, Adrianople —a city lying at the confluence of the Tund̲j̲a and Arda with the Merič (Maritsa); the capital of the Ottomans after Bursa (Brusa), and now the administrative centre of the vilâyet (province) of the same name and, traditionally, the centre of Turkis̲h̲ (now Eastern) Thrace (Trakya or Pas̲h̲a-eli). Its historical importance derives from the fact that it lies on the main road from Asia Minor to the Balkans, where it is the first important staging point after Istanbul. It guards the eastern entr…

[see edirne ].

, a physician who flourished in the middle of the 9th/15th century. According to the little treatise Ḥikāyet-i Bes̲h̲īr Čelebi (of which one MS. has been published in facsimile by İ. H. Ertaylan as Târih-i Edirne : Hikâyet-i Beşir Çelebi , Türk Edebiyati Örnekleri iii, Istanbul 1946), he was summoned from Konya to Edirne by Meḥemmed II very soon after his accession; he expounded to the Sultan the advantages of the climate of Edirne and recommended to him the site for the building of the New Palace (begun in 855/1451, cf. IA, article edi̇rne [M. Tayyib Gökbilgin], p. 117b). The Ottoman history…

, ewliyā , Ottoman officer of the second half of the 9th/15th century. It is conjectured that he was the son of Todor Muzak, the great Albanian lord (ʿĀs̲h̲i̊ḳpas̲h̲azāde, ed. ʿĀlī, Istanbul 1332, 191; Nes̲h̲rī, ed. Taeschner, i, 230; H. İnalcik, Fatih devri üzere tetkikler ve vesikalar , Ankara 1954, 162). It is not known at what date he was taken by the devs̲h̲irme to be brought up in Ottoman service; however, as he came to prominence during the reign of Meḥemmed II, this probably occurred towards the end of Meḥemmed I’s reign. The m…

Ottoman Ṣūfī poet of Edirne in the early 12th/18th century. His birth date is unknown, but he was a Mewlewī murīd at that order’s Murādiyya convent in Edirne, where he received his instruction from the famous s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Enīs Red̲j̲eb Dede (d. 1147/1734-5). He himself died of plague in Edirne in 1145/1732-3 and was buried in the convent. His dīwān of poetry was praised by early authorities as being good, but has not survived. (Ed.) Bibliography Fatīn, Ted̲h̲kere, Istanbul 1271/1855-6, 385 Esrār Dede, Ted̲h̲kere, Istanbul Univ. Libr. ms. T. 89, p. 281 S̲h̲ekīb Dede, Sefīne-yi Mewlewiyān, C…

, now Alexandropolis, town on the Aegean coast of Thrace, founded in 1871, after the construction of the branch railway from the main Rumeli line. Being an outlet for the products of the hinterland it prospered rapidly, so that in 1300/1883 it supplanted Dimetoka as the centre of a sand̲j̲aḳ , ( mutaṣarri̊fli̊ḳ ) of the wilāyet of Edirne. In 1894 the sand̲j̲aḳ, of Dede Ag̲h̲ač comprised the kaḍās of Dede Ag̲h̲ač, Enez (Inos) and Sofrulu; the ḳaḍā of Dede Ag̲h̲ač comprised three nāḥiyes , Fered̲j̲ik, Meg̲h̲ri and Semadrek, and 41 villages. This was the posi…

, mak̲h̲laṣ of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥasan (b. Edirne 1012/1603-4, d. Serez 1087/1676), historian of Edirne. His father, ‘Sal-bas̲h̲’ or ‘K̲h̲abbāz-zāde’ Ḥasan Efendi, held a series of posts in the ʿilmiyye career, dying in 1039/1630 as a müderris at the Ṣaḥn in Istanbul (ʿAṭāʾī, 733). Ḥibrī, after studying at his native Edirne and at Istanbul, followed the same career: he held a series of posts as müderris, mostly at Edirne, but after 1070/1659 was appointed ḳāḍī of various places, the last being Serez, where he is buried. His minor works are (1) a version in Turkish, entitled Riyāḍ al-ʿārifīn …

