Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

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Kalb

(3,329 words)

Author(s): Viré, F.
(fem, kalba , pl. kilāb , kalīb , aklub , secondary pl. kilābāt , akālib ), the general name for the domestic dog ( Canis familiaris) with no distinction of breed. A fundamentally unclean ( nad̲j̲as ) animal and therefore forbidden food according to ḳurʾānic law, the dog is generally if not despised, then at least avoided, throughout Islam. This is particularly true of urban areas, at any rate insofar as the animal does not assist its master in the pursuit of a permitted activity. For Muslims this reservation…

Kalb b. Wabara

(2,841 words)

Author(s): Fück, J.W. | Dixon, A.A. | Ed.
, the ancestor of the Banū Kalb, the strongest group of the Ḳuḍāʿa [ q.v.]. His mother, Umm al-Asbuʿ, was so called because all her sons were named after wild animals (T. Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge , 75 ff.). The Kalb were, according to the genealogical system (Ibn al-Kalbī, Ḏj̲amharat al-nasab etc.), of Yemenite descent, but sometimes they claimed for political reasons to belong to the Northern Arabs or even to Ḳurays̲h̲. I.—Pre-Islamic period Their greatest chieftain was Zuhayr b. Ḏj̲anāb. who had great authority among the northern tribes; so he was sent by Abraha [ q.v.] to control the Bak…

Tag̲h̲lib b. Wāʾil

(4,237 words)

Author(s): Lecker, M.
(also Tag̲h̲lib Wāʾil), an important, mostly nomadic, tribe of the Rabīʿa b. Nizār group [see rabīʿa and muḍar ; nizār b. maʿadd ]. A member of this tribe was called Tag̲h̲labī or Tag̲h̲libī (for the plural Tag̲h̲āliba, see al-T̲h̲aʿālibī, T̲h̲imār al-ḳulūb , ed. Ibrāhīm, Cairo 1384/1965, 130). The tribe’s pedigree is Tag̲h̲lib/Dit̲h̲ār b. Wāʾil b. Ḳāsiṭ b. Hinb b. Afṣā b. Duʿmī b. Ḏj̲adīla b. Asad b. Rabīʿa b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān. Until the Basūs [ q.v.] war which they fought against their brother-tribe, Bakr b. Wāʾil [ q.v.], the Tag̲h̲lib ¶ lived in Nad̲j̲d [ q.v.]. Following their …

Zuhayr b. D̲j̲anāb

(317 words)

Author(s): Lecker, M.
, a semi-legendary tribal leader and poet, and the eponym of a tribal group belonging to the Kalb b. Wabara [ q.v.] who flourished in the 6th century A.D. According to some, he was in command of the whole of the Ḳuḍāʿa [ q.v.]. Around the middle of the 6th century, Abraha [ q.v.] put Zuhayr in charge of the two brother tribes, Tag̲h̲lib b. Wāʾil and Bakr b. Wāʾil [ q.vv.]. Zuhayr raided them after they had rebelled against him, taking captive Kulayb b. Rabīʿa [ q.v.] and his brother Muhalhil. At a later stage, Zuhayr and his tribe made up for their alliance with Mecca’s enemy, Abraha, by joining the Ḥums

Nizār b. Maʿadd

(1,496 words)

Author(s): Levi Della Vida, G.
, common ancestor of the greater part of the Arab tribes of the north, according to the accepted genealogical system. Genealogy: Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , A. 3). His mother, Muʿāna bint D̲j̲ahla, was descended from the pre-Arab race of the D̲j̲urhum [ q.v.]. Genealogical legend, which has preserved mythological features and folklore relating to several eponyms of Arab tribes, is almost silent on the subject of Nizār (an etymological fable about his name: Tād̲j̲ al-ʿarūs , iii, 563, 15-17 from the Rawḍ al-unuf of al-Suhaylī (i, …

Rawḥ b. Zinbāʿ

(593 words)

