Bag̲h̲dād is situated on both banks of the Tigris, at 33° 26 18″ Lat. N. and 44° 23 9″ Long. E. respectively. Founded in the 8th century A.D. it continued to be the centre of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate till its fall, and the cultural metropolis of the Muslim world for centuries. After 1258 it became a provincial centre and remained under the Ottomans the centre of the Bag̲h̲dād wilāyet . In 1921 it became the capital of modern ʿIrāḳ. History . The name Bag̲h̲dād is pre-Islamic, related to previous settlements on the site. Arab authors realise this and as usual look for Persian origins (cf. Maḳdisī, al-B…

, daughter of the amīr al-umarā Amīr Čūbān, niece of the Īlk̲h̲ānid ruler of Persia Abū Saʿīd ( regn . 717-736/1317-1335) (her mother was Abū Saʿīd’s sister), and wife of Amīr Ḥasan the D̲j̲alāʾirid, commonly known as S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥasan Buzurg, whom she married in 723/1323. In 1325 A.D. Abū Saʿīd, quoting as precedent the yāsā of Čingiz Ḵh̲ān, attempted to force S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥasan to divorce Bag̲h̲dād Ḵh̲ātūn in order that he might marry her himself, but was frustrated by Amīr Čūbān. In October or November 1327 A.D. Amīr Čūbān was…

( Madinat -) [see bag̲h̲dād ]

, the name of a residential quarter on the western side of ancient Bag̲h̲dād to the south of ‘the quarter of Bāb Muḥawwal, originally some 3 kms. from ancient Bag̲h̲dād. There used to be in Barāt̲h̲ā a mosque, designed for the prayer of the S̲h̲īʿī sect, which Yāḳūt (d. 626/1228) mentions as being totally demolished. He also remarks that the quarter itself was destroyed without trace. This mosque was built in 329/941; later on it was pulled down by the ʿAbbāsid Caliph Al-Rāḍī Billāh; later still…

a locality situated on the left bank of the Tigris, not far south of East Bag̲h̲dād, capital of a district ( ṭassūd̲j̲ ) of the same name. Here the Nahr Bīn flowed into the Tigris; a branch of the Nahrawān, it provided East Bag̲h̲dād with a network of canals. Kalwād̲h̲ā was a large town endowed with a Great Mosque frequented by the people of Bag̲h̲dād since it was only a short distance to travel (Ibn Rusta-Wiet, 214, estimates it at three parasangs, but Yāḳūt , s.v., reduces it to one parasang, specifying that in his day the place was in ruins). The town i…

, nisba formed from the tribal name of Azd and borne by a family of Mālikite ḳāḍīs of Bag̲h̲dād, who will be treated under ibn dirham, the name of their ancestor.

, “Abode of Peace”, is in the first place a name of Paradise in the Ḳurʾān (vi, 127; x, 26), because, says Bayḍāwī, it is a place of security ( salāma ) from transitoriness and injury, or because God and the angels salute ( sallama ) those who enter it. Hence it was given to the city of Bag̲h̲dād by al-Manṣūr, as well as Madīnat al-Salām (cf. bag̲h̲dād , and also the geographical lexicon of Yāḳūt, ad init.). For the capital of Tanganyika see dar-es-salaam. (T.H. Weir*)

founder of a line of governors of Baṣra (Āl Afrāsiyāb). He was an officer of unknown racial origin, who purchased the government of Baṣra from the local pas̲h̲a about 1021/1612. Afrāsiyāb was succeeded by his son ʿAlī in 1034/1624-5, during an attack on Baṣra by Persian forces, which failed in face of ʿAlī’s resistance. A second Persian attempt in 1038/1629 was equally unsuccessful. During the Turco-Persian struggle for Bag̲h̲dād, ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a took neither part and continued to govern his provin…

, under the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate a district south-west of Bag̲h̲dād, the land south of the Nahî Ṣarāt, a branch of the Euphrates canal Nahr ʿĪsā [ q.v.]. The Ṣarāt separates it from the Ḳaṭrabbul district; the southern part of the western half of Bag̲h̲dād (the so-called town of al-Manṣūr) as well as the suburb of Kark̲h̲ were situated within the bounds of the district of Bādūrayā; the latter formed, like the district of Ḳaṭrabbul, a subdivision of the circle of Astān al-ʿĀlī. (M. Streck*) Bibliography Muḳaddasī, iii, 119, 120 Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih, 7, 9, 235, 237 Balād̲h̲urī, Futuḥ, 250, 254…

, Ottoman governor of Bag̲h̲dād, son of Ḥasan Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], also governor of Bag̲h̲dād. In 1715 he was appointed governor of S̲h̲ahrizūr and Kirkūk, and subsequently of Baṣra; in 1719 he was made vizier. After the death of his father (at the beginning of 1724) he was appointed governor of Bag̲h̲dād and charged with the continuation of the expedition undertaken by the former against the Persians. In the spring of 1724 he took Hamadān, and although he was defeated (owing to the desertion of the Kurdish c…

, Ḳaṣr , the name of a palace of the early ʿAbbāsids in Bag̲h̲dād, so-called because of its being compared in splendour with the d̲j̲annat al-k̲h̲uld “garden of eternity”, i.e. Paradise. It was built by the founder of the new capital Bag̲h̲dād, al-Manṣūr [ q.v.], in 158/775 on the west bank of the Tigris outside the walled Round City, possibly on the site of a former Christian monastery (al-Ṭabarī, iii, 273; Yāḳūt, Buldān , ed. Beirut, ii, 382). It was strategically placed between the two great military areas of the Ḥarbiyya and al-Ruṣāfa on the eastern side [see al-ruṣāfa. 2.] and adjacent …

