, one of the two subdivisions of Muḍar, which along with Rabīʿa was reckoned as constituting the sons of ʿAdnān, the so-called Northern Arabs [see d̲j̲azīrat al-ʿarab ]. The other subdivision of Muḍar was K̲h̲indif or al-Yās. ʿAylān is sometimes said to be the father of Ḳays, but it is more likely that the double name means “Ḳays (owner) of ʿAylān” (sc. a horse, dog or slave). The following is an abbreviated genealogical table: ¶ Ḳays ʿAylān does not appear to have functioned as a unit before Islam, and in the accounts of “the days of the Arabs” o…

b. al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. D̲j̲ābir, Abū ʿUbayd Allāh or Abū G̲h̲azwān al-Māzinī, from the Māzin tribe of Ḳays ʿAylān and a ḥalīf or confederate of the Meccan clans of Nawfal or ʿAbd S̲h̲ams, early convert to Islam and one of the oldest Companions of the Prophet. He was called “the seventh of the Seven”, i.e. of those adopting the new faith. He took part in the two hid̲j̲ras to Ethiopia, the battle of Badr and many of the raids of Muḥammad. During ʿUmar’s caliphate, he was sent from Medina to lead raids into Lower ʿIrāḳ, capturing al-Ubulla [ q.v.], killing the marzbān of Dast May…

, or b. Kaʿb, b. K̲h̲alaf, Abū Ḳurrān, al-G̲h̲anawī (G̲h̲anī being a clan of Ḳays ʿAylān), also designated al-Muḥabbir and Ṭufayl al-K̲h̲ayl on account of the prominence which he accorded the horse in his descriptive verses, pre-Islamic poet, apparently of a middle D̲j̲āhilī floruit, and of an age with Aws b. Ḥad̲j̲ar. He often vies with this latter for originary status of the “inter-tribal chain of ruwāt ” (for which designation, see J.E. Montgomery, The deserted encampment in ancient Arabic poetry: a nexus of topical comparisons, in JSS, xl [1995], 283-316), which stretched in a…

(“the falcon”), the name of several poets (including one from Ḍubayʿa b. Rabīʿa and another from Kalb; see al-Āmidī, Muk̲h̲talif , 166); the best-known of these was ʿumayr b. s̲h̲uyaym b. ʿamr , who probably came from the D̲j̲us̲h̲am b. Bakr of Tag̲h̲lib (see Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Register , 474). On account of one of his verses, he was also given the name of Ṣarīʿ al-G̲h̲awānī “the one felled by beautiful maidens”. Like his fellow-tribesman and maternal uncle (?) al-Ak̲h̲ṭal [ q.v.], he was involved in the quarrels of the second half of the 1st/7th century between the Tag̲h…

name of a group of Northern Arabian tribes, belonging to the Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.] and represented in the genealogical system as the descendants of G̲h̲aṭafān b. Saʿd b. Ḳays b. ʿAylān. Their lands lay between the Ḥid̲j̲āz and the S̲h̲ammar mountains in that part of the Nad̲j̲d which is drained by the Wādī al-Rumma. Here lived from West to East their principal tribes: the Banū As̲h̲d̲j̲aʿ, the Ḏh̲ubyān (with the sub-tribes Fazāra, Murra, and T̲h̲aʿlaba), the ʿAbs, and—in the region al-Ḳasīm— the Anmār. Of these…

, the name of several Arab tribes (Wüstenfeld, Register zu den geneal. Tabellen , 320, gives five of this name) of which the most important is that of the Muḥārib b. K̲h̲aḍafa b. Ḳays ʿAylān (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen, D, 8). They do not however seem to have been of very great importance either in the D̲j̲āhiliyya or in Islam; Ibn al-Kalbī only gives them two pages of his D̲j̲amharat al-ansāb (B.L. ms., Add. 23, 297, fols. 163b-165b; cf. Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Tabellen, 92, Register 425) but these add considerably to the very meagre information in the Tabellen especially as regards the l…

