, D̲j̲amāl al-Dīn abū ʿAmr ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿUmar b. Abī bakr al-Mālikī , Māliki faḳīh and grammarian who owes his popular name to the fact that his father, a Kurd, was chamberlain ( ḥād̲j̲ib ) to the amīr ʿIzz al-Dīn Mūsak al-Ṣalāḥī. He was born at Asnā, a village in Upper Egypt, after, 570/1174-5. He studied the Islamic sciences in Cairo with great success, particularly with al-S̲h̲āṭibī and Muḥammad al-G̲h̲aznawī. After that, at least for some years, he must have lived and taught in Cairo, as is shown by the Amālī dated from that town, the earliest in 609/1212-3,…

, term which may be translated approximately as chamberlain, used in Muslim countries for the person responsible for guarding the door of access to the ruler, so that only approved visitors may approach him. The term quickly became a title corresponding to a position in the court and to an office the exact nature of which varied considerably in different regions and in different periods. Basically the Master of Ceremonies, the ḥād̲j̲ib often appears as being in fact a superintendent of the Palace, a chief of the guard or a righter of wrongs, s…

i-v.—See Vol. iii. vi.— In Morocco . This office, which existed already in the Almohad organisation, though with a very modest role, appears again under the Marīnids (J. Temporal, translator of Leo Africanus, calls the ḥād̲j̲ib “chief of the menials”, and A. Epaulard, another translator, makes him “a chamberlain”, head of the “court attendants”) and was still alive under the Saʿdids. Under the ʿAlawids, the ḥād̲j̲ib was for long the most important official of the S̲h̲arīfian palace. He was specifically designated as the intermediary between the sovereign and the high officials on the Ma…

b. ʿUdus b. Zayd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Dārim b. Mālik b. Ḥanẓala b. Mālik b. Zayd Manāt b. Tamīm , an eminent sayyid of the Dārim of Tamīm in the period of the Ḏj̲āhiliyya. His name was, according to Abu ’l-Yaḳzān, Zayd, and his kunya Abū ʿIkris̲h̲a. Ḥād̲j̲ib, a member of one of the noblest families of Bedouin society, was known for his mildness. A particular incident in connexion with Ḳurād b. Ḥanīfa later caused Ḥād̲j̲ib to kill Ḳurād, which led to clashes between some families of Dārim. The first battle attended by Ḥād̲j̲ib was the battle of D̲j̲abala [ q.v.]. He was captured and freed himself by…

, ¶ secretary, anthologist and wit of the Būyid period (340-423/951-1031). He came of a family of viziers and secretaries which was particularly in favour with the Būyids of Iran, who were probably the authors of his success. He also served the caliphs al-Tāʾiʿ and al-Ḳādir. He was a bitter rival of Abu ’l-ʿAlāʾ ibn Turayk, who at one time succeeded in supplanting him at the court of al-Ḳādir. He had a very wide knowledge of literature. According to the Fihrist , 116, he compiled a sort of anthology of the court poets, including viziers, secretaries and…

S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Miṣrī , also known as Ibn al-G̲h̲arābīlī, a S̲h̲āfiʿī scholar and commentator, d. 918/1512. He was born and grew up in G̲h̲azza, and was a disciple of Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī (d. 864/1459; Brockelmann, II, 138, S II, 140), but little else is known of his life. The following works of his have survived: 1. Fatḥ al-ḳarīb al-mud̲j̲īb , or al-Ḳawl al-muk̲h̲tār fī s̲h̲arḥ G̲h̲āyat al-ik̲h̲tiṣār , a commentary on the Muk̲h̲taṣar , or Taḳrīb , or G̲h̲āyat al-ik̲h̲tiṣār of Abū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ [ q.v.]; editio princeps, Būlāḳ 1271, very often reprinted, a…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Nafzī al-Ḥimyarī al-Rundī , the most important mystic writer of the 8th/14th century in the dominions of the Marīnids. Born in 733/1333 at Ronda, where his father was preacher in the mosque, he emigrated while still young to Morocco, whose famous madrasas attracted many students. He studied first at Tlemcen with the famous al-S̲h̲arīf al-Tilimsānī, who played a great part in the restoration of the Mālikī mad̲h̲hab in the Mag̲h̲rib; then he went to Fez, where al-Ābilī, al-Maḳḳarī, al-ʿImrānī, al-Fis…

, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad , North African hagiographer of the 10th/16th century (d. 1014/1605). Less is known of his life than of his work. He compiled a catalogue of local saints, al-Bustān fī d̲h̲ikr al-awliyāʾ wa ’l-ʿulamāʾ , which deals mainly with those who had lived or studied at Tlemcen, the ancient citadel of the Zanāta. He was interested also in the neighbouring towns of Oran and Nedroma, as well as the basically Berber cantons of the Ḏj̲abal Tessāla and the Trara, and, further towards Eastern Mor…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Mālik al-Ṭāʾī al-D̲j̲ayyānī (the name given by al-Maḳḳarī, ii, 421; for his reasons see 427, lines 13-6), Arab grammarian. He was born in Jaen in 600 or 601/1203-4 or 1204-5, according to the most generally accepted date, and was at first a Mālikī. Al-Maḳḳarī (ii, 421) gives the names of four of his teachers in his native town; to them may be added that of Abū ʿAlī ʿUmar al-S̲h̲alawbīnī, in Seville. Very soon he left for the Near…

ʿImād al-Dīn Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar b. Kat̲h̲īr , born in Boṣrā circa 700/1300 and died in Damascus in S̲h̲aʿbān 774/February 1373, was one of the best-known historians and traditionists of Syria under the Baḥrī Mamlūk dynasty. Educated at Damascus, where he went to live with his elder brother in 706/1306, after the death of their father, he had as his main teacher, in fiḳh , the S̲h̲āfiʿī Burhān al-Dīn al-Fazārī (in 729), but next fell strongly, and very early, under the influence of Ibn Taymiyyā (d. 728/1328) and his school. In addition, th…

, D̲j̲amāl al-Dīn Abū Muḥ. ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Naḥwī , faḳīh and grammarian, was born in Cairo in D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 708/April 1310. There he studied the Islamic sciences, particularly under ʿAbd al-Laṭīf b. al-Muraḥḥal, Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn al-Fākihānī and Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn al-Tibrīzī. From the Spanish grammarian Abū Ḥayyān al-G̲h̲arnāṭī he heard only the exposition of the Dīwān of Zuhayr Ibn Abī Sulmā. Thereafter he was hostile to him. Ibn His̲h̲ām lived in Cairo; we know of only two journeys, made to Mecca in 749/1348 and 756/1355. A S̲h̲āfiʿī faḳīh, he b…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Ḥasan (incorrect var. Ḥusayn ) b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan al-K̲h̲aṭīb b. ʿAlī b. Maymūn b. Ḳunfud̲h̲ (var. al-Ḳunfud̲h̲ ), Algerian jurist, traditionist and historian born in 731/1330 or, more probably, in 741/1340, died in 809/1406 or 810/1407, in Constantine, a member of a family of teachers and jurists from that town and its environs. His ancestor, Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-K̲h̲aṭīb, who taught ḥadīt̲h̲ in Constantine and claimed to belong to the confraternity of the S̲h̲ād̲h̲iliyya, died in 664/1265 (cf. Wafayāt , 51); his grandfather ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, also k̲h̲aṭīb …

, raḍī al-dīn muḥammad b. al-ḥasan , author of a celebrated commentary on the Kāfiya , a well-known grammatical work of Ibn al-Ḥād̲j̲ib. Al-Suyūṭī, who praises the commentary as unique, admits to knowing nothing of Raḍī al-Dīn’s life, except that the work was completed in 683/1284-5, and that Raḍī al-Dīn was reported to have died in 684 or 686/1285-8. He also wrote a lesser known commentary on the Shāfiya of Ibn al-Ḥād̲j̲ib. The ḳāḍī Nūr Allāh S̲h̲ūs̲h̲tarī interprets a reference in the introductory prayer as meaning that the commentary on the Kāfiya was written in Nad̲j̲af, but the term ḥara…

