one of the principal cities in eastern Turkey, today the chief town of the province of Erzurum with a population of 91,196 (1960 census). Situated between the Karasu and Aras valleys which formed the main thorough fare between Turkey and Īrān for caravans and armies, Erzurum has been an important commercial and military centre in the area since antiquity. It was the ancient Ḳarin, also called Ḳarnoi Ḳal(g̲h̲)aḳ in Armenian, from which Ḳālīḳalā or Ḳālī in the Arabic sources (cf. Ibn Ḥawḳal, i, 343; Ibn al-Faḳīh, Ak̲h̲bār al-buldān , Leiden 1885, 295) must have …

[see erzurum ].

[see erzurum ].

[see erzurum ].

(bayburt), known to the Byzantines in the time of Justinian as βαιβερδών, is situated on the Çoruh river, about 100 km. to the north-west of Erzurum. The Sald̲j̲ūḳ Turks overran this region in the years 446-447/1054-1055. After the battle of Manzikert in 463/1071 Bāybūrd came under Turkish rule, now of the Saltukids at Erzurum and now of the Dānis̲h̲mends at Sivas, although the Byzantines, who still held Trebizond, did in fact recapture the town for a time in the reign of Alexios I Komnenos. Dur…

, present-day Tercan, is an ilçe ( kaza ) of the il ( vilâyet ) of Erzincan [see erzind̲j̲an ], in eastern Turkey, on the Tuzla branch of the Euphrates between Erzurum [ q.v.] and Erzincan. Terd̲j̲ān, in the frontier territory between Byzantines and Armenians, then between Byzantines and Muslims, and later between Ottomans and Russians, was called variously Tertzan, Deržan and Terg̲h̲ān under Aḳ Ḳoyunlu [ q.v.] domination. Also known as Mama K̲h̲ātūn, from the nearby tomb of a reputed princess of the Turkish principality of the Saltūḳids [see saltuḳog̲h̲lu ], Terd̲j̲ān was in Ottoman …

, literally “camel’s neck”, a Turkish geographical term used to designate certain mountain passes and promontories. The most celebrated mountain pass known as Deve Boynu is that between Erzurum [ q.v.] and Ḥasan-Ḳalʿe, which played an important part in the defence of Erzurum. The transit road leads from Trebizond ( ṭarabzun , [ q.v.]) to Iran, and the Erzurum-Kars railway passes through it (see F. B. Lynch, Armenia Travels and Studies , 1898, London 1901, ii, 194 ff.; E. Nolde, Reise nach Innerarabien , Kurdistan und Armenien , 1895, 260 ff.). Another pass kn…

(t.), the “National Pact”, a proclamation voted by the last Ottoman Parliament which met in Istanbul in January 1920. Essentially, the National Pact proclaimed the territorial integrity of the remaining non-Arab heartlands of the Ottoman Empire. It was passed at a time when, after defeat in the First World War, the Ottoman Empire was threatened by the dismemberment of Anatolia and Rumelia which was provided for in the abortive Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920). Under the terms of that treaty, Gr…

, a Türkmen dynasty that ruled a principality centred on Erzurum [ q.v.] from ca. 465/1072 to 598/1202. The information on this dynasty from all sources is rather sparse and somewhat confused. It was apparently founded by one Saltuḳ, who was among the Türkmen beys under Alp Arslan whom he sent to conquer Anatolia after the battle of Malāzgird [ q.v.]. Ibn al-At̲h̲īr (d. 630/1233) says the founder was a certain Abu ’l-Ḳāsim, who may have been the same person. The Saltuḳ-og̲h̲ullari̊ seem to have established the first Turkmen principality in Anatolia after…

(Celâleddin Ārif), Turkish lawyer and statesman, was born in Erzurum on 19 October 1875, the son of Meḥmed ʿĀrif, a writer of some repute. He received his education at the military rüs̲h̲diyye in Çeşme and the Mekteb-i Sulṭānī at Galatasaray (Istanbul), where he graduated in 1895. He studied law in Paris and began to practise it in Egypt in 1901. He returned to Turkey after the 1908 revolution and joined the Ottoman Liberal ( Aḥrār ) Party, the first group of This period to oppose the centralizing tendencies of the Union and Progress movement in t…

name of a mountain massif, a raised but not volcanic plateau, which stretches south of Erzurum across the vilāyets of Erzurum, Mus̲h̲ and Bingöl (Čapakčur). Its highest peak in the ¶ east is Demir or Timur Kale or Ḳalʿa (Fortress of Iron), over whose height there is some disagreement among different writers: 3690 ms. according to H. and R. Kiepert, Formae orbis antiqui , pl. V, 1910, Abos Mons, cf. above, 655; 3650 ms. according to the Erzurum sheet of the Harta Genel Direktörlüğü, 1936; 3250 ms. according to the road-map of the Karayo…

