Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

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Ḳays ʿAylān

(1,917 words)

Author(s): Watt, W. Montgomery | Baer, G. | Hoexter, M.
, one of the two subdivisions of Muḍar, which along with Rabīʿa was reckoned as constituting the sons of ʿAdnān, the so-called Northern Arabs [see d̲j̲azīrat al-ʿarab ]. The other subdivision of Muḍar was K̲h̲indif or al-Yās. ʿAylān is sometimes said to be the father of Ḳays, but it is more likely that the double name means “Ḳays (owner) of ʿAylān” (sc. a horse, dog or slave). The following is an abbreviated genealogical table: ¶ Ḳays ʿAylān does not appear to have functioned as a unit before Islam, and in the accounts of “the days of the Arabs” o…

Lad̲j̲d̲j̲ūn

(1,119 words)

Author(s): Bakhīit, M.A. Al-
, a small town in the Esdraelon plain in the vicinity of ancient Megiddo, in the north of Palestine, at lat. 32° 34′ N. and long. 35° 21′ E. It was the seat of the sixth Roman legion, on account of which it came to be known as Legio, and Lad̲j̲d̲j̲ūn is the Arabic adaptation of the Roman name. The town, which is 175 m. above sea level, is referred to by early Arab geographers as part of Ḏj̲und al-Urdunn bordering on the Ḏj̲und of Palestine. The Islamic…

Maʿdin

(33,280 words)

Author(s): Ashtor, E. | Hassan, A.Y. al- | Hill, D.R. | Murphey, R. | Baer, Eva
(a.), "mine, ore, mineral, metal". In modern Arabic, the word mand̲j̲am denotes "mine", while muʿaddin means "miner" and d̲j̲amād is a mineral. In the vast Islamic empire, minerals played an important part. There was a great need for gold, silver and copper for the minting of coins and other uses. Iron ore was indispensable for the manufacture ¶ of iron and steel for arms and implements. Other minerals such as mercury, salt and alum, as well as pearls and precious stones, were necessary for everyday life. The empire was richly endowed with the various…

Ḥaḍramawt

(3,562 words)

Author(s): Beeston, A. F. L. | Smith, G. R. | Johnstone, T. M.
The opportunity is taken of prefixing to the main body of the article, on Ḥaḍrarnawt in the Islamic period, some important recent items of information on the region in the pre-Islamic time. i. Pre-Islamic Period In 1974 a French archaeological mission under the direction of J. Pirenne began work at S̲h̲abwa, which is still continuing. The most significant result has been the tracing of a very extensive town site to the northeast of the rectangular sacral enclosure which the earliest visitors had noted; included in this are some i…

Kalb b. Wabara

(2,841 words)

Author(s): Fück, J.W. | Dixon, A.A. | Ed.
, the ancestor of the Banū Kalb, the strongest group of the Ḳuḍāʿa [ q.v.]. His mother, Umm al-Asbuʿ, was so called because all her sons were named after wild animals (T. Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge , 75 ff.). The Kalb were, according to the genealogical system (Ibn al-Kalbī, Ḏj̲amharat al-nasab etc.), of Yemenite descent, but sometimes they claimed for political reasons to belong to the Northern Arabs or even to Ḳurays̲h̲. I.—Pre-Islamic period Their greatest chieftain was Zuhayr b. Ḏj̲anāb. who had great authority among the northern tribes; so he was sent by Abraha [ q.v.] to control the Bak…

al-K̲h̲alīl

(7,011 words)

Author(s): M. Sharon
, The Arabic name for Hebron, a town in southern Palestine, 32 km. south of Jerusalem ¶ (31° N 34° E), the only urban centre in the southern Judaean hills and their virtual capital and commercial centre. It has given its name to the entire mountainous region surrounding it, which is known as Ḏj̲abal al-K̲h̲alīl , while the whole plateau is known by the name of Ḏj̲abal Ḳays , due to the local tradition which regards the fellahin of the area as of Ḳaysī origin (cf. Volney, Voyage , Paris 1787, ii, 194-5, 197). Hence in the Bedouin dialects of southern Palestine, Ḳēsī means a …

Masd̲j̲id

(77,513 words)

Author(s): Pedersen, J. | Hillenbrand, R. | Burton-Page, J. | Andrews, P.A. | Pijper, G.F. | Et al.
(a.), mosque, the noun of place from sad̲j̲ada “to prostrate oneself, hence “place where one prostrates oneself [in worship]”. The modern Western European words (Eng. mosque , Fr. mosquée , Ger. Moschee , Ital. moschea ) come ultimately from the Arabic via Spanish mezquita . I. In the central Islamic lands A. The origins of the mosque up to the Prophet’s death. The word msgdʾ is found in Aramaic as early as the Jewish Elephantine Papyri (5th century B.C.), and appears likewise in Nabataean inscriptions with the meaning “place of worship…

