, Turd̲j̲umān (a.), pls. tarād̲j̲im , tarād̲j̲ima , appearing in Ottoman Turkish as Terd̲j̲üman , interpreter. The word is of Aramaic origin, and is familiar in the form Targum for the Aramaic translations or paraphrases or interpretations of the Hebrew Old Testament which came into use when the use of Hebrew as a living, spoken language amongst ordinary people declined. The Arabic term, and the verb tard̲j̲ama “to translate”, was certainly in familiar usage by ʿAbbāsid times. 1. In the Arab lands in mediaeval times. We know of interpreters in the ʿAbbāsid caliphate, some of who…

, interpreter and diplomat for the Ottomans. Born in Bavaria of a noble family, he was taken captive (probably at the age of 16) by the Turks at the battle of Mohács (1526) while serving as page to Louis II. Sent to the Palace School in Istanbul, he became famous for his extraordinary knowledge of languages. From 1550 at the latest, he served as interpreter to the Porte, with the tide ag̲h̲a , and in 1573 he was promoted to chief interpreter, with the tide beg . As Turkish ambassador he played an important role in the diplomatic relations of the Porte with t…

[see yād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ wa-mād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ ].

, early traveller in Central Asia, who has left an account of his alleged journey to the barrier of Yād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ wa-Mād̲j̲ūd̲j̲ [ q.v.]. In 227/842 the caliph al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ ( r. 227-32/842-7 [ q.v.]) reportedly saw in a dream that D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳarnayn’s barrier had been breached. Sallām al-Tard̲j̲umān (“the interpreter”), “who spoke thirty languages” and who, according to Ibn Rusta, 149, used to translate Turkish documents for the caliph, received the order to make inquiries about the barrier and to report about it. The account of hi…

, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar, author of the first Persian treatise on rhetoric, the Kitāb Tard̲j̲umān al-balāg̲h̲a . The little that can be inferred about the author’s life is known from the Tard̲j̲umān itself; no other source mentions him. According to the researches of A. Ateş, he seems to have lived in Transoxania, and his book was written between 481/1088, the beginning of the Karak̲h̲ānid Aḥmad K̲h̲ān’s incarceration at the hand of Malik S̲h̲āh, as mentioned in one of the poems quoted, and 507/1114, the date of the unique ms. of the Tard̲j̲umān, the mad̲j̲mūʿa …

, the nisba of several persons originally from Majorca (Mayurḳa [ q.v.]) or residents of the island. In his Muʿd̲j̲am al-buldān , iv, 720-3, s.v. Mayurḳa, Yāḳūt mentions a certain number. In addition to al-Ḥumaydī [ q.v.], the best-known person with this last nisba, one should mention the name of Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Ṭunayz, who seems to have led quite a lively existence. According to Yāḳūt, iv, 722-3, he was a good grammarian (cf. al-Suyūṭī, Bug̲h̲ya , 327) who was also concerned with the Ḳurʾān readings; he naturally collected ḥadīt̲h̲ s at…

(a., t.). 1. In the sense of “dragoman, interpreter” [see tard̲j̲umān. 2.]. 2. In mysticism. Here it is a technical term used by the members of futuwwa [ q.v.] groups and also by the Turkish dervish orders of the Mawlawiyya and Bektās̲h̲iyya [ q.vv.], for speech utterances, generally in verse, recited during the ritual, or, outside this, during the accomplishment of some piece of work or some particular act. These formulae, which are made up of a prayer, are theoretically pronounced in order to seek pardon for some offence. This term can…

, The following articles on a large number of personages called Maḥmūd are arranged as follows: M., rulers of Bengal, p. 46-7. M., sultans of Dihlī, p. 47-50. M., rulers of Gud̲j̲arāt, p. 50-52. M., rulers of Mālwā, p. 52-55. M., Ottoman sultans, p. 55-61. M. K̲h̲ān. ruler in Kālpī, p. 61. M. S̲h̲āh S̲h̲arḳī. ruler in D̲j̲awnpūr, p. 61. M. S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn, ruler in the Deccan, p. 62. M. b. Ismāʿīl, p. 63. M. b. Muḥammad b. Malik-S̲h̲āh, Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultan, p. 63. M. b. Sebüktigin, G̲h̲aznawid sultan, p. 65. M. Ekrem Bey, p. 66. ¶ M. Gāwān, p. 66. M. Kemāl, p. 68. M. Nedīm Pas̲h̲a, p. 68. M. Pas̲h̲a, Otto…

