al-D̲j̲ud̲h̲āmī , an Arab tribal leader, especially prominent in upholding the Umayyad cause against the Zubayrids in the second civil war (64-72/683-92). Son of a notable from the Banū D̲j̲ud̲h̲ām [ q.v.], which had been settled in Palestine from before the Arab conquest of the region, Rawḥ is said to have incurred Muʿāwiya’s suspicion in circumstances which are obscure. Later, we find him named as one of a group of Syrian as̲h̲rāf whom Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.] sent to ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr [ q.v.] in an attempt to obtain the latter’s bayʿa , and, shortly afterw…

, al-Sadūsī al-K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ī , an Arab sectarian and poet. He hailed from the Banu ’l-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Sadūs, a clan of the Banū S̲h̲aybān b. D̲h̲uhl. He was first a Sunnī, and is mentioned by Ibn Saʿd (vii/I, 113) in the second class of the “followers” ( tābiʿūn ) of Baṣra; he is named as a transmitter in the collections of Buk̲h̲ārī, Abū Dāwūd, and Nasāʾī. It is said that he was converted by his wife to the doctrines of the K̲h̲ārid̲j̲īs [ q.v.] and became the leader of their moderate wing, the Ṣufriyya [ q.v.], who rejected indiscriminate political ¶ murder ( istiʿrāḍ [ q.v.]) and were lenient toward…

of the Banū Murra [ q.v.], famous commander of the Sufyānid caliphs. We know very little about the early stages of his career. We find him early established in Syria, to which he probably came with the first conquerors. Completely devoted to the Umayyads and of great personal valour, he led a division of Syrian infantry at the battle of Ṣiffīn [ q.v.], but he failed in an attempt to take the oasis of Dūmat al-D̲j̲andal [ q.v.] from ʿAlī. The caliph Muʿāwiya appointed him to take charge of the k̲h̲arād̲j̲ , the finances, of Palestine, a lucrative office in which h…

, grandson of the Kalbī chief Baḥdal b. Unayf [ q.v.] and cousin of the caliph Yazīd I, his father being the brother of Maysūn, the famous wife of Muʿāwiya (it has been thought, erroneously, that he was the uncle of Yazīd I, because he is often referred to simply as Ibn Baḥdal). This relationship, the nobility of his clan (the Banū Ḥārit̲h̲a b. D̲j̲anāb) and the power of the Kalb tribe earned for him under Muʿāwiya and Yazīd the governorships of Palestine and of Jordan. Before this, he had fought at Ṣiffīn in the ranks of the Syrian army, in command of the Ḳuḍāʿa of Damascus (Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waḳʿat Ṣif…

b. al-ḥakam , Abū Marwān, an Umayyad prince, son of the Caliph, Marwān [ q.v.] and of Ḳuṭayya bint Bis̲h̲r (of the Banū D̲j̲aʿfar b. Kilāb, thus a Ḳaysite). He took part in the battle of Mard̲j̲ Rāhiṭ (65/684) and there killed a Kilāb chief. After his father’s accession to the Caliphate he followed him at the time of his expedition to Egypt, for the sources tell us that when in 65/684 Marwān had regained this province for the Umayyads, taking it from Ibn al-Zubayr [ q.v.] who had seized it in S̲h̲aʿbān 64/March-April 684, and had put his son, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz [ q.v.] in charge of the Prayer and the …

, an Arab tribe which in Umayyad times claimed descent from Kahlān b. Sabaʾ of Yemen and relationship with Lak̲h̲m and ʿĀmila; this certainly corresponded with the prevailing political alliances. However, the North Arab tribes claimed that D̲j̲ud̲h̲ām, Ḳuḍāʿa and Lak̲h̲m were originally of Nizār but had later assumed Yemenī descent. D̲j̲ud̲h̲ām were among the nomads who had settled in pre-Islamic times on the borders of Byzantine Syria and Palestine; they held places like Madyan, ʿAmmān, Maʿān a…