(other designation, K̲h̲ems̲h̲ili), a numerically small group of Muslim (Sunnī) Armenians who had been converted from Christianity in the beginning of the 18th century. In the U.S.S.R. (population 629, according to the 1926 Soviet census), they now inhabit the Black Sea coast near the Turkish border. In Turkey they live in compact settlements along the Fîrtînî and Karadere rivers (Bas̲h̲ K̲h̲ems̲h̲in) and in the mountains not far from Hope (Hope K̲h̲ems̲h̲in). The traditional economy is based on…

, Turkish general and statesman, born in Istanbul in 1882, the son of Meḥmed Emīn Pas̲h̲a. He was educated at military ¶ schools in Istanbul, graduating first in his class from the Ḥarb Akademisi in 1905, one year after Muṣṭafā Kemāl (Atatürk). He served in several important actions in Thrace, and took part in the movement to crush the counter-revolution of Sultan ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd in 1909. Later he worked in the intelligence section of the German Advisory Group, and in World War I served as Chief of Staff to …

, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Fak̲h̲rī , modern Turkish Ziyaeddi̇n Fahri̇ Findikoğlu (1901-74) (he also occasionally used his original name Aḥmed K̲h̲alīl ), Turkish sociologist and writer. He was born in Tortum near Erzurum in Eastern Anatolia, and graduated from the School of Posts and Telegraph ( Posta-Telgraf mekteb-i ʿālīsi ) in 1922, and also from the Department of Philosophy of Istanbul University (1925). He taught philosophy and sociology in various schools in Erzurum, Sivas and Ankara, until in 1930 he went to France on a gove…

( Ḳoyunlu Ḥiṣār ), modern Koyulhisar, centre of an ilçe of the province ( il) of Sivas in the valley of the Kelkit River along the old route from Niksar to S̲h̲ābīn Ḳaraḥiṣār and Erzurum in the so-called “left wing” ( sol ḳol ) of Anatolia within the framework of the Ottoman road and postal system. The site has changed a few times because of earthquakes (most recently in 1939). Before ca. 1850 the township probably lay on the site of the actual Yukari Kale. The town and fortress were lost by the Byzantines after the battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt). After direct Sald̲j̲ūḳid rule,…

(d. 1034/1625), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Educated in the palace school or Enderūn [ q.v.], he reached the rank of silāḥdār and left the palace with the appointment of Beglerbegi of Damascus. In 1621 he is mentioned as the fifth Ḳubbe Wezīri̊ (Nāʿīmā, Taʾrīk̲h̲ , Istanbul 1280, ii, 208). Upon the execution of the Grand Vizier Kemānkes̲h̲ ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.] (14 Ḏj̲umādā II 1033/3 April 1624), Murād IV [ q.v.] forced him to accept the appointment of himself as successor. Čerkes Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a thus became commander-in-chief of the army sent to suppress the revolt of Abāzā Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [see abāzā…

( doğu-bayazit ), a small town belonging to the Turkish Republic and situated a little to the south of Mount Ararat (Ag̲h̲ri̊-Dāg̲h̲), close to the frontier with Iran. It has been suggested that the town was named after the Ottoman Sulṭān Bāyazīd I (791-805/1389-1403), who, according to this view, fortified the site as a post of observation against Tīmūr Beg. A more recent interpretation is that the name derives in fact from a prince of the D̲j̲alāyirid dynasty, i.e., from Bāyazīd, the brother of Sulṭān Aḥmed (784-813/1382-1410). The Ottomans captured the town in 920/1514…

modern spelling Erzincan, older forms Arzingan, Arzand̲j̲ān, a town in eastern Anatolia, 39° 45′ N., 39° 30′ E., on the northern bank of the Karasu (the northern tributary of the Euphrates). It is situated in a fertile plain which is surrounded by high mountain ranges (the Keşiş Daǧi, 3,537 m. (11,604 ft.), in the north-east, the Sipikör Daǧi, 3,010 m. (9,875 ft.), in the north, and the Mercan Daǧi, 3,449 m. (11,315 ft.), which is part of the Monzur range, in the south). It has an altitude of 1200 m. (3,937 ft), and was once the capital of a sand̲j̲aḳ in the wilāyet of Erzurum. Today it is the c…

(modern spelling Gümüşhane), literally “the house of silver, the town of silver”, mining centre and town of Asia Minor, principal town of a vilâyet , on the road from Trabzon to Erzurum. The evolution of the town went through two distinct phases. (1) As a mining centre. It is probably Gümüs̲h̲-k̲h̲ane to which Marco Polo refers when he writes (xxii) of silver mines in the region of Bayburt. In any case the town was known by this name (Kumis̲h̲) in the time of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa (tr. Gibb, Cambridge 1962,…

, Bayburtlu , Turkish folk-poet, b. towards the end of the 12th/18th century in Bayburt. Educated in Erzurum and Trabzon, he spent ten years in Istanbul and later travelled in the provinces on minor governmental duties; he was for a short time in the service of Muṣṭafā Res̲h̲īd Pas̲h̲a. He spent the last four years of his life in Trabzon and died in a village nearby while on his way to his home town (1275/1859). His background, somewhat different from that of the usual folk poet, led him to imitate classical poets, and he even composed a complete dīwān of traditional poetry in ʿarūḍ …