b. Ismāʿīl b. al-Ḥasan b. Zayd , a descendant of the preceding, founder of an ʿAlid dynasty in Ṭabaristān [ q.v.]. The high-handed rule of the Ṭāhirids on the one hand and, on the other, the settlement of ʿAlid elements in the region led to a rising in favour of al-Ḥasan b. Zayd, al-dāʿī al-kabīr , in 250/864. Al-Ḥasan, who was living at Rayy, was proclaimed sovereign by a section of the population of Ṭabaristān and received the allegiance of Wahsūdān b. Ḏj̲ustān of Daylam [ q.v.]. He succeeded in defeating the Ṭāhirid troops and seizing the towns of Āmul and Sāriya, while D̲j̲us…

b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl... b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, Zaydī Imām who reigned over Ṭabaristān [ q.v.] and D̲j̲urd̲j̲ān [see [ gurgān ] ¶ for some years during the second half of the 3rd/9th century. As the brother of al-Ḥasan b. Zayd [ q.v.] al-dāʿī al-kabīr , he succeeded him in 270/884 and received the title of al-dāʿī al-ṣag̲h̲īr and the laḳab or honorific title of al-Ḳāʾim bi ’l-Ḥaḳḳ. It is above all from this point that he is heard of, since before his assumption of power he seems to have lived in his brother’s shadow. The latter, howe…

b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib was a pious man, who, following the example of his father and grandfather, abandoned all political aspirations and reconciled himself to ʿAbbāsid rule. His daughter became the wife of al-Saffāḥ while he himself lived at the Caliph’s court, and is even said to have occasionally communicated the views of his ʿAlid relatives and their dependants to al-Manṣūr. In 150/767 al-Manṣūr made him governor ¶ of Medina, but in 155/772 he aroused the Caliph’s wrath and was dismissed, imprisoned and had his property confiscated. But restitution was made to…

[see al-muhallabī ].

[see ibn durayd ; ibn ḥamdūn ; al-s̲h̲aybānī ].

, great-grandson of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and Fāṭima and leader of the revolt that gave rise to the Zaydiyya [ q.v.] branch of the S̲h̲īʿa. He was born in Medina in 75/694-5 according to his son al-Ḥusayn. This date seems more reliable than the year 79/698 or 80/699 usually mentioned by the Sunnī sources. He was thus at least 18 years younger than his brother Muḥammad al-Bāḳir, who became the head of the Ḥusaynids after the death of their father ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn in 94/712-13 and was widely recognised as the imām by the S̲h̲īʿa. Zayd’s mother was a woman of slave o…

b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ¶ b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. al-Ḳāsim b. al-Ḥasan b. Zayd b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib , al-Dāʿī Ila ’l-Ḥaḳḳ Abū Muḥammad , Zaydī ruler of Ṭabaristān, was born in 263 or 264/876-8, probably in north-westem Iran. Nothing is known about his life before he joined the Zaydī imām al-Ḥasan al-Uṭrūs̲h̲ [ q.v.] al-Nāṣir li ’l-Ḥaḳḳ while the latter was active in converting the Daylamīs and Gīlīs east of the Safīd-rūd to Islam. He was commander of the vanguard of al-Nāṣir’s army in the great victory over the Sāmānid army under Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Ṣu…

, Abu ’l-s̲h̲aʿthāʾ al-azdī al-ʿumānī al-yaḥmidī al-d̲j̲awfī (al-D̲j̲awf in Baṣra) al-baṣrī , a famous traditionist, ḥāfiẓ and jurist, of the Ibāḍī sect. He was born in 21/642 in Nazwā (in ʿUmān), and, according to tradition, became head of the Ibāḍī community of Baṣra upon the death of ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibāḍ [ q.v.]. He carried on the latter’s policy of maintaining friendly relations with the Umayyads, and kept on good terms with the ruthless persecutor of the Azāriḳa, al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, through whom he even succeeded in obtaining regular payments …

al-Kalbī, or Zayd al-ḥibb “the beloved”, a slave, and later a mawlā [ q.v.] and adoptive son of the Prophet Muḥammad. The details of his early biography are disputed. One account has it that he was sold into slavery in Mecca by members of his own tribe. However, according to al-Wāḳidī’s [ q.v.] account, Zayd’s father died amidst his wife’s tribe, the Ṭayyiʾ [ q.v.], bequeathing to his son an unspecified number of camels. Certain Bedouin who hired the camels from the stripling, treacherously sold him at the market of ʿUkāẓ. The buyer was Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām who wa…

b. Nufayl, a so-called ḥanīf [ q.v.] and “seeker after true religion”, who lived in Mecca before Muḥammad’s mission (though some pronounced him a Companion of the Prophet). In a major battle before Islam Zayd reportedly led the Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] clan to which he belonged, the ʿAdī b. Kaʿb. The cycle of reports about him in Islamic historiography all but presents him as Muḥammad’s precursor. Some scholars even went as far as declaring him a prophet who received revelations, and a ¶ messenger sent to mankind. Precisely like Muḥammad before his call, Zayd is said to have practiced taḥannut̲h̲ [ q.…