Lubnān

(8,991 words)

Author(s): Chevallier, D.
, Arabic name of the Lebanon. The Lebanon belongs to the sphere of Arab culture and of Islamic civilisation. It is also one of the components of the Christian world and of the French-speaking community. Created a state in 1920, it seeks its justification, as do all the countries of the contemporary Near East, through the quest for a very ancient identity. With the prosperity of their merchants, with the Biblical symbol of the cedar on their flag, or with the violence of the civil war which broke…

ʿŪd

(7,132 words)

Author(s): Dietrich, A. | Bosworth C.E. | Farmer H.G. | Chabrier J.-Cl.
(a.) means basically "wood, piece of wood, plank, spar" (pls. aʿwād , ʿīdān ). I. In daily life 1. ʿŪd as perfume and incense and as a medicament In the Arabic materia medica it indicates the so-called "aloe wood". This designation, used in trade, is conventional but incorrect because aloe wood is called ṣabr [ q.v.]. ʿŪd has to do with certain kinds of resinous, dark-coloured woods with a high specific weight and a strong aromatic scent, which were used in medicine as perfume and incense ( ʿūd al-bak̲h̲ūr ) and were highly coveted because of their rarity and v…

al-ʿArab

(10,573 words)

Author(s): Grohmann, A. | Caskel, W. | Spuler, B. | Wiet, G. | Marçais, G.
, the Arabs. (See also al-ʿarab , d̲j̲azīrat , as well as ʿarabiyya and the articles on the several Arab countries). (i) the ancient history of the arabs (For the ethnic origins of the Arabs cf. al-ʿarab ( ḏj̲azīrat al- ), section on Ethnography, cf. also para ii, below). The early history of the Arabs is still obscure; their origin and the events governing their early years are equally unknown to us. Probably we would know a good deal more about them, if Uranius’ five books of ’Αραβικά, which constituted a special monograph on the Arabs, had …

Badw

(22,344 words)

Author(s): Coon, C.S. | Wissmann, H. von | Kussmaul, F. | Watt, W. Montgomery
I. Pastoral nomads of Arabian blood, speech, and culture are found in the Arabian Peninsula proper and in parts of Iran, Soviet Turkestan, North Africa, and the Sudan. This article is limited to their way of life in their home territory. Unlike primitive hunting and gathering, pastoral nomadism is a sophisticated System of exploiting land incapable of cultivation. Later to arise than agriculture, pastoralism utilises seven species of domestic animals: the sheep, goat, and ox, domesticated in Neolithic times as part of the ¶ herding and sowing complex of Western Asia; the ass, …

al-Madīna

(13,695 words)

Author(s): Watt, W. Montgomery | Winder, R.B.
(usually Medina in English, Médine in French), residence of the Prophet Muḥammad after the ḥid̲j̲ra and one of the sacred cities of Islam. Medina is situated in the Ḥid̲j̲āz province of Saʿūdī Arabia in latitude 24° 28′ N, longitude 39° 36′ E, about 160 km. from the Red Sea and about 350 km. north of Mecca. It has developed from an oasis on relatively level ground between the hill of Uḥud on the north and that of ʿAyr on the south. East and west are lava flows (in Arabic ḥarra [ q.v.] or lāba ). There are several wādī s or watercourses which cross the oasis from south to…

al-Ibāḍiyya

(15,273 words)

Author(s): Lewicki, T.
, one of the main branches of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs [ q.v.], representatives of which are today found in ʿUmān, East Africa, Tripolitania (D̲j̲abal Nafūsa and Zuag̲h̲a) and southern Algeria (Wargla and Mzab). The sect takes it name from that of one of those said to have founded it, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibāḍ al-Murrī al-Tamīmī. The form usually employed is Abāḍiyya; this is true not only of North Africa ( e.g., in the D̲j̲abal Natūsa, cf. A. de C. Motylinski, Le Djebel Nefousa , Paris 1898-9, 41 and passim ), where it is attested in the 9th/15th century by the Ibāḍī writer al-Barrādī ( Kitāb Ḏj̲awāhir al-mun…

Sulaym

(2,080 words)

Author(s): Lecker, M.
, an Arabian tribe, a branch of the so-called Northern Arabian federation of Ḳays ʿAylān [ q.v.]. Its genealogy is given as Sulaym b. Manṣūr b. ʿIkrima b. K̲h̲aṣafa b. Ḳays ʿAylān. The tribe’s territory was in al-Ḥid̲j̲āz [ q.v.]. The ḥarra or basalt desert [see ḥarra. 1] that was once called Ḥarrat Banī Sulaym , and is now called Ḥarrat Ruhāṭ , is roughly located at the centre of their former territory. The Ḥarra was easy to defend because cavalry could not operate in it, and the ḥimā s [ q.v.] or protected pasturing areas of Sulaym were along its eastern and western slopes. The Baṣr…