, also Ḳi̊rḳ Kinise and Ḳi̊rknīsa (Ewliyā Čelebi, Seyāḥat-nāme , Istanbul 1928, viii, 69) a town in eastern Thrace, modern Kirklareli. This region to the east of Adrianople or Edirne [ q.v.] had a centre in classical times, but its name is unknown (for the view that this place was called Heraclea, see J. von Hammer, Histoire , i, 234). The Byzantine name of Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise was apparently Sarante Eklesiai, and the name Ḳi̊rḳ Kilise must mean the church of forty saints and not forty churches (F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans , Oxford 1929, ii, 391-2). The later writers Kātibi…

(Bābā-yi ʿatīḳ) or Babaeskisi, a small town in eastern Thrace, situated 50 km. S.E. of Edirne, on the railway Une which links Ki̊rklareli to the Edirne, Istanbul main line. At the time of the Byzantine empire it was called Bulgarophygon; its present name is derived from the Turkish dervishes ( baba ) who settled there, as at other places, during the Ottoman expansion in the Balkans. Babaeski was a ḳaḍaʾ of the sand̲j̲aḳ of Viza in the 17th century, and was later attached to the sand̲j̲aḳ of Ki̊rkkilise (Ki̊rklareli). Taday it is one of the ḳaḍās of the wilāyet of Ki̊rklareli; its population …

(t.), literally “lad of the interior”, i.e. “page of the inner service ( Enderūn [ q.v.])”, Ottoman term for those boys and youths, at first slaves, recruits through the devs̲h̲irme [ q.v.], and occasionally hostages, later (from the 11th/17th century) also free-born Muslims, who were selected for training in the palaces of Edirne and Istanbul in order to occupy the higher executive offices of the state. For details, see g̲h̲ulām , iv; ḳapi̊-ḳulu ; sarāy-i hümāyūn . (Ed.)

, the Turkish name of a river called Hebros in classical Greek and Maritsa in Bulgarian. It is the principal river of the south-eastern Balkans and, under the Ottomans, of the eyālet of the Rumeli. Al-Idrīsī ( Opus geographicum, Naples 1977, 796 = 4th section of the 5th climate) mentions it as nahr Mārisū ; on his map of 1154, however, we read nahr Ak̲h̲īlū (K. Miller, Mappae arabicae, Bd. I, pt. 2, Blatt V, Bd. II, 122, 126). From its source in the north-western spur of the Rhodope mountains south of Sofia, the Merič flows eastwards through Bulgaria, forming a broad valle…

, the senior officer of the od̲j̲aḳ , [ q.v.] of the bostānd̲j̲i̊s [ q.v.]. His retinue consisted of bostāndji̊ s of several classes. His residence was at Yali̊-Köşkü on Seraglio Point in Istanbul. As the person responsible for the maintenance of order on the shores of the Golden Horn, the Sea of Marmora and the Bosphorus, he used to patrol the shores in a boat with a retinue of 30 men, as well as inspecting the countryside and forests round Istanbul. When the Sultan travelled by rowing-boat, the Bostānd̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ was entitled to hold the rudder ( Ḳānūnnāme-i Āl-i ʿOt̲h̲mān , TOEM, Appendix…

, the pen-name ( mak̲h̲laṣ ) used by several Ottoman poets of the 10th/16th century, two of whom are prominent. 1. Ḳurd-zāde of Edirne. After a medrese education, he left the ʿIlmiyye [ q.v.], went to Cairo and became a mürīd of seyyid Aḥmed K̲h̲ayālī, son of Ibrāhīm Güls̲h̲enī, the founder of the Güls̲h̲eniyye order. After his return to Edirne, he earned great repute as a preacher, delivering exceptionally captivating sermons ( waʿẓ ). When the Selīmiyye mosque in Edirne was completed in 982/1574, Wālihī became its first preacher, and he retain…

, Ottoman naval officer and author. A graduate of the naval college, he held various appointments, and served for a while in both the Ḥid̲j̲āz and Yemen. He died in Istanbul in 1308/1890. He was the author of a number of historical and descriptive works on Arabia, including an account of Mecca and Medina ( Mirʾāt al-Ḥaramayn , 3 vols., Istanbul 1301-6), and a history of the Wahhābīs ( Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Wahhābiyyān , Istanbul 1296). Besides these he wrote a biography of the Prophet called Maḥmūd al-Siyar (Edirne 1287). (B. Lewis) Bibliography Babinger 372-3 Sid̲j̲ill-i ʿOt̲h̲mānī, i, 451 Ot̲h̲mānl…