, D̲j̲amāl al-Dīn abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Saʿīd b. Yaḥyā . an ʿIrāḳī historian, was born in Wāsiṭ on Monday, 26 Rad̲j̲ab 558/Sunday, 30 June 1163, and died in Bag̲h̲dād on Monday, 8 Rabīʿ II 637/7 November 1239. His History of Wāsiṭ is not preserved. His History of Bag̲h̲dād, variously called d̲h̲ayl or mud̲h̲ayyal and extant in individual manuscripts, continues the work of al-Samʿānī, which in turn was a continuation of the Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād of the K̲h̲aṭīb al-Bag̲h̲dādī. It is strictly biographical, containing biographies of those who died…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā, grammarian of Bag̲h̲dād of the 4th/10th century and contemporary of Ibn D̲j̲innī. He was born at Bag̲h̲dād in 328/940, and studied grammar there under the direction of al-Sīrāfī [ q.v.] before moving to S̲h̲īrāz in order to follow the teaching of al-Fārisī [ q.v.] over a period of almost 20 years. He then returned to Bag̲h̲dād where he died, at an advanced age, in 420/1029. His eccentricities, seen in a fear of dogs, prevented him from having any pupils. Amongst his works, none of which have survived, are mentioned commentaries ( s̲h̲arḥ ), such as one on the K. al-Īḍā…

, 11th/17th century Turkish folk poet of Janissary origin. His nickname Ḳayi̊kd̲j̲i̊ (“The Boatman”) seems to have originated from his association in his youth with the corsair, later admiral, Turg̲h̲ud Reʾīs [ q.v.] in Algeria. His narrative or epic poems on contemporary important events became very popular in the army and at court, and his fame lies more in these than in his less attractive lyrics. Among his famous narrative poems, the most notable concern the assasination of ʿOt̲h̲mān II by the Janissaries; S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās’s …

, abū naṣr aḥmad b. ḥātim al-bāhilī , Arab philogist and author, a pupil of al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū ʿUbayda and Abū Zayd, belonging to the school of Baṣra, lived first in Bag̲h̲dād, then in Iṣfahān and finally settled in Bag̲h̲dād again where he died in 231/855. As a rule he followed in his works the footsteps of his predecessors and like them wrote a book on trees and plants, camels, cereals and palm-trees, horses, birds and locusts, of which latter he was the first to treat. His works on…

, name of an ancient locality, still existing, of ʿIrāḳ; it is situated on the Euphrates down-stream from al-Anbār [ q.v.] and near Dimmimā, from where the nahr ʿĪsā branched off towards Bag̲h̲dād. At al-Fallūd̲j̲a nowadays the main road from Bag̲h̲dād crosses the Euphrates. (Ed.) Bibliography Muḳaddasī, 115 Suhrāb, 123 Iṣṭak̲h̲rī, 84 Ibn Ḥawḳal, 165 Musil, The middle Euphrates, 269-71 Le Strange, 66, 68 (distinguishing two villages of the same name, the second at the point where the nahr al-Malik branches off; but there seems to be some confusion here) M. Canard, H’amdânides, 147.

or Bagimzā, in the time of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate, was a village north-east of Bag̲h̲dād, some 8 miles from Baʿḳūbā, where the caliph al-Muḳtafī bi-Amr Allāh put to flight the troops of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulṭān Muḥammad II under Alp Ḳus̲h̲ Kūn-i Ḵh̲ar in 549/1154. (Ed.) Bibliography Yāḳūt, i, 497, 706 Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, xi, 129 Houtsma, Recueil, ii, 237 ff.

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Abū Bakr al-Rāzī , famous Ḥanafī jurist and chief representative of the aṣḥāb al-raʾy [ q.v.] in his day. He was born in 917/305, went to Bag̲h̲dād in 324, and there studied law under ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan al-Kark̲h̲ī. He also worked on the Ḳurʾān and ḥadīt̲h̲ , handing down the ḥadīt̲h̲s of al-Āṣim, ʿAbd al-Bāḳī Ḳāniʿ (the teacher of the famous al-Dāraḳuṭnī [ q.v.]), ʿAbd Allāh b. D̲j̲aʿfar al-Iṣfahānī, Ṭabarānī, and others. Following the advice of his teacher Kark̲h̲ī, he went to Nīs̲h̲āpūr, in order to study uṣūl al-ḥadīt̲h̲ under al-Ḥākim al-Nīsābūr…

, a town in ʿIrāḳ in ʿAbbāsid times. According to the Arab geographers it was situated some 15 miles north of Bag̲h̲dād on the main road to Sāmarrā and at some distance from the east bank of the Tigris, a little above the confluence of the Nahr al-Ḵh̲āliṣ and the latter. The Ḵh̲āliṣ canal, a branch of the Nahrawān (or Ḏj̲yāla) flowed immediately past Baradān. The caliph al-Manṣūr held his court here for a brief period, before he definitely resolved on building a new capital on the site of the modern Bag̲h̲dād (cf. Yaʿḳūbī, Buldān , 256). There was a bridge in Bag̲h̲d…

, Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mustanṣir , the last ʿAbbāsid caliph of Bag̲h̲dād (640-56/1247-58), born in 609/1212-13. After the death of his father in D̲j̲umādā I or II 640/November-December 1242, he was raised to the caliphal throne, but he had neither the talent nor the strength to avert the catastrophe threatening from the Mongols; he allowed himself to be guided by bad counsellors who were not agreed among themselves but working against one another. In 683/1255-6, the Mongol K̲h̲ān Hūlagū [ q.v.] demanded that the Muslim rulers should make war on the Ismāʿīlīs of Alamūt. …