Ḏj̲azīrat al-ʿArab

(26,179 words)

Author(s): Rentz, G.
, “the Island of the Arabs”, the name given by the Arabs to the Arabian Peninsula. ¶ (i) preliminary remarks Although the Peninsula may not be the original cradle of the Arab people,, they have lived there for thousands of years and regard it in a very special sense as their homeland. For students of Islam, Western Arabia occupies a unique position as the land in which the Prophet Muḥammad was born, lived, and died. It was there that the inspiration of Allāh descended upon the Prophet, and to this Holy Land come ma…

Nizār b. Maʿadd

(1,496 words)

Author(s): Levi Della Vida, G.
, common ancestor of the greater part of the Arab tribes of the north, according to the accepted genealogical system. Genealogy: Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān (Wüstenfeld, Geneal . Tabellen , A. 3). His mother, Muʿāna bint D̲j̲ahla, was descended from the pre-Arab race of the D̲j̲urhum [ q.v.]. Genealogical legend, which has preserved mythological features and folklore relating to several eponyms of Arab tribes, is almost silent on the subject of Nizār (an etymological fable about his name: Tād̲j̲ al-ʿarūs , iii, 563, 15-17 from the Rawḍ al-unuf of al-Suhaylī (i, …

Rabīʿa and Muḍar

(2,465 words)

Author(s): Kindermann, H.
, the two largest and most powerful combinations of tribes in ancient Northern Arabia. The name Rabīʿa is a very frequent one in the nomenclature of the Arab tribes. More important tribes of this name within the Muḍar group are the Rabīʿa b. ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa, from which came the Kaʿb, Kilāb and Kulayb, then the Rabīʿa b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb, Rabīʿa b. Kilāb, Rabīʿa b. al-Aḍbaṭ and Rabīʿa b. Mālik b. D̲j̲aʿfar; also the Rabīʿa b. ʿUḳayl and Rabīʿa b. D̲j̲aʿda; three branches of the ʿAbd S̲h̲ams also bear this n…

Us̲h̲nū

(803 words)

Author(s): Minorsky, V.
(Us̲h̲nuh, Us̲h̲nūya), a district and small town of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān. The modern town, known as Ushnuwiyya (Oshnoviyeh), situated in lat. 37° 03ʹ N., long. 45° 05ʹ E., is some 56 km/35 miles south of Urmiya [ q.v.], on which it has usually been administratively dependent. It is at present the cheflieu of a bak̲h̲s̲h̲ in the s̲h̲ahrastān of Urmiya. The present population (1991 census results) is 23,875. The district of Us̲h̲nū is watered by the upper course of the river Gādir (Gader) which, after traversing the district of Sulduz [ q.v.], flows into Lake Urmiya on the south-west. To …

D̲j̲ayzān

(2,193 words)

Author(s): Rentz, G.
, the name of a wadi, a port, and a muḳāṭaʿa (district or province) on the Red Sea in south-western Saudi Arabia. The classical form, D̲j̲āzān, is still often used, especially by writers from the province itself. Variant pronunciations are Ḏj̲ē-Ḏj̲ī-, D̲j̲ō-, and rarely Zē-(among the tribe of the Masāriḥa). ¶ The form Qīzān, which occurs on many maps, is spurious; it is said to be the plural of ḳawz (sand hill), whereas the plural of this word is actually aḳwāz . The name appears to have belonged originally to the wadi, which rises in D̲j̲abal Rāziḥ and the territory of K̲h̲a…

Tag̲h̲lib b. Wāʾil

(4,237 words)

Author(s): Lecker, M.
(also Tag̲h̲lib Wāʾil), an important, mostly nomadic, tribe of the Rabīʿa b. Nizār group [see rabīʿa and muḍar ; nizār b. maʿadd ]. A member of this tribe was called Tag̲h̲labī or Tag̲h̲libī (for the plural Tag̲h̲āliba, see al-T̲h̲aʿālibī, T̲h̲imār al-ḳulūb , ed. Ibrāhīm, Cairo 1384/1965, 130). The tribe’s pedigree is Tag̲h̲lib/Dit̲h̲ār b. Wāʾil b. Ḳāsiṭ b. Hinb b. Afṣā b. Duʿmī b. Ḏj̲adīla b. Asad b. Rabīʿa b. Nizār b. Maʿadd b. ʿAdnān. Until the Basūs [ q.v.] war which they fought against their brother-tribe, Bakr b. Wāʾil [ q.v.], the Tag̲h̲lib ¶ lived in Nad̲j̲d [ q.v.]. Following their …
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