(t.), the Ottoman Turkish form of Ar. mufattis̲h̲ , lit. “one who searches out, enquires into something”. In the Ottoman legal system of the 12th/18th century, below the Great Mollās [see mollā ] there was a layer of five judges called müfettis̲h̲ , whose duties were to oversee and enquire into the conducting of the Imperial ewkāf or pious foundations [see waḳf ], three of them being resident in Istanbul and one each in Edirne and Bursa (see Gibb and Bowen, ii, 92). In the 19th century, and with the coming of the Tanẓīmāt [ q.v.] reforms, müfettis̲h̲ was the designation for the overseers an…

, an Ottoman biographer of poets. Meḥmed Riḍā b. Meḥmed, called Zehir Mār-zāde, was born into a family living in Edirne. Of his life we know only that he was for a time, respectively, müderris with a salary of 40 aḳčes , nāʾib and müfti —he held this latter function at Uzun Köprü near Edirne—and that he died in his native town in 1082/1671-2. Besides a collection of poems ( Dīwān ) and a work with the title Ḳawāʿid-i fārisiyye (no manuscript of these works has yet been found), Riḍā wrote a Tad̲h̲kirat al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ , a biographical collection in which he dealt in al…

, town in E. Thrace, the Byzantine Τζουρουλὀς (for the various forms of the ancient name see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Tzurulon (E. Over-hummer]); it lies on the main road and railway between Istanbul and Edirne, 155 kms. by rail from Istanbul, facing N. over the Čorlu Su, a tributary of the Ergene. The town was taken by the Ottomans early in the reign of Murās I. In Ḏj̲um. I 917/Aug. 1511 Bāyezīd II defeated Prince Selīm near Čorlu, at a place called Ṣi̊rt-köyü by Luṭfī Pas̲h̲a ( Taʾrīk̲h̲ , Ist. 1341, 202). There were extensive waḳf s at Čorlu for Meḥemmed II’s külliyye at Ist…

, ʿAlāʾ al-dīn ʿAlī Čelebi (916-6 Ramaḍān 979/1510-22 January 1572), Ottoman scholar. His grandfather, ʿAbd al-Ḳādir from ¶ Isparta, was one of the tutors of Meḥemmed the Conqueror, while his father was the Ḳāḍī Amr Allāh, known also as a poet. His grandfather used to dye his beard with henna, hence was by-named ḳi̊nali̊ (“the one with henna”). This nickname was applied to other members of the family as well. Ḳi̊nali̊zāde ʿAlī was born in Isparta in 916/1510 where he had his elementary education. His first tutor was one of his relatives, the Ḳāḍī-ʿasker …

, Meḥmed Čelebi , an Ottoman littérateur and biographer of the 10th/16th century known by the pen-name of Med̲j̲dī, d. 999/1591. He was born the son of a merchant in Edirne (ʿĀlī, Künh al-ak̲h̲bār , 1st. Univ. Lib. TY 5959, fol. 493b). He completed his education at the Bāyezīdiyye medrese in Edirne and became the dānis̲h̲mend ("advanced student") of the Bāyezīdiyye müderris Ḳāf Aḥmed Čelebi (Med̲j̲dī, Ḥadāʾiḳ al-S̲h̲aḳāʾiḳ , Istanbul 1269. 503). He served as repetiteur ( muʿīd ) to Ḳaramānī Ak̲h̲aweyn Meḥmed Čelebi and thereafter entered the judicial…

, located at the site of Burdipta, a fortress of the ancient Thracians (cf. Tomaschek, 325), is called Τζερνομιάνον in the chronicle of the Byzantine historian Kantakuzenos (cf. also Chalkokondyles, who mentions a Kερμιανόν χῶρον and Črŭnomêcĭ in the Serbian sources. It lies on the south side of the river Maritsa, not far above Adrianople (Edirne) and was, at the time of the earlier Ottoman conquests in the Balkans, a point of some strategic importance, since it commanded a ford across the river…