, great-grandson of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and Fāṭima and leader of the revolt that gave rise to the Zaydiyya [ q.v.] branch of the S̲h̲īʿa. He was born in Medina in 75/694-5 according to his son al-Ḥusayn. This date seems more reliable than the year 79/698 or 80/699 usually mentioned by the Sunnī sources. He was thus at least 18 years younger than his brother Muḥammad al-Bāḳir, who became the head of the Ḥusaynids after the death of their father ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn in 94/712-13 and was widely recognised as the imām by the S̲h̲īʿa. Zayd’s mother was a woman of slave o…

(1898-1970 or 1972), fourth son of the Grand S̲h̲arīf of Mecca, al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī [ q.v.] by a Circassian wife. His involvement in Hās̲h̲imī activities and politics was limited. He participated as a leader in the early stages of the Arab Revolt in Ḥid̲j̲āz in 1916. He was his father’s representative in 1924 at a British-sponsored conference in Kuwayt which tried to resolve Hās̲h̲imī-Suʿūdī border differences. In 1947 he was a minister in London for ʿIrāḳ after Britain decided to refer the Palestine problem to the United Nations. (Hussein Sirriyeh) Bibliography R. Baker, King Husain and …

b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn , ʿAlid fugitive and rebel killed late in 125/summerautumn 743. His mother was Rayṭa, daughter of Abū Hās̲h̲im [ q.v.] b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya. As the eldest son of Zayd b. ʿAlī, he participated in Zayd’s revolt in Kūfa in Muḥarram 122/end of 739. After his father’s death, he escaped, relentlessly sought by Yūsuf b. ʿUmar al-T̲h̲akafī, governor of ʿĪrāḳ [ q.v.] Yaḥyā went first to Nīnawā near Karbalāʾ. He was then given protection by the Umayyad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Bis̲h̲ī b. Marwān, who concealed him in a village owned by him that later became Ḳaṣr Ibn Hubayra [ q.v.]. Afte…

[see ibn mākūlā ; al-mag̲h̲ribī ; al-ṭug̲h̲rāʾī ].

, ʿAlid who led a revolt at Medina during the caliphate of al-Hādī ila ’l-haḳḳ [ q.v.] and was killed at Fak̲h̲k̲h̲ on 8 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 169/11 June 786 (the date 170 suggested in some sources is incorrect, since al-Hādī died on 16 Rabīʿ I 170/15 September 786, and it is certain that the insurrection took place in the last months of the year). His father was the ʿAlī al-ʿĀbid (or al-K̲h̲ayr or al-Ag̲h̲arr), famous for his piety and his noble sentiments, who wished to share the fate of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Mut̲h̲annā (= ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib [ q.v.]) and the…

, grandson of the Prophet and son of Fāṭima [ q.v.], famous because of his revolt which ended tragically at Karbalāʾ on 10 Muḥarram 61/October 680. Childhood and youth. (Al-)Ḥusayn was born at Medina, according to the majority of the sources in the beginning of S̲h̲aʿbān 4/January 626. He was thus still a child when the Prophet died and could therefore have very few memories of his grandfather. A number of ḥadīt̲h̲s mention the affectionate phrases which Muḥammad is said to have used of his grandsons, e.g., “whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me” and “al-Ḥas…

b. Ḥārit̲h̲a al-Kalbī al-Hās̲h̲imī , Abū muḥammad , son of the Abyssinian freedwoman Baraka Umm Ayman and reckoned among the Prophet’s freedmen, was born in Mecca in the fourth year of Muḥammad’s mission. Tradition records many instances of the Prophet’s fondness for him as a child, and gives him the surname of Ḥibb b. Ḥibb Rasūl Allāh. He joined the fighters on the way to Uḥud [ q.v.], but was sent back before battle on account of his tender age. Questioned by Muḥammad in the case of slander against ʿĀʾis̲h̲a, he spoke in her favour. After K̲h̲aybar he receive…

, an Anṣārī [see anṣār ] Companion of the Prophet Muḥammad credited with a crucial role in the collection of the Ḳurʾān [ q.v. at Vol. V, 404b-405b]. He belonged to the Banu ’l-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār of the K̲h̲azrad̲j̲, or more precisely, to the ʿAbd ʿAwf b. G̲h̲anm b. Mālik b. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār. His mother, al-Nawār bt. Mālik, was of the ʿAdī b. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār. Much of the rather detailed biographical information about Zayd was preserved by ḥadīt̲h̲ transmitters from among his offspring who were intensely interested in the life and work of their great ancestor. Zayd’s father was killed in the b…

b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl... b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, Zaydī Imām who reigned over Ṭabaristān [ q.v.] and D̲j̲urd̲j̲ān [see [ gurgān ] ¶ for some years during the second half of the 3rd/9th century. As the brother of al-Ḥasan b. Zayd [ q.v.] al-dāʿī al-kabīr , he succeeded him in 270/884 and received the title of al-dāʿī al-ṣag̲h̲īr and the laḳab or honorific title of al-Ḳāʾim bi ’l-Ḥaḳḳ. It is above all from this point that he is heard of, since before his assumption of power he seems to have lived in his brother’s shadow. The latter, howe…

