b. al-mug̲h̲īra al-mak̲h̲zūmī Arab commander at the time of the early conquests. Muslim tradition gives his career as follows. He fought against Muḥammad at Uḥud, but was converted in 6/627 or 8/629 and participated in the expedition to Muʾta and the conquest of Mecca, both in 8 A.H. The Prophet charged him with the destruction of the idol of al-ʿUzzā at Nak̲h̲la and later sent him to the B. D̲j̲ad̲h̲īma, whom he wrongfully attacked. In 9/630 the Prophet sent him from Tabūk to Dūmat al-D̲j̲andal [ q.v.] where he captured the ruler al-Ukaydir and sent him to Medina. In 10/631 he w…

, the name of two caliphs of the Marwānid line of the Umayyads. ¶ 1. al-Walīd (I) b. ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān (r. 86-96/705-15). He was probably born ca. 54/674 in Muʿāwiya’s reign. His mother was Wallāda bt. al-ʿAbbās b. D̲j̲azʾ of a well-known family of ʿAbs b. Bag̲h̲īḍ of Ḳays. He was his father’s nominee to inherit the caliphate and the death of his uncle ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Marwān in 85/704 meant that he succeeded unopposed. After the struggles of his father’s reign, al-Walīd’s caliphate was generally a period of internal…

b. al-Walīd al-mak̲h̲zūmī , the only surviving son of the famous Arab general. At the age of eighteen he commanded a squadron at the battle of the Yarmūk. Muʿāwiya subsequently appointed him governor of Ḥimṣ and he commanded several of the later Syrian expeditions ¶ into Anatolia. During the civil war, after successfully opposing an ʿIrāḳī expedition into the Ḏj̲azīra. he joined Muʿāwiya at Ṣiffīn and was made standard-bearer. According to the received tradition, Muʿāwiya, fearing that ʿAbd al-Raḥmān might be a rival of Yazīd for the succ…

b. al-ʿāṣ b. umayya b. ʿabd al-s̲h̲ams b. ʿabd manāf b. ḳuṣayy b. kilāb b. murra b. kaʿb b. luʾayy , d. 13/635, was, according to several traditionists, if not the fourth Companion of the Prophet, at least one of the second group of three. Ibn Isḥāḳ, however, laces his conversion to Islam at a much later date ¶ and thus excludes him from the privileged group of the eight Predecessors ( sābiḳūn , mutaḳaddimūn ). As a rich member of the Umayyad clan, he is said to have presented to Muḥammad the slaves inherited from his father; he had some education, and was possibly Muḥa…

, governor for the Umayyads, first of Mecca and later, during almost the entire caliphate of His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Malik [ q.v.], of ʿIrāḳ. There his position may be compared with that of Ziyād under Muʿāwiya and al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ under ʿAbd al-Malik. Information about K̲h̲ālid in the sources often seems to be the product of polemic between different political, religious, ethnic and tribal groups, and it should, therefore, be used cautiously. His clan, the Ḳasr, was a branch of Banū Bad̲j̲īla [ q.v.]. While his grandfather and great-grandfather are counted as Companions of th…

, an Ishmaelite tribe living at G̲h̲umaysāʾ, south-east of Mecca and not far from that city. Its genealogy is: Ḏj̲ad̲h̲īma b. ʿĀmir b. ʿAbd Manāt b. Kināna [ q.v.] etc. (Wüstenfeld, ¶ Register zu den genealogischen Tabellen , 175 ff., attributes the following facts to the D̲j̲ad̲h̲īma b. ʿAdī b. Duʾil b. Bakr b. ʿAbd Manāt, etc. (Table N), without apparent justification). There was an ancient grudge between the tribe of the D̲j̲ad̲h̲īma and that of the Ḳurays̲h̲, although there was kindred between them: before…