Author(s): Hawting, G.R.
al-D̲j̲ud̲h̲āmī , an Arab tribal leader, especially prominent in upholding the Umayyad cause against the Zubayrids in the second civil war (64-72/683-92). Son of a notable from the Banū D̲j̲ud̲h̲ām [ q.v.], which had been settled in Palestine from before the Arab conquest of the region, Rawḥ is said to have incurred Muʿāwiya’s suspicion in circumstances which are obscure. Later, we find him named as one of a group of Syrian as̲h̲rāf whom Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.] sent to ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr [ q.v.] in an attempt to obtain the latter’s bayʿa , and, shortly afterw…

al-Aḳraʿ b. Ḥābis

(669 words)

Author(s): Kister, M.J.
b. ʿiḳāl b. muḥammad b. sufyān b. mud̲j̲ās̲h̲iʿ b. dārim , Tamīmite warrior. Al-Aḳraʿ is an epithet ("bald"); his proper name (Firās? Ḍull?) is disputed. He is said to have been the last judge in the d̲j̲āhiliyya at ʿUkāẓ, having inherited this office (which was a privilege of Tamīm) from his ancestors; he performed this duty until the rise of Islam, giving his judgments in sad̲j̲ʿ (al-Ḏj̲āḥiẓ, Bayān , i, 236). He is said also to have been the first to prohibit games of chance ( ḳimār ), but was accused of partiality in the controversy between Bad̲j̲īla and K…

G̲h̲ālib b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa

(668 words)

Author(s): Kister, M.J.
b. Nad̲j̲iya b. ʿIḳāl b. Muḥammad b. Sufyān b. Mud̲j̲ās̲h̲iʿ b. Dārim , an eminent Tamīmī, famous for his generosity, the father of the poet al-Farazdaḳ. The tradition that G̲h̲ālib was a contemporary of the Prophet ( lahū idrāk ) seems to be valid; the ¶ tradition that he visited the Prophet and asked him about the reward of the deeds of his father in the time of the Ḏj̲āhiliyya ( Ag̲h̲ānī , xix, 4) seems however to be spurious. G̲h̲ālib belonged to the generation after the Prophet; his name is connected with the names of Ṭalba b. Ḳays b. ʿĀṣi…

Tamīm b. Murr

(2,536 words)

Author(s): Lecker, M.
(or Tamīm bt. Murr, when the tribe or ḳabīla is referred to), a very large “Northern” tribe which before Islam and in its early days lived in central and eastern Arabia. Its nasab is: Tamīm b. Murr b. Udd b. Ṭābik̲h̲a b. Ilyās b. Muḍar b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān. 1. Source material. The literary output about the Tamīm in the form of monographs is now lost. For example, Abu ’l-Yaḳẓān (d. 190/806), a mawlā of the Tamīm, compiled a monograph Ak̲h̲bār Tamīm , and also a K. Ḥilf Tamīm baʿḍihā baʿḍan ; Ibn al-Kalbī wrote K. ʿAdī b. Zayd [ q.v.] al-ʿIbādī and Ḥilf Kalb wa-Tamīm ; and Abū ʿUbayda [ q.v.] compile…

Ḳays ʿAylān

(1,917 words)

Author(s): Watt, W. Montgomery | Baer, G. | Hoexter, M.
, one of the two subdivisions of Muḍar, which along with Rabīʿa was reckoned as constituting the sons of ʿAdnān, the so-called Northern Arabs [see d̲j̲azīrat al-ʿarab ]. The other subdivision of Muḍar was K̲h̲indif or al-Yās. ʿAylān is sometimes said to be the father of Ḳays, but it is more likely that the double name means “Ḳays (owner) of ʿAylān” (sc. a horse, dog or slave). The following is an abbreviated genealogical table: ¶ Ḳays ʿAylān does not appear to have functioned as a unit before Islam, and in the accounts of “the days of the Arabs” o…

Dār al-Ḍarb

(4,784 words)