[see zayn al-ʿābidīn ],

, of the Kindī tribe of the Sakūn, a general of the Sufyānids. At Ṣiffīn, he fought in the Umayyad ranks. On the accession of Yazīd I, he was governor of the important district of Ḥimṣ. He then had to intervene with Yazīd for Ibn Mufarrig̲h̲ [ q.v.], who had been imprisoned by ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād. When the expedition against the holy cities of the Ḥid̲j̲āz was planned, Ḥuṣayn was appointed lieutenant of the commanderin-chief Muslim b. ʿUḳba al-Murrī [ q.v.] and, in this capacity, distinguished himself at the battle of the Ḥarra [ q.v.]. During the march on Mecca, the dying Muslim, in or…

b. Muṣʿab b. Ruzayḳ, called D̲h̲u ’l-Yamīhayn (? “the ambidextrous”), b. 159/776, d. 207/822, the founder of a short line of governors in K̲h̲urāsān during the high ʿAbbāsid period, the Ṭāhirids [ q.v.]. His forebears had the aristocratic Arabic nisba of “al-K̲h̲uzāʿī”, but were almost certainly of eastern Persian mawlā stock, Muṣʿab having played a part in the ʿAbbāsid Revolution as secretary to the dāʿī Sulaymān b. Kat̲h̲īr [ q.v.]. He and his son al-Ḥusayn were rewarded with the governorship of Pūs̲h̲ang [see būs̲h̲and̲j̲ ], and Muṣʿab at least apparently governed Harāt also. …

Zayn al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍāʾil al-Ḥusaynī , often called al-Sayyid Ismāʿīl, a noble and celebrated physician who wrote in Persian and in Arabic. He went to live in K̲h̲wārizm in 504/1110 no and became attached to the K̲h̲wārizms̲h̲āhs Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Muḥammad (490/1097-521/1127), to whom he dedicated his D̲h̲ak̲h̲īra , and Atsi̊z b. Muḥammad (521/1127-551/1156), who commissioned him to write a shorter compendium, al-K̲h̲uffī al-ʿAlāʾī , so called because its two volumes were small enough to be taken by the prince on his journeys in his boots ( k̲h̲uff ). He later mov…

[see kalbids ].

al-Bāhilī , Abū ʿAlī , with the nicknames As̲h̲ḳar and, more particularly, al-K̲h̲alīʿ “the Debauched”, a Baṣra poet who spent almost the whole of his life in the entourage of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and who can be regarded as the perfect type of court poet, at least at a court dominated by the taste for pleasure, indeed for debauchery. His family, which originated in K̲h̲urāsān, had for a long time been connected with the ¶ mawālī of the Bāhila when Ḥusayn was born, probably in the 150’s, since he could remember an incident that occurred in 160/775. With his childhood friend Abū Nuwās [ q.v.] he stu…

, cousin and son-in-law of Muḥammad, and fourth caliph, was one of the first to believe in Muḥammad’s mission. Whether he was the second after Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a. or the third after Ḵh̲adīd̲j̲a and Abū Bakr, was much disputed between S̲h̲īʿites and Sunnīs. He was at that time aged 10 or 11 at most, and Muḥammad had taken him into his own household to relieve the boy’s father Abū Ṭālib, who had fallen into poverty. One narrative, which is open to criticism on several counts, represents ʿAlī as having oc…

b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib was a pious man, who, following the example of his father and grandfather, abandoned all political aspirations and reconciled himself to ʿAbbāsid rule. His daughter became the wife of al-Saffāḥ while he himself lived at the Caliph’s court, and is even said to have occasionally communicated the views of his ʿAlid relatives and their dependants to al-Manṣūr. In 150/767 al-Manṣūr made him governor ¶ of Medina, but in 155/772 he aroused the Caliph’s wrath and was dismissed, imprisoned and had his property confiscated. But restitution was made to…

, Amīr of Transjordan (S̲h̲arḳ al-Urdunn), afterwards king of Hās̲h̲imite Jordan (al-Mamlaka al-Urdunniyya al-Hās̲h̲imiyya), second son of the s̲h̲arīf al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī [ q.v.] king of Ḥid̲j̲āz. Born in Mecca, in 1882, he studied in Istanbul. After the revolution of 1908, he represented for some time the Ḥid̲j̲āz in the Ottoman parliament. Just before the first world war he joined the Arab Union, an association founded in Cairo by the Syrian Muḥammad Ras̲h̲īd Riḍā [ q.v.]. In April 1914 he had interviews in Egypt with Lord Kitchener and Ronald Storrs and thus took par…

, the laḳab of a granddaughter of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. There are different versions of her name; she is called either Umayma (according to Muḥammad b. al-Sāyib al-Kalbī, al-Fihrist , Cairo, n.d. 140), or Amīna or Āmina ( Ag̲h̲ānī 3, xvi, 139-41); there is a preference for the last of these names because of the k̲h̲abar cited by al-Madāʾinī about the origins of the character differences between her and her eldest sister Fāṭima: wa-(i) smuhā Āmina wa-hād̲h̲ā huwa al-ṣaḥīḥ , her authentic name is certainly Āmina ( K. al-Murdifāt min Ḳurays̲h̲ , in Nawādir al-mak̲h̲ṭūṭāt , Cairo 1392/1972, i, 68; Ag̲…

b. ʿAlī , Bey of Tunis (1705-35), founder of the Ḥusaynid dynasty. The son of a ¶ Greek renegade recruited into the ranks of the od̲j̲aḳ , Ḥusayn was āg̲h̲ā of the sipāhis at the time of the war between Algeria and Tunisia (1704-5). Proclaimed Bey after the capture of Bey Ibrāhīm by the Algerian troops, Ḥusayn first repulsed the Algerians, then got rid of the Dey, Muḥammad K̲h̲od̲j̲a, who was supported by the army, and finally also of Bey Ibrāhīm after he had been set free. Ḥusayn was recognized by the Ottoman Sultan, who gave him the title of Pas̲h̲a with the rank of Beylerbeyi …