b. Mālik al-Tamīmī , a warrior of the early Islamic period who, after the death of the Prophet, joined Sad̲j̲āḥ [ q.v.] for a time and became the lieutenant of K̲h̲ālid b. al-Walīd [ q.v.], taking part in the battle of Buzāk̲h̲a [ q.v.] as early as 11/632. After the capture of al-Ḥīra, he commanded a detachment which won a victory over the Persians in the region of al-Anbār, probably in 12/633. In Rad̲j̲ab 13/August-September 635, he took part in the conquest of Damascus and the following year led a troop of cavalry at the battle of Yarmūk [ q.v.]. He fought with distinction at al-Ḳādisiyya [ q.v.], …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, early Meccan convert to Islam, prominent Companion of the Prophet and leading commander in the Arab invasions of Syria, d. 18/639. Apparently of Kindī origin, he was known by his mother’s name Ḥasana, but his patrilineal nasab was ... b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Muṭāḥ b. ʿAmr. He is described as a ḥalīf or confederate [see ḥilf ] of the Meccan clan of Zuhra but as also being connected, through another marriage of his mother, with D̲j̲umaḥ. As an early convert, he took part in the second hid̲j̲ra or migration to Ethiopia (see Ibn Sa’d, iv/1, 94, vii, 118; Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, Usd al-g̲h̲āba …

al-t̲h̲aḳafī al-baṣrī , an early Arabic grammarian, and Ḳurʾān-reader, d. 149/766. He was a client ( mawlā ) of Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd al-Mak̲h̲zūmī al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī [ q.v.], but was called al-Thaḳafī because at Baṣra he had settled amongst the Thaḳīf. He had a brother, Ḥād̲j̲ib, d. 158/774-5 (Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, Tahd̲h̲īb al-Tahd̲h̲īb , ii, 133). Their mother was the daughter of Ziyād, who owned the estate Ziyādān in Baṣra (Balād̲h̲urī, 362); her sister was the mother of Muʾnis b. ʿImrān, who belonged to the circle of D̲j̲aʿfar b. Yaḥ…

, Medinese companion of the Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ tribe, and an early convert to Islam. He attended the second ʿAḳaba meeting with the Prophet, and, after the Prophet’s emigration to Medīna, took part in all the ensuing battles and himself led two expeditions, one in S̲h̲aʿbān 7/December 629 against the Banī Murra at Fadak, and the other later in the same year against a force of G̲h̲aṭafān which ʿUyayna b. Ḥiṣn was assembling between Wādī al-Ḳurā and Fadak in order to attack Medīna. The first expedition e…

, a branch of the tribe of Tamīm [ q.v.], of the group of Maʿādd, descended from Zayd Manāt b. Tamīm. The chief subdivisions were Dārim (from which came the poet al-Farazdaḳ), Yarbūʿ (to which D̲j̲arīr belonged) and the Barād̲j̲im (five families descended from Mālik b. Ḥanẓala). They inhabited the Yamāma between the hills D̲j̲urād and Marrūt, near ḥimā Ḍariyya [ q.v.]. Among their villages were al-Ṣammān (with wells, cisterns and irrigation) and al-Raḳmatān; but they were mainly nomadic. In history they appear at the first “day of Kulāb” (probably before 550 A.D.) as suppo…

b. Ḏj̲amra b. S̲h̲addād b. ʿUbayd b. T̲h̲aʿlaba b. Yarbūʿ , Abu ’l-Mig̲h̲wār , brother of the poet Mutammim [ q.v.] and a poet in his own right, considered as the chief of the B. Yarbūʿ during Muḥammad’s lifetime. The B. Yarbūʿ was one of the most powerful tribes of the Tamīm confederacy, and was involved in many of the battles ( ayyām al-ʿarab [ q.v.] in the D̲j̲āhiliyya. The office of ridāfa —a kind of viceroyship in the court of al-Ḥīra— was traditionally held by members of Yarbūʿ, among whom was Mālik b. Nuwayra (there is, however, an account according to which he was offered the ridāfa, but reje…

, a poet, contemporary with the Prophet. He was the brother of Malik b. Nuwayra [ q.v.], chief of the Banū Yarbūʿ, a large clan of the Banū Tamīm. Mutammim owes his fame to the elegies in which he lamented the tragic death of his brother Mālik (gathered together at the opening of the 3rd/9th century by Wat̲h̲īma b. Mirsāl, see Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ , xix, 248; whilst his dīwān was put together by Abū ʿAmr al-S̲h̲aybānī, al-Aṣmaʿī and al-Sukkarī, see Fihrist , 158), and these poems have made the latter’s name immortal. The Arabs said there was nothing comparable…

al-Kindī al-Sakūnī, a contemporary of the Prophet Muḥammad, the Christian king of the oasis and fortified town of Dūmat al-Ḏj̲andal [ q.v.] (modern Ḏj̲awf). Dūmat al-Ḏj̲andal was an important caravan station and its annual market took place in the month of Rabīʿ I. Muḥammad is supposed to have raided it in 5/626, following complaints by Arab merchants about Ukaydir’s oppression. Control of the market was contested between the ʿIbādiyyūn (or the ʿIbād, sc. of al-Ḥīra [ q.v.]) and the G̲h̲assāniyyūn [see ghassān ]; when the former ruled over it, Ukaydir he…

