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[English Version] I. Territoriale Entwicklung Seit 1160 nannten sich die Herren von Laurenburg im Unterlahngebiet nach der von ihnen um 1125 erbauten Burg N. Die Gesch. von N. ist durch eine großräumige, im Westen bis über die Grenzen des alten Reiches hinausgehende Verteilung des Territorialbesitzes und dessen häufig wechselnde Aufteilung in zahlreiche Teilgrafschaften bestimmt. 1255 teilten die beiden Söhne des Grafen Heinrich II., Walram II. und Otto I., die nassauischen Lande und begründeten dau…

[German Version] (Oct 3, 1713, Beihingen – Jun 1, 1797, Münchingen), Protestant pastor and pedagogue (Hoheneck, Hohenasperg, Metterzimmern, Münchingen), a kind of “Swabian Solomon” (Ehmer). A follower of Pietism and standing closer to F.C. Oetinger than to J.A. Bengel, he engaged emblematic theology in combining pietistic biblicism with Enlightenment piety that was more open to the world, biblical wisdom with his own reflected experience, and the influence of J.-J. Rousseau and of the Theophilanthropists with his own understanding of Christ as a model and teacher. Flattich's Rege…

[German Version] I. Definition – II. History I. Definition 1. The appellation Hessen-Nassau arose from the organization of the Prussian administration after 1866. The ¶ Prussian province of Hessen-Nassau (administrative seat: Kassel) comprised the districts of Wiesbaden (the former Duchy of Nassau, the Free City of Frankfurt am Main, as well as the territories ceded to Prussia by the Grand Duchy of Hessen[-Darmstadt]) and the district of Kassel (the former Electoral Duchy of Hessen). On Apr 1, 1944 the province of Hes…

[German Version] (Feb 25, 1847, Bunzlau – Dec 1, 1918, Berlin). A Lutheran theologian, Kawerau was professor of church history and practical theology in Kiel (1886), Breslau (1894), and Berlin (1907), where he was also a member of the Protestant High Consistory. The main focus of his academic work was on the history of the Reformation (esp. Luther and his environment), on Luther editions, as well as on a Bible-oriented and apologetic homiletics both in theory and practice (1903: chairman of the Ve…

[German Version] (Mar 9, 1836, Wülfrath – Dec 26, 1910, Bremen), Protestant theologian and an author of popular literature. After pastorates in Elberfeld and Holpe, he accepted an appointment in Bremen as inspector of the Inland Mission in 1868, where he founded the Peace Congregation in 1872. Rooted in the Pietism (I) of the Lower Rhine regions and influenced by J.T. Beck, Funcke combined a personal Christian faith (in a manner that was averse to any denominational specification) with cosmopolita…

[German Version] (Sep 16, 1748, Dreieichenhain/Isenburg-Birstein – Mar 19, 1822, Karlsruhe) was a Reformed theologian, educator, churchman and author. He became pastor in Offenbach (1773), court preacher and general superintendent in Detmold (1781), pastor and professor in Bremen (1796), professor of moral and pastoral theology in Heidelberg (1805), and ministerial and church cou…

[German Version] These courses trace back to the initiative of the Apologetische Centrale (Apologetic Center) founded in Berlin-Spandau in 1921 by the Centralausschuß für die Innere Mission (Central Committee for Inland Mission; Carl Gunther Schweitzer, H. Schreiner) with its method of a “new apologetics” influenced primarily by K. Heim. This method proceeds from familiarization with and objective portrayal of the opposing position in order “to understand [it] better than it understands itself” (F…

[German Version] I. History – II. Theology – III. Liturgy I. History Days of prayer and repentance or the like are found in all religions. Particularly worthy of note are the days of prayer and repentance in the Old Testament and Judaism: the annual Day of Atonement (Lev 16:29ff., etc.), fasts and days of prayer and repentance in times of crisis (Judg 20:26; 1 Sam 7:5f.; Joel 1:13ff., etc.), an…

[German Version] I. Territorial History – II. Church History I. Territorial History After 1160 the counts of Laurenburg on the lower Lahn took the name Nassau, from the fortress they had built around 1125. The history of Nassau is dominated by the allocation of its extensive territory, which extended westward past the boundaries of the old empire, and its partitioning into numerous subunits. In 1255 the two sons of Count Henry II, Walram II and Otto I, divided the Nassau lands, thus establishing permanent…

[German Version] (May 17, 1804, Zevenaar – Jul 11, 1876, Marienbad), a Reformed pastor (Gelderland, Netherlands) who revolutionized the care of persons leading a hazardous life and who became a pop-¶ ular “revival” author. Having come from the Awakening movement (Revival/Revival movements), Heldring attended to the needs of women at risk and of prostitutes, for instance, by founding the Magdalene Asylum in Steenbeck (1848), but also in his correspondence with J.H. Wichern. Concerned with the physical and mental well-being of …