Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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Limni
(1,584 words)
(Turkish form of the Greek Λῆμνος, in older Ottoman historical works Limoz and Ilimli, in older Greek sources also Λῆμος, Stalimene in mediaeval western sources, Lemnos in modern usage) an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea, 80 km. west of the entrance of the Dardanelles (
Čanaḳḳalʿe Bog̲h̲azi̊ [
q.v.]) halfway between Mount Athos and Tenedos [
Bozd̲j̲a-Ada [
q.v.]). The island, of
ca. 470 km2, has been virtually treeless since long before Ottoman times. Agriculture is of local importance only. Its famous export product since antiquity is a sort of vo…
Tas̲h̲oz
(490 words)
(Tkisg. form of the Greek Thasos), an island in the northernmost part of the Aegean Sea near the coast of Greece, not far from the port city of Kavala [see ḳawāla ]. Its round shape and large size (area 393 km2; population 13,000) give Thasos a distinctive identity, enhanced by a fairly mountainous wooded interior (Ipsari, the highest peak, 1,123 m/3,683 feet). The administrative centre is a port city of the same name, also called Limenas, facing the mainland. Thasos, like Lesbos [see midilli ] and Lemnos [see limni ], was a fief granted to the Genoese family o…
D̲j̲azāʾir-i Baḥr-i Safīd
(422 words)
, the name given to an
eyālet of the Ottoman empire, often called simply d̲j̲azāʾir and usually known to Europeans as the Vilayet of the Archipelago. It originated as the area under the administration of the Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a, the
sand̲j̲aḳ beyleri being known as
deryā beyleri [see daryā-begi ] and serving with the fleet instead of with the army. At its greatest extent, in the 11th/17th century, it comprised most of the islands of the Aegean Sea, coast districts of Asia Minor and Greece, and for a time Cyprus, but never Crete. At first the Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a, an official of two
ṭug̲h̲s , governed ¶ the
s…
Imroz
(492 words)
, Ottoman name of the island of Imbros in the Aegean Sea, some 15 km off the southern end of the Gallipoli peninsula (Thracian Chersonese), and thus of strategic importance as commanding the entrance to the Dardanelles, Čanaḳ-ḳalʿe Bog̲h̲azi̊ [
q.v.]. In 1444, when it was visited by Cyriacus of Ancona, it was still Byzantine (although the neighbouring islands of Thasos and Samothrace were in the hands of the Gattilusio family). When news of the fall of Constantinople (857/1453) reached the island, many of its leading men fled, but the…
Semedirek, Semadirek
(515 words)
, the Ottoman Turkish name for Samothrace, modern Greek Samothraki, a mountainous island of the Thracian Sporades group in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea, now part of the Greek Republic and at present included in the
nomos or department of Evros. Its area is 178 km2/69 sq. miles, and in 1981 the declining population stood at 2,871. In mediaeval times it was famous for its honey and its goats, and the Latins called it
Sanctus Mandrachi . As part of the Thracian and Macedonian themes, Samothrace suffered from Slavonic and Arab raids in early mediaeval times. After
ca. 1335 it passed fr…
Rās̲h̲id
(388 words)
, Meḥmed (?-1148/1735), Ottoman historian and poet. He was born in Istanbul, the son of
ḳāḍī Muṣṭafā Efendi from Malaṭya. From 1116/1704 he held a regular series of posts as a
müderris culminating in appointment to the Süleymāniyye in 1130/1718, the latter held concurrently with the post of
Ḥaremeyn müfettis̲h̲i , inspector of the
awḳāf of Mecca and Medina. He then served as
ḳāḍī of Aleppo 1135-7/1723-4. His career thereafter was irregular by comparison, and much influenced by political considerations, in particular by his closeness to the Grand Vizier News̲h̲ehirli Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [
q.…
Mondros
(825 words)
, the Turkish name of a harbour on the Aegean island of Limnī [