Author(s): Ehrenkreutz, A.S. | İnalcık, Halil | Burton-Page, J.
, the mint, was an indispensable institution in the life of mediaeval Middle Eastern society because of the highly developed monetary character of its economy, particularly during the early centuries of Muslim domination. The primary function of the mint was to supply coins for the needs of government and of the general public. At times of monetary reforms the mints served also as a place where obliterated coins could be exchanged for the new issues. The large quantities of precious metals which were stored in the mints helped to make them serve as ancillary treasuries. Soon after their c…

ʿAwāna b. al-Ḥakam al-Kalbī

(412 words)

Author(s): Ali, Saleh A. el-
, Arabic historian, d. 147/764 or 153/770. His genealogy and descent are disputed. His father’s name is given as al-Ḥakam b. ʿAwāna b. ʿIyāḍ b. Wizr (Yāḳūt, vi, 93; cf. Ḏj̲amhara (Lévi-Provençal), 428, and Fihrist 134); Abū ʿUbayda, however, asserted that al-Ḥakam’s father was a slave tailor (Yāḳūt, ibid., citing verses by Ḏh̲u ’l-Rumma, for which cf. Ibn Sallām, Ṭabaḳāt al-S̲h̲uʿarāʾ (M. S̲h̲ākir), 482, and Ag̲h̲ānī , xvi, 121). Al-Ḥakam was the lieutenant of Asad al-Ḳasrī in Ḵh̲urāsān in 109/727 (Ṭabarī, ii, 1501; Balād̲h̲urī, Futūḥ , 428) and later gover…

ʿIrāḳ

(21,303 words)

Author(s): Miquel, A. | Brice, W.C. | Sourdel, D. | Aubin, J. | Holt, P.M. | Et al.
, a sovereign State, of the Muslim religion, for the most part Arabic-speaking, situated at the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent. i.—Geography The structure of ʿIrāḳ paradoxically derives its originality from the fact that it forms part of a large geographical block of territory. From the Arabo-Syrian desert tableland which it faces along its south-western flank, it takes its general aspect and its climate. All along its frontiers on the North-East, on the other hand, it shares the orientation and ¶ relief of the folded mountain-chains of western Asia, which give it its t…

Taym Allāh

(845 words)

Author(s): Vida, G. Levi Della
b. T̲h̲aʿlaba , an Arab tribe belonging to the branch of the Rabīʿa b. Nizār (tribes of ʿAdnān) and forming part of the great et̲h̲nical group of the Bakr b. Wāʾil. Genealogy: Taym Allāh b. T̲h̲aʿlaba b. ʿUkāba b. Ṣaʿb b. ʿAlī b. Bakr b. Wāʾil. We also find it mentioned under the form Taym Allāt, which may be the correct name, for a Muslim (or Christian) alteration of the name Allāt to that of Allāh is not at all unlikely, while the opposite is hardly conceivable. This tribe, as usual with so many other tribes of Arabia, formed an alliance ( ḥilf ) with the sister tribe of t…

ʿUd̲h̲ra

(1,352 words)

Author(s): Lecker, M.
, Banū , a nomadic Arabian tribe of the Ḳuḍāʿa [ q.v.] federation. Its pedigree is: ʿUd̲h̲ra b. Saʿd Hud̲h̲aym b. Zayd b. Layt̲h̲ b. Sūd b. Aslum b. al-Ḥāf b. Ḳuḍāʿa. The ʿUd̲h̲ra were the central group among the descendants of Saʿd Hud̲h̲aym, and they incorporated several brother-clans such as the Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Saʿd Hud̲h̲aym and Salāmān b. Saʿd Hud̲h̲aym. These ʿUd̲h̲ra are not to be confused with the ʿUd̲h̲ra of the Kalb b. Wabara [ q.v.], i.e. ʿUd̲h̲ra b. Zayd Allāt b. Rufayda b. T̲h̲awr b. Kalb. One of the latter ʿUd̲h̲ra was the famous genealogist, Ibn al-Kalbī [see al-kalbī …