, al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd b. Naṣr , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim , Andalusian man of letters in the 4th/10th century. He was known principally as a grammarian, and was always called al-Naḥwī. He was brought up in Cordova, his native city, under the guidance of Ibn al-Ḳūṭiyya [ q.v.], and in Ifrīḳiya under that of Ibn Ras̲h̲īḳ. He spent several years in Egypt, where he outshone his brother al-Ḥasan, also known by the name of Ibn al-ʿArīf (d. 367/977-8), and, on his return to Spain, the ḥād̲j̲ib al-Manṣūr Ibn Abī ʿĀmir appointed him tutor ( muʾaddib ) to his sons. He always took part in the literary gatherings ( mad̲j̲ā…

ʿĪsā b. Saʿīd al-Yaḥṣubī , Andalusian vizier of humble extraction but of Arab origin. Although he was the son of a simple schoolmaster, he succeeded in raising himself in the social scale thanks to al-Manṣūr [ q.v.], who gave him important posts and even entrusted to him the command of an army sent to Morocco in 386/997 to bring Zīrī b. ʿAṭiyya (cf. H. R. Idris, Zīrīdes , 81) to reason. Al-Manṣūr’s successor, his son ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar [ q.v.], confirmed his appointment as vizier and left the administration of the state to him; he even gave his youngest sister in ma…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿḤusayn b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. Muḥammad , a S̲h̲īʿī Arab poet in the time of the Būyids [ q.v.]. Born in Bag̲h̲dād in about 330/941-2, of a family of government officials and secretaries, he completed the traditional studies and was partly trained by Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ (313-84/925-94 [see al-ṣābiʾ ]) who made him take up an administrative career, but he very quickly perceived that his poetic talents could prove more profitable and resigned his post. At first he was connected with the vizier al-Muhallabī [ q.v.] for whom he wrote a panegyric and …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿīd b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿīd b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Salmānī , vizier and historian of Granada, who bore the laḳabs of Lisān al-Dīn and D̲h̲u ’l-wizāratayn, apart from those by which he was designated after his death. Of Arab descent through the sub-tribe of the Salmān, a clan of the Murād of the Yemen, he came from a family which was established in Syria and which arrived in the Iberian peninsula in the 2nd/8th century, took up residence in Cordova, and then move…

, S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr b. Marzūḳ al-ʿAd̲j̲īsī al-Tilimsānī , known as al-d̲j̲add (the grandfather), al-raʾīs (the ¶ leader) and al-k̲h̲aṭib (the preacher), traditionist, preacher and statesman, born at Tlemcen in 710/1310 or 711/1311, died in Cairo in 781/1379. He belonged to a family originally from the south of Ifrīḳiya which had emigrated to Tlemcen on the arrival of the Ḥilālīs. From then onwards the family produced about ten clerics, all…

, rukn al-dīn al-ḥasan b. muḥammad b. s̲h̲arafs̲h̲āh al-ʿalawī , known as Abu ’l-Faḍāʾil al-Sayyid Rukn al-Dīn, a S̲h̲āfiʿī scholar best known for his commentary on the Kāfiya, a grammatical work of Ibn al-Ḥād̲j̲ib. This commentary, the Wāfiya , is known also as the Mutawassiṭ , or "intermediate", as it was the second of three commentaries. Al-Suyuṭī, quoting Muḥammad b. Rāfi’s appendix to the Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād (the passage is not included in the abridged Bag̲h̲dād edition of 1938) says that he enjoyed the patronage of Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī [ q.v.] in Marāg̲h̲a where he taught philoso…

, a name of at least two Maghribī scholars, one from Tlemcen, of the 9th/15th century, the other from Fās, of the 12th/18th century. As well as Zakariyāʾ in the Ḳurʾan (III, 37, 38, VI, 85, XIX, 2, 7, XXI, 89, 90), an Arabic form of the Zacharias of Luke (i, 5-25), Mag̲h̲ribī nomenclature recognised and still recognises, aong Muslims and Jews, the name Zakrī (orthography Zekri, and, as a patronym, Benzekri, Benzecri and Ibnou-Zekri). These two scholars are: 1. Ibn Zakrī (Abū ’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Mag̲h̲rāwī al-Tilimsānī) born at the beginning o…