, al-Sadūsī al-K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī , an Arab sectarian and poet. He hailed from the Banu ’l-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Sadūs, a clan of the Banū S̲h̲aybān b. D̲h̲uhl. He was first a Sunnī, and is mentioned by Ibn Saʿd (vii/I, 113) in the second class of the “followers” ( tābiʿūn ) of Baṣra; he is named as a transmitter in the collections of Buk̲h̲ārī, Abū Dāwūd, and Nasāʾī. It is said that he was converted by his wife to the doctrines of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs [ q.v.] and became the leader of their moderate wing, the Ṣufriyya [ q.v.], who rejected indiscriminate political ¶ murder ( istiʿrāḍ [ q.v.]) and were lenient toward…

, an Arab tribe which occupies, at present, parts of K̲h̲ūzistān in South Western Iran. The Banū Kaʿb comprise several clans, and they are therefore known to the inhabitants of eastern Arabia and southern ʿIrāḳ as al-Kuʿūb (in 18th century European sources Chaub ). Arab authors and genealogists do not speak of them in detail but usually list them under Kaʿb b. Rabīʿa. They are said to belong to Ḳays ʿAylān, a major central and eastern Arabian tribe. They do not seem to have emigrated from there to southern ʿIrāḳ and…

, an Arabian tribe, a branch of the so-called Northern Arabian federation of Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.]. Its genealogy is given as Sulaym b. Manṣūr b. ʿIkrima b. K̲h̲aṣafa b. Ḳays ʿAylān. The tribe’s territory was in al-Ḥid̲j̲āz [ q.v.]. The ḥarra or basalt desert [see ḥarra. 1] that was once called Ḥarrat Banī Sulaym , and is now called Ḥarrat Ruhāṭ , is roughly located at the centre of their former territory. The Ḥarra was easy to defend because cavalry could not operate in it, and the ḥimā s [ q.v.] or protected pasturing areas of Sulaym were along its eastern and western slopes. The Baṣr…

, a large North Arabian tribe or group of tribes. The genealogy is given as: Hawāzin b. Manṣūr b. ʿIkrima b. K̲h̲aṣafa b. Ḳays b. ʿAylān (see kays ʿaylān , ʿadnān , al-ʿarab (D̲j̲azīrat), vi). Properly speaking Hawāzin includes the tribes of ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa [ q.v.] and T̲h̲aḳīf [ q.v.], but the term is sometimes restricted to what is more correctly ʿUd̲j̲z Hawāzin, “the rear of Hawāzin”, comprising D̲j̲usham b. Muʿāwiya b. Bakr, Naṣr b. Muʿāwiya b. Bakr and Saʿd b. Bakr [ q.v.]. Among the places reckoned to belong to Hawāzin were: Amlaḥ, ʿAds al-Maṭāḥil, al-Dardā, al-Ḍabʿān, a…

“sacrilege”; ḥarb al-fid̲j̲ār “the sacrilegious war” is the name of a war waged towards the end of the 6th century A.D. during the holy months between the Ḳurays̲h̲ and Kināna on the one side and the Ḳays-ʿAylān (without the G̲h̲aṭafān) on the other. Our sources mention eight days on which fighting took place. The first three of them—usually put together as the first war but sometimes counted as the first three wars—were mere brawls. Of real importance w…

, a tribe of the so-called Northern Arabian federation Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.], more precisely, of the Hawāzin [ q.v.]. Before Islam the T̲h̲aḳīf controlled the walled town of al-Ṭāʾif [ q.v.]; groups of the T̲h̲aḳīf, some settled and some nomadic, still live in al-Ṭāʾif and its vicinity. In the early Islamic period, the T̲h̲aḳīf were divided into two rival subdivisions, the less prestigious Aḥlāf or “allies” and the Mālik. The Aḥlāf included the ʿAwf branch of T̲h̲aḳīf as a whole and a group from the D̲j̲us̲h̲am branch, while the Mālik were the …

(not Ḥāzim, see ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, Ḵh̲izānat al-adab 1, ii, 262) the most considerable pre-Islamic poet of the Banū Asad b. Ḵh̲uzayma in the second half of the sixth century. al-Farazdaḳ, Dīwān (ed. Ṣāwī) 721, mentions him amongst his predecessors. Abū ʿAmr b. al-ʿAlāʾ counts him among the classics ( fuḥūl ). His poems were collected by al-Aṣmaʿī and Ibn al-Sikkīt ( Fihrist 158, 6). Abū ʿUbayda wrote a commentary on his Dīwān which was utilised by ʿAbd al-Ḳādir l.c. ii, 262, 4. The Mufaḍḍaliyyāt , Nrs. 96-99 ed. Lyall, contain four poems of Bis̲h̲r; the last o…

