Hebrew sources frequently refer to Jews and Christians making a ziyāra to tombs and shrines of holy persons (cf. J.W. Meri, Sacred journeys to sacred precincts. The cult of saints among Muslims and Jews in medieval Syria , D. Phil, thes…

(a., sing, mawkib ), processions. 1. Under the ʿAbbāsids and Fāṭimids The basic meaning of procession (mounted or unmounted), cortège, is found in ḥadīt̲h̲ (al-Buk̲h̲ārī. Badʾ al-k̲h̲alḳ , 6; Ibn Ḥanbal, iii, 213; al-Dārimī, 2695). This is the precise sense given in the dictionaries, and that used by the Umayyads, ʿAbbāsids and Fāṭimids, often to describe the cortège of an amīr , wazīr , or other official (see, e.g., al-Ṭabarī, ii, 1731; Hilāl al-Ṣābī, Rusūm dār al-k̲h̲ilāfa , 9-10, 12, 14ff.). By the 4th/10th century, it had acquired the broader meaning of audience as well …

, the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 20 Ḏj̲umādā I 857/29 May 1453 to 3 Rabīʿ II 1342/13 October 1923. In strict Ottoman usage the name is confined to the area bounded by the Golden Horn, the Marmara coast and the Wall of Theodosius, the districts of G̲h̲alaṭa, Üsküdār and Eyyūb being separate townships, each with its own ḳāḍī ; occasionally however the name is applied to this whole area. NAME. In the period of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultanate of Anatolia (see Kamāl al-Dīn Aḳsarāyī, Musāmarat al- ak̲h̲bār , ed. O. Turan, Ankara 1944, index at p. 344) and under the early Ottomans ( Die altosm. anon. Chroni…

, the nisba of many spiritual s̲h̲ayk̲h̲s of the Ibāḍiyya [ q.v.] referring to the Tanāwut, a Berber tribe of the Nafzāwa country in southern Tunisia and Wargla (Wārd̲j̲alān). To the 5th/11th century belongs: 1). Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Muḥammad al-Tanāwutī, who often appears in later tradition. His son 2). Ismāʿīl, but still more his grandson 3). Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf b. Ismāʿīl, had the reputation of being very devout and miraculously gifted. The most important bearer of the name is the last-named’s son: 4). Abū ʿAmmār ʿAbd al-Kāfī al-Tanāwutī, fellow-pupil and friend of Abū Yaʿḳūb Y…

, the seven “jurists” of Medina, to whom tradition attributes a significant role in the formation of fiḳh . J. Schacht, who was especially interested in these fuḳahāʾ , wrote ( Esquisse d’une histoire du droit musulman , Paris 1952, 28; cf. idem, An introduction to Islamic law, Oxford 1964, 31): “The Medinans ... traced back the origin of their special brand of legal teaching to a number of ancient authorities, who died in the final years of the first and the early years of the second century of the Hegira. In a later p…

, Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. [Muḥammad b. Mūsā b. (Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ , vii, 286)] Bisṭām al-S̲h̲aybānī, imām ahl al-adab (Yāḳūt, Muʿd̲j̲am , i, 823; al-k̲h̲aṭīb is incorrect, see Ḳifṭī, Inbāh , iv, 22), celebrated Arab philologist (421-502/1030-1109). Born a son of the k̲h̲aṭīb of Tabrīz [ q.v.], the talented young man embarked on the ṭalab al-ʿilm at an early age. He did not give it up until his appointment at the madrasa [ q.v.] al-Niẓāmiyya (inaugurated 459/1067) in Bag̲h̲dād as professor of the adab sciences, above all naḥw , lug̲h̲a , ʿarūḍ , and ḳawāfī …

al-Muhād̲j̲ir al-Hindī al-Makkī b. Muḥammad Amīn al-Fārūḳī , the spiritual guide and preceptor of a number of leading religious personalities of India (including Muḥammad Ḳāsim al-Nānawtawī, founder of the Dār al-ʿUlūm at Deōband [ q.v.], Ras̲h̲īd Aḥmad al-Anṣārī of Gańgōh (d. 1323/1905), a well-known muḥaddit̲h̲ , faḳīh , divine and scholar of his days and As̲h̲raf ʿAlī Thānawī [ q.v.]), was born at Nānawta (dist. Sahāranpūr, India) in 1231/1815. A ḥāfiẓ of the Ḳurʾān, he was moderately well educated in Persian, Arabic grammar and syntax and…

, b. Nūr Allāh b. Aḥmad al-Miʿmār (mason/architect), al-Ṣiddīḳī , one of the leading Čis̲h̲tī saints of his time, who was responsible for the revival of this order in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent when Muslim society was in a state of utter disorder. He was born at S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahānābād (Delhi), whence his nisba al-Ḏj̲ahānābādī. on 24 Ḏj̲ūmādā II 1060/24 June 1650, eight years before Awrangzīb’s accession to the throne. His ancestors, builders and masons by profession, originally hailed from K̲h̲od̲j̲and [ q.v.]. His father and grandfather both played leading roles in the b…

, Constantinople. 1. To the Ottoman Conquest (1453). The city, which Constantine the Great on 11 May 330 raised to be the capital of the Eastern Empire and which was called after him, was known to the Arabs as Ḳusṭanṭīniyya (in poetry also Ḳusṭanṭīna , with or without the article); the older name Byzantion ( Buzanṭiyā and various spellings) was also known to them, as well as the fact that the later Greeks, as at the present day, used to call Constantinople simply ἥ πόλις as “the city” par excellence (Masʿūdī, iii, 406 = § 1291 …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. al-Ḥusayn, one of the most celebrated theologians and exegetists of Islam, born in 543/1149 (or perhaps 544) at Rayy. His father, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Abu ’l-Ḳāsim, was a preacher ( k̲h̲aṭīb ) in his native town, from whose name comes his son’s appellation, Ibn al-K̲h̲aṭīb. He was also conversant with kalām and, among other works, wrote the G̲h̲āyat al-marām , in which he showed himself a warm partisan of al-As̲h̲ʿarī. Al-Subkī who gives him a brief review ( Ṭabaḳāt al-S̲h̲āfiʿiyya , iv, 285-6) names among the list of his masters…