, religious teacher, b. c. 1620 at Singkel, north of Fanṣūr (west coast of Sumatra), d. after 1693, and buried at the mouth of the Acheh river. He studied for nineteen years in Arabia, was initiated into the S̲h̲aṭṭāriyya ṭarīḳa by Aḥmad al-Ḳus̲h̲ās̲h̲ī and his successor Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī, and returned about 1661 to Acheh, whence this ṭarīḳa was propagated by his pupils throughout Indonesia, especially in Java. Directions for "recitation" ( d̲h̲ikr ), as practised by this order, form, the most important subject of his writings, the majority of …

(a.), lit. “amazement”, a term of rhetoric. Though sometimes given a separate place in lists of badīʿ [ q.v.], as in Rādūyānī’s [ q.v.] Tard̲j̲umān al-balāg̲h̲a or Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn Waṭwāṭ’s [ q.v.] Ḥadāʾiḳ al-siḥr , it is far more often mentioned, in more general discussions of poetry, as one of the basic effects or aims of the poetic process, especially of imagery. It is found, together with its active counterpart taʿd̲j̲īb (“causing amazement”) in the Aristotelian tradition (Ibn Sīnā, Ḥāzim al-Ḳarṭād̲j̲annī [ q.vv.]) and, in a somewhat different sense, in the poetics of ʿAbd…

, muḥammad b. ʿabd al-raḥmān al-ṣiddīḳī al-s̲h̲āfiʿī al-as̲h̲ʿarī abū ’l-makārim s̲h̲ams al-dīn , Arab poet and mystic, born 898/1492, lived a year alternately in Cairo and a year in Mecca, and died in 952/1545. Besides his Dīwān (Bibl. Nat, Paris, Catalogue des mss. ar. by de Slane, no. 3229-3233; Descriptive Catalogue of the Arabic, Pers . and Turk . Mss. in the Library of Trinity College , Cambridge, 1870, no. 55-7), a collection of mystical poems entitled Tard̲j̲umān al-Asrār (Vollers, Katalog der islam . usw. Hass. der Universitätsbiblioth. zu Leipzig , no. 573; Derenbourg, Les mss.…

Sīstānī , Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. D̲j̲ūlūg̲h̲ , the celebrated Iranian poet, a native of the town of Sīstān (cf. Yāḳūt, s.v.; Ḳazwīnī, Nuzhat , s.v.), as he says in a hemistich: “I place (other towns) after Sīstān, because it is my (native) town”. The tak̲h̲alluṣ Farruk̲h̲ī unites the ideas of happiness and physical beauty. His father, Ḏj̲ūlūg̲h̲ (according to ʿAwfī and Dawlats̲h̲āh) or Kūlūg̲h̲ (according to Ad̲h̲ar and Hidāyat) was in the service of the governor of the province of Sīstān. Accordin…

, the name of a quarter of Istanbul which, according to tradition, was allotted to the Greeks by Meḥemmed II after the conquest in 857/1453; for the topography, monuments, etc. see istanbul. After the conquest the seat of the Greek Patriarch was transferred from St. Sophia to the Church of the Holy Apostles, and three years later to the nearby Church of the Pammakaristos. In 994/1586, when this church was converted into a mosque (Fetḥiye D̲j̲āmiʿi), the Patriarch moved down into the Fener quarter, to establish himself finally in 1011/1603 at the Church of St. George ¶ (re-built in 1720), s…

, the pen-name of a Persian poet who lived at the end of the 4th/11th and the beginning of the 5th/12th century. His personal name as well as almost any other particulars of his life are unknown. The Tard̲j̲umān al-balāg̲h̲a has preserved an elegy by Labībī on the death of Farruk̲h̲ī [ q.v.], which means that the former was probably still alive in 429/1037-8. A ḳaṣīda attributed to him by ʿAwfī is addressed to a mamdūḥ by the name of Abu ’l-Muẓaffar, who in that source is identified with a younger brother of the G̲h̲aznavid Sultan Maḥmūd. But it i…

, Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (or Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad), the poet to whom we owe the oldest known text of the national epic in the Persian language. His place of birth is uncertain (Ṭūs, Buk̲h̲ārā, Balk̲h̲ or Samarḳand); he was born between 318 and 329/930 and 940, for he was at least twenty years old when he became panegyrist to the amīrs of Čag̲h̲āniyān, then of the Sāmānid amīr Manṣūr b. Nūḥ (350-366/961-976); further, Firdawsī, who continued after him the composition of The Book of the Kings ( S̲h̲āhnāma ), assures us that Daḳīḳī was a young man when…

b. Muḥammad, an important ¶ court official of two Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultans of Rūm, Kayḳubād I and Kayk̲h̲usraw II. Köpek’s place and date of birth are unknown. He is first mentioned as a tard̲j̲umān (Ibn Bībī, 146). Late in Kayḳubād’s reign, Köpek had risen to become amīr-i s̲h̲ikār (master of the hunt) and miʿmār (minister of works), entrusted with overseeing the construction of Kayḳubād’s new palace at Ḳubādābād [ q.v.] ( ibid., 147). Köpek himself erected in 633/1235 a large caravanserai, known as the Zazadin or Sadeddin Han, between Konya and Aksaray. Two extant insc…

, Ṣārim al-Dīn Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Aydamur al-ʿAlāʾī al-Miṣrī (the name is derived from the Turkish toḳmaḳ “hammer”, cf. Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī K̲h̲alīfa, ed. Flügel, ii, 102), b. about 750/1349, was a zealous Ḥanafī and wrote a work on the ṭabaḳāt of the Ḥanafīs, Naẓm al-d̲j̲umān , in three volumes, the first of which deals with Abū Ḥanīfa (Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī K̲h̲alīfa, iv, 136; vi, 317); on account of his depreciatory references to al-S̲h̲āfiʿī he was flogged and thrown into prison. His history of Egypt, Nuzhat al-anām , in about 12 vols, to the year 779, was of great …

, Abū D̲j̲aʿfar Hārūn b. al-Muʿtaṣim , ʿAbbāsid caliph. He was given the name Hārūn after his grandfather Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd; his mother was a Greek slave called Ḳarāṭīs. On the day that his father al-Muʿtaṣim bi ’llāh [ q.v.] died (18 Rabīʿ I 227/5 January 842), al-Wāt̲h̲iḳ was proclaimed his successor. Before al-Muʿtaṣim’s death, an alleged descendant of the Umayyads, named Abū Ḥarb, usually called al-Mubarḳaʿ [ q.v.] “the veiled one” from the veil that he always wore, had provoked a dangerous rising in Palestine, and Rad̲j̲āʾ b. Ayyūb al-Ḥiḍārī, whom al-Muʿta…

(or perhaps better, S̲h̲uhayd) b. al-Ḥusayn al-Balk̲h̲ī al-Warrāḳ al-Mutakallim, Abu ’l-Ḥasan, a philosopher and a poet in Persian and Arabic, died (according to Yāḳūt, followed by al-Ṣafadī) in 315/927. He was a contemporary and close friend of the polymath Abū Zayd al-Balk̲h̲ī and of the Muʿtazilī theologian Abu ’l-Ḳāsim al-Balk̲h̲ī (see al-balk̲h̲ī ; the three Balk̲h̲īs were the subject of a joint biography, used by Yāḳūt) and a bitter rival of the famous philosopher Abū Bakr al-Rāzī [ q.v.]; the latter wrote a polemic against S̲h̲ahīd on the subject of pleasure ( al-lad̲h̲d̲h̲a …

means to take a ḳabas , a live coal or a light, from another’s fire (Ḳurʾān XX, 10; XXVII, 7; LVII, 13); hence to seek knowledge ( ʿilm ) and, as a technical term in rhetoric, to quote specific words from the Ḳurʾān or from Traditions but without indicating these as quoted. Some scholars limit the term to the use of Ḳurʾānic phrases, while others extend it to the use of terminology from fiḳh and other sciences, but all agree that iḳtibās is found both in poetry and in prose. If the source is indicated and the quotation is put into verse the figure is called ʿaḳd , binding. A related figure is talmīḥ …