, the sobriquet and nisba of a poet from Tamīm of ʿIrāḳ, whose real name was Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Unayf b. S̲h̲urayḥ... b. Dārim (see his genealogy in Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, D̲j̲amhara , Tab. 60, and Register, ii, 409) and who lived in the 1st/7th century (Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ , xi, 132, fixes the date of his death in 89/708). The biographical notices which concern him tell us that he was very dark, handsome, courageous, and eloquent, but they give little information about his family and his offspring (he is said to have had a son called ʿUtba or ʿUḳba but Ibn Ḳutayba, S̲h̲iʿr , Cairo …

, Banū , a tribe of the Rabīʿa b. Nizār group [see rabīʿa and muḍar ; nizār b. maʿadd ]. It must be noted that not every Namarī mentioned in the sources belonged to the Namir b. Ḳāsiṭ, since tribal groups called al-Namir were also found among the Azd, the Ḳuḍāʿa and the Iyād. The fortunes of the Namir were closely linked to those of their relatives, the Tag̲h̲lib [ q.v.]. When the Tag̲h̲lib migrated to the eastern part of the D̲j̲azīra [ q.v.] or the Diyār Rabīʿa [ q.v.] in the second half of the 6th century A.D., they were joined by part of the Namir. However, there were still Nama…

, a small town in the Esdraelon plain in the vicinity of ancient Megiddo, in the north of Palestine, at lat. 32° 34′ N. and long. 35° 21′ E. It was the seat of the sixth Roman legion, on account of which it came to be known as Legio, and Lad̲j̲d̲j̲ūn is the Arabic adaptation of the Roman name. The town, which is 175 m. above sea level, is referred to by early Arab geographers as part of Ḏj̲und al-Urdunn bordering on the Ḏj̲und of Palestine. The Islamic…

, the two largest and most powerful combinations of tribes in ancient Northern Arabia. The name Rabīʿa is a very frequent one in the nomenclature of the Arab tribes. More important tribes of this name within the Muḍar group are the Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa, from which came the Kaʿb, Kilāb and Kulayb, then the Rabīʿa b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb, Rabīʿa b. Kilāb, Rabīʿa b. al-Aḍbaṭ and Rabīʿa b. Mālik b. D̲j̲aʿfar; also the Rabīʿa b. ʿUḳayl and Rabīʿa b. D̲j̲aʿda; three branches of the ʿAbd S̲h̲ams also bear this n…

, common ancestor of the greater part of the Arab tribes of the north, according to the accepted genealogical system. Genealogy: Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , A. 3). His mother, Muʿāna bint D̲j̲ahla, was descended from the pre-Arab race of the D̲j̲urhum [ q.v.]. Genealogical legend, which has preserved mythological features and folklore relating to several eponyms of Arab tribes, is almost silent on the subject of Nizār (an etymological fable about his name: Tād̲j̲ al-ʿarūs , iii, 563, 15-17 from the Rawḍ al-unuf of al-Suhaylī (i, …

, head of the section of the Banū Numayr [ q.v.] dominating part of Diyār Muḍar and the town of Ḥarrān, d. 410/1019 (Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, ix, 312, 413, 443, x, 443). The texts give few details on his origins and most do not even give his father’s name; nevertheless, his descendants can clearly be pinpointed in northern Syria and Diyār Muḍar and played an important role. It is this line which is mainly dealt with here. Some of the Numayr are already mentioned in central Syria around Damascus at the time of the great revolt of Abu ’l-Hayt̲h̲am in the time of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd (Ibn ʿAsākir, T. Dimas̲h̲ḳ , ʿĀṣi…

, an Arab tribe (the name is triptote, although in several European editions of Arabic texts we find it wrongly vocalised as a diptote). They inhabited, at least from the 6th century A.D., the mountainous territory between al-Ṭāʾif and Nad̲j̲rān along the caravan route from Yemen to Mecca. Historiographical theory on the migrations of the tribes, which is bound up with their genealogical systematisation, makes them settle, at the time of the separation of the sons of Maʿadd, in the mountains of al-Sarāt [ q.v.], from which the Azd are said to have driven them at the time of the…