Dūmat al-D̲j̲andal

(2,069 words)

Author(s): Veccia Vaglieri, L.
, an oasis at the head of the Wādī Sirḥān which runs from south-east to north-west, linking central Arabia on one side and the mountains of Ḥawrān and Syria on the other; it is thus situated on the most direct route between Medina and Damascus, being about 15 days’ journey on foot from the former and about 7 days or rather more from the latter. The oasis is in a g̲h̲āʾiṭ “depression” or k̲h̲abt “vast low-lying area”, the length of which, according to Yāḳūt, is 5 parasangs or, in modern terms, according to Ḥāfiẓ Wahba, 3 mil…

Muʿāwiya I

(5,191 words)

Author(s): Hinds, M.
b. Abī Sufyān , the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs based in Syria (although not, as is often asserted, the first Umayyad caliph: that was ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān [ q.v.], his second ¶ cousin), ruled as generally acknowledged caliph from 41/661 to 60/680. His father was Abū Sufyān (Ṣak̲h̲r) b. Ḥarb b. Umayya al-Akbar b. ʿAbd S̲h̲ams [ q.v.] and his mother was Hint bint ʿUtba b. Rabīʿa [ q.v.], on account of whom Muʿāwiya is sometimes referred to as Ibn Hind and Ibn ākilat al-akbād , “the son of the liver-eater” (cf. below). The sources provide conflicting reports of the date of Muʿāw…

al-Mizza

(312 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
, modern form Mezzé, a village lying, according to the mediaeval geographers, half-a-farsak̲h̲ (i.e. about 4 km./2½ miles) to the west of Damascus [see dimas̲h̲ḳ ], described as extensive, populous and agriculturally rich, being irrigated by one of the streams of the Baradā river. It was also known as Mizzat Kalb, having been in the Umayyad period a locality heavily settled by South Arabian, Kalbī supporters of the Sufyānids, and being also the spot where the Companion of the Prophet Diḥya b. K̲h̲alīfa al-Kalbī was reputedly buried (al-Harawī, Ziyārāt , 11/27).…

al-Bis̲h̲r

(305 words)

Author(s): Bosworth, C.E.
, scene of a battle in eastern Syria in 73/692-3 between the Arab tribes of Sulaym and Tag̲h̲lib. Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd campaigned here in 12/633 (Ṭabarī, i, 2068, 2072-3). Yāḳūt describes it as a range of hills stretching from ʿUrḍ near Palmyra to the Euphrates, corresponding to the modern D̲j̲ebel el-Bis̲h̲rī. The battle is also sometimes called after al-Raḥūb, a local water-course. The “Day of al-Bis̲h̲r” was the climax of several clashes between the two tribes. This strife lay to some extent outside the Ḳays-Kalb tribal feud of the period; both tribes we…

Yarbūʿ

(830 words)

Author(s): Vida, G. Levi Della
, an important group of the tribe of Tamīm [ q.v.] with the genealogy Yarbūʿ b. Ḥanẓala b. Mālik b. Zayd Manāt b. Tamīm (see Caskel-Strenziok, in Bibl.). The same name is borne by other ethnic groups not only Tamīmī (e.g. Yarbūʿ b. Mālik b. Ḥanẓala, cf. Mufaḍḍaliyyāt , ed. Lyall, 122, 1. 18 and parallel passages) and also Yarbūʿ b. Tamīm in Caskel-Strenziok), but also of other tribes, of the south (Kalb, Saʿd Hud̲h̲ayn, D̲j̲uhayna) and of the north (G̲h̲aṭafān, T̲h̲aḳīf, G̲h̲anī, Sulaym, Ḥanīfa, ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa; we also find among the Ḳurays̲h̲ a Yarbūʿ b. ʿAnkat̲h̲a b. ʿĀmir b. Mak̲h̲zūm). Yar…
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