, Arab tribal chieftain and hero of the early Islamic conquest of ʿIrāḳ. Al-Mut̲h̲annā’s tribe, the Banū S̲h̲aybān, was part of the Bakr b. Wāʾil group and had its home on the eastern desert fringes of southern ʿIrāḳ in the late 6th and early 7th centuries A.D. Although the leading clans of S̲h̲aybān had been involved in battles against the Persians before the rise of Islam—most notably the famous battle of D̲h̲ū Ḳār ( ca. 611 A.D. [ q.v.])— the same clans seem initially to have opposed the Muslim advance into ʿIrāḳ; al-Mut̲h̲annā, on the other hand, was from the minor S̲…

, sometimes described as Ibn Ḥamāma, after his mother, was a companionof the Prophet and is best known as his Muʾad̲h̲d̲h̲in . Of Ethiopian (African?) stock, he was born in slavery in Mecca among the clan of Jumaḥ, or in the Sarāt. His mas ter is sometimes given as Umayya b. Ḵh̲alaf [ q.v.] but also as an unnamed man or woman of the same clan. He was an early convert— some sources credit him with having been the second adult after Abū Bakr to accept Islam. Owing to his status he suffered heavy punishment and torture, especially, it is stated, at t…

b. ʿiḳāl b. muḥammad b. sufyān b. mud̲j̲ās̲h̲iʿ b. dārim , Tamīmite warrior. Al-Aḳraʿ is an epithet ("bald"); his proper name (Firās? Ḍull?) is disputed. He is said to have been the last judge in the d̲j̲āhiliyya at ʿUkāẓ, having inherited this office (which was a privilege of Tamīm) from his ancestors; he performed this duty until the rise of Islam, giving his judgments in sad̲j̲ʿ (al-Ḏj̲āḥiẓ, Bayān , i, 236). He is said also to have been the first to prohibit games of chance ( ḳimār ), but was accused of partiality in the controversy between Bad̲j̲īla and K…

(al-ʿĀṣī) al-sahmī , a contemporary of Muḥammad of Ḳurays̲h̲ite birth. The part which he played in Islāmic history begins with his conversion in the year 8/629-630. At that time he must already have been of middle age, for at his death which took place circa 42/663 he was over ninety years old. He passed for one of the most wily politicians of his time, and we must endorse this verdict. The more clear-sighted inhabitants of Mekka already foresaw shortly after the unsuccessful…

, a well in Nad̲j̲d in the territory of Asad or their neighbours Ṭayyiʾ (cf. Mufaḍḍalīyāt , 361, n. 3). The forces of the Banū Asad, who, led by the false prophet Ṭulayḥa, had relapsed from Islam on Muḥammad’s death, were defeated at Buzāk̲h̲a in 11/632 by Abū Bakr’s general Ḵh̲ālid b. al-Walīd. Ḵh̲ālid’s army was reinforced for the battle by 1000 men of Ṭayyiʾ, detached from Ṭulayḥa’s side; Ṭulayḥa had the help of ʿUyayna b. Ḥiṣn and 700 men from Fazāra of G̲h̲aṭafān, old allies of Asad’s…

, Banū , a tribe of the Rabīʿa b. Nizār group [see rabīʿa and muḍar ; nizār b. maʿadd ]. It must be noted that not every Namarī mentioned in the sources belonged to the Namir b. Ḳāsiṭ, since tribal groups called al-Namir were also found among the Azd, the Ḳuḍāʿa and the Iyād. The fortunes of the Namir were closely linked to those of their relatives, the Tag̲h̲lib [ q.v.]. When the Tag̲h̲lib migrated to the eastern part of the D̲j̲azīra [ q.v.] or the Diyār Rabīʿa [ q.v.] in the second half of the 6th century A.D., they were joined by part of the Namir. However, there were still Nama…