b. Ḥārit̲h̲a al-Kalbī al-Hās̲h̲imī , Abū muḥammad , son of the Abyssinian freedwoman Baraka Umm Ayman and reckoned among the Prophet’s freedmen, was born in Mecca in the fourth year of Muḥammad’s mission. Tradition records many instances of the Prophet’s fondness for him as a child, and gives him the surname of Ḥibb b. Ḥibb Rasūl Allāh. He joined the fighters on the way to Uḥud [ q.v.], but was sent back before battle on account of his tender age. Questioned by Muḥammad in the case of slander against ʿĀʾis̲h̲a, he spoke in her favour. After K̲h̲aybar he receive…

b. ʿAmr b. Nufayl ... b. ʿAdī b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy, a Companion of the Prophet from the tribe of Ḳurays̲h̲ [ q.v.] and one of Muḥammad’s earliest converts. His mother was Fāṭima bint Baʿd̲j̲a b. Umayya of the clan of K̲h̲uzāʿa. His kunya was Abu ’l-Aʿwar or Abū T̲h̲awr. He was one of ʿUmar b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb’s ¶ cousins and at the same time his brother-in-law through his wife, who was ʿUmar’s sister, as well as through ʿUmar’s wife who was his sister. He assumed Islam before Muḥammad entered the house of Zayd b. al-Arḳam and ʿUmar’s conversion is said to ha…

b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn , ʿAlid fugitive and rebel killed late in 125/summerautumn 743. His mother was Rayṭa, daughter of Abū Hās̲h̲im [ q.v.] b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya. As the eldest son of Zayd b. ʿAlī, he participated in Zayd’s revolt in Kūfa in Muḥarram 122/end of 739. After his father’s death, he escaped, relentlessly sought by Yūsuf b. ʿUmar al-T̲h̲akafī, governor of ʿĪrāḳ [ q.v.] Yaḥyā went first to Nīnawā near Karbalāʾ. He was then given protection by the Umayyad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Bis̲h̲ī b. Marwān, who concealed him in a village owned by him that later became Ḳaṣr Ibn Hubayra [ q.v.]. Afte…

, an Anṣārī [see anṣār ] Companion of the Prophet Muḥammad credited with a crucial role in the collection of the Ḳurʾān [ q.v. at Vol. V, 404b-405b]. He belonged to the Banu ’l-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār of the K̲h̲azrad̲j̲, or more precisely, to the ʿAbd ʿAwf b. G̲h̲anm b. Mālik b. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār. His mother, al-Nawār bt. Mālik, was of the ʿAdī b. al-Nad̲j̲d̲j̲ār. Much of the rather detailed biographical information about Zayd was preserved by ḥadīt̲h̲ transmitters from among his offspring who were intensely interested in the life and work of their great ancestor. Zayd’s father was killed in the b…

, grandson of ʿAlī and half-brother of Abū Hās̲h̲im [ q.v.], important member of the Hās̲h̲imī clan in Medina, author of the two earliest texts so far known of Islamic theology. During the final crisis of Muk̲h̲tār’s revolt in Kūfa (67/687) he decided to join the movement; he arrived, however, too late and went on to Nisibis where a certain Abū Ḳārib Budayr b. Abī Ṣak̲h̲r directed the last pocket of “K̲h̲as̲h̲abī” resistance against the troups of al-Muhallab b. Abī Ṣufra, who supported Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr (cf. for this episode, Ag̲h̲ānī2 , vi, 50, 11. 9 ff., wher…

b. Ṭāhir D̲h̲i ’l-Yamīnayn , Abu ’l-ʿAbbās , Ṭāhirid governor of Bag̲h̲dād. Born in 209/824-5, Muḥammad in 237/851 was summoned from K̲h̲urāsān by the Caliph to Bag̲h̲dād and appointed military governor ( ṣāḥib al-s̲h̲urṭa ) in order to restore order in the chaos then prevailing. In spite of the great power of the Ṭāhirids, who ruled K̲h̲urāsān with considerable autonomy, although they nominally recognised the suzerainty of the caliph, his task was by no means a light one. After al-Mustaʿīn had ascended the…

b. al-Ḥasan , chief of the ʿAlids. ʿAbd Allāh was treated with great favour by the caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty, and when he visited the first ʿAbbāsid caliph Abu ʿl-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ at Anbār, the latter received him with great distinction. Thence he returned to Medīna, where he soon fell under the suspicion of the successor of al-Saffāḥ, al-Manṣūr. Yet ʿAbd Allāh owed his misfortune not so much to himself as to his two sons Mụḥammad and Ibrāhīm. Al-Manṣūr began to suspect them in 136/754, when …

, Abu ’lʿAbbās, better known as Ibn Dinar al-Aḥwal, rāwī of Bag̲h̲dād who lived in the 3rd/9th century and who died after 250/864. He followed the profession of bookseller ( warrāḳ ) and above all that of copyist ( nāsik̲h̲ ). Earning 20 dirhams per 100 leaves, he copied the translations and personal compositions of Ḥunayn b. Isḥāḳ [ q.v.] as well as the writings of al-Yazīdī [ q.v.], whose courses he had more or less followed, as those also of Nifṭawayh [ q.v.], since he had an interest in philology. He himself wrote in turn a series of works of which a list has been preserved by the biographers: K. al…

[see al-ḥurr al-ʿāmilī ].

[see leo africanus ].