, an old tribe in North-Western Arabia. The reports concerning their past (al-Ṭabarī, i, 685; Ag̲h̲ānī 2, xi, 155) are unworthy of belief. In the later geuealogic system the ʿĀmila are reckoned as belonging to the South-Arabian Kahlān [cf. d̲j̲ud̲h̲ām ]. At the time of the Muslim invasion we find them settled S. E. of the Dead Sea; they are mentioned among the Syro-Arabian tribes which joined Heraclius (al-Balād̲h̲urī, 59; al-Ṭabarī, i, 2347); but do not appear again in the history of the conquest. Shortly afterw…

b. Abi ’l-ʿAṣ , Abu ’l-Ḳāsim and then Abū ʿAbd al-Malik, first caliph of the Marwānid branch of the Umayyad dynasty [ q.v.], reigned for several months in 64-5/684-5. Marwān, born of al-Ḥakam’s wife Āmina bt. ʿAlḳama al-Kināniyya, stemmed from the same branch of the Umayyad clan of Ḳurays̲h̲, se. Abu ’l-ʿĀṣ, as the Rightly-guided caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān, and was in fact ʿUt̲h̲mān’s cousin. The sources generally place his birth in A.H. 2 or 4 ( ca. 623-6), but it may well have occurred before the Hid̲j̲ra in any case, he must have known the Prophet and was accounte…

b. al-Ḥakam b. ʿAḳīl al-T̲h̲aḳafī , Abū Muḥammad , the most famous and most able governor of the Umayyads, of the Aḥlāf clan of the Banū T̲h̲aḳīf, born ¶ in Ṭāʾif about 41/661. His forebears, poor and of lowly origin, are said to have earned their living as stone carriers and builders (Ibn ʿAbd Rabbin, ʿIḳd , v, 38; Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, Chronicon , iv, 313); his mother, al-Fāriʿa, also from the tribe of the Banū T̲h̲aḳīf, was the divorced wife of al-Mug̲h̲īra b. S̲h̲uʿba. a man as capable as he was unscrupulous, who was appointed by Muʿāwi…

, a Christian from Palestine [see filasṭīn ] who became a Companion of the Prophet Muḥammad. He converted to Islam at the time of the Prophet while other members of his family remained Christians and paid the poll-tax. Tamīm is said to have received from the Prophet a grant of land; a waḳf [ q.v.] carrying his name still exists in Hebron [see al-k̲h̲alīl ]. Tamīm’s origin is disupted. His nisba al-Dārī is said to relate to a subdivision ( baṭn ) of the Lak̲h̲m [ q.v.] called al-Dār, and his pedigree testifies to his Arab origin. However, al-S̲h̲aʿbī [ q.v.] lists him among the non-Arabs ( ʿad̲j̲am …

, the principal residence of the amīrs of G̲h̲assān, and for that reason known as “D̲j̲ābiya of kings”, situated in D̲j̲awlān [ q.v.], about 80 km. south of Damascus, not far from the site of the modern Nawā. It extended over several hills, hence perhaps the poetic form of plural D̲j̲awābī, with an allusion to the etymological sense of “reservoir”, the symbol of generosity (cf. Ag̲h̲ānī , xviii, 72). It was the perfect type of ancient bedouin ḥirt̲h̲ā/ḥīra , a huge encampment where nomads settled down, a jumble of tents and buildings; there is even a…

, in Arabic Banū hūd , ‘sons of Hūd’, a family of Arab extraction, as rulers of Saraḳusṭa (Saragossa) among the more important of the Party Kings ( mulūk al-ṭawāʾif , reyes de Taifas ) in 5th/11th century Spain. Hūd [ q.v.] was well known as the name of a prophet sent to the people of ʿĀd (Sūra VII, 63 ff., etc.); his descendants, the Banū Hūd, are mentioned in legend ( e.g. Ibn K̲h̲aldūn, Beirut ed., iv(v), 484). The ancestry of the historical Banū Hūd is traced to an eponymous Hūd, said to have been the first of the family to enter al-Andalus…