q.v.] or Lemnos; it is alternatively known by its Greek name of mudros or Moudros. Mondros’s claim to fame is that it was the site of the armistice of 30 October 1918 which ended the Ottoman Empire’s participation in the First World War. The decision of the Unionist cabinet of Meḥmed Ṭalʿat Pas̲h̲a [see ittiḥād we teraḳḳī d̲j̲emʿiyyeti ] to seek an armistice was prompted by the rapidly deteriorating military position of the Ottoman Empire and its German and Austro-Hungarian allies.…
Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a, Balṭad̲j̲i̊
(1,644 words)
, Ṭeberdār (1071-1124/1660-1 to 1712), Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Aḥmed III [
q.v.]. Born in Osmancık (Merzifon), as the son of Turkish Muslim parents, he was able to enter the outside service of the Sultan’s palace thanks to patronage (
intisāb ). He began his career in a secretarial function. By favour and through the patronage of Ḥabes̲h̲ī ʿAlī Ag̲h̲a and other
bīrūn ag̲h̲a s, he entered the service of the
Wālide Sulṭān Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲e Tark̲h̲ān, attaining the rank of
k̲h̲alīfe in 1099/1687. The prince Aḥmed (the later Aḥmed III) appointed Meḥmed…
Midilli
(2,842 words)
(Turkish form of Μυτιλήνη, Mytilene, the Greek name of its capital), the island of Lesbos in the eastern Aegean alongside the Turkish coast near the entrance to the Gulf of Edremit [
q.v.] and the town of Ayvalık (Aywali̊ḳ [
q.v.]); the straits of Müsellim and Mytilene that separate it from Turkey on the north and east average 10 and 16 km in width. With an area of 1614 km2, Lesbos is the third largest Greek island after Crete and Euboea, and the seventh largest of the Mediterranean. It has a roughly triangular shape, its broad base,
ca. 70 km long, running from east-south-east to west-nort…
Rodos
(3,125 words)
, Turkish name (popular pronunciation also Rados) for Rhodes (Greek Rhodos, Latin Rhodus, both fern.), an island and port city near the southwestern corner of Turkey, since 1948 a Greek possession and administrative centre of the
nomos of Dodekanesos [see on i̇ki̇ ada ]. Rhodes stands out for its relatively large size (1,404 km2; the second largest island of the eastern Aegean after Lesbos (see midilli); maximum length between capes Kumburnu and Praso, 80 km, maximum breadth between capes Lardos and Armenistis, 38 km), regular shape (an extended ellipse with …
Ṣaḳi̊z
(2,737 words)
(the Ottoman Turkish name for Chios, the Greek name of this island and of its capital;
ṣaḳi̊z means “gum mastic”, a testimony to the product for which Chios was famous), an island in the eastern Aegean alongside the Turkish coast, from which only 8 km/5 miles separate it at the narrowest point of the strait of Chios (
Ṣaḳi̊z bog̲h̲azi̊ ); the large peninsula of Karaburun on the mainland, jutting north, separates the island’s northern half from the gulf and port of Smyrna [see izmir in Suppl.]. With an area of 841 km2, it is the fifth largest island of the Aegean after Crete [see iḳrītis̲h̲ …
Kemāl, Meḥmed, Nāmiḳ̊ḳ
(5,952 words)
one of the most prominent figures of Turkish literature in the second half of the 19th century, whose fame is due to his works in various fields, including his patriotic and political life. I.
Life . Kemāl’s mother was Fātima Zahrāʾ K̲h̲āni̊m. the daughter of ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Pas̲h̲a and Mak̲h̲dūme K̲h̲āni̊m. His father Muṣṭafā ʿĀṣim Bey, who was well versed in history, mysticism and especially in astrology, had many a poet, scholar and statesman among his ancestors. His ancestry goes back to S̲h̲ehīd Ṭopal ʿOt…
Mora
(6,348 words)
, Turkish for Morea, the usual name in mediaeval and modern times for the peninsula of the Peloponnesus (which itself appears in Arabic geographical sources in forms like the
B.L.būn.s of Ibn Ḥawḳal, ed. Kramers, 194, tr. Kramers and Wiet, 189), regarded in ancient times as the heartland of Greece. For the various forms of the name, see Bées,
EI 1, s.v. 1. The pre-Ottoman period to 1460. This may subdivided into (a) the Byzantine period to 1204 and the Frankish one to 1262 (or to the late early 16th century for certain areas); and (b) the Byzantine despotate of Morea to 1458/1460. The pre-1262 pe…