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[German Version] (Aug 9, 1891, Gottesgnaden near Calbe am Saale – Mar 18, 1973, Freiburg im Breisgau), a national econo-¶ mist, appointed professor in Jena (1927) and in Berlin (1933). A member of the Confessing Church, Dietze was briefly placed in preventive detention in 1937, after which he became professor in Freiburg. He belonged to the so-called Freiburger Kreis (“Freiburg Circle”; G. Ritter). In the position paper entitled “Politische Gemeinschaftsordnung. Ein Versuch zur Sel…

[German Version] The term refers to disputes in the Protestant state churches in the 19th and 20th centuries concerning the use of the Apostolicum (Apostles), especially at baptism, confirmation, and ordination. The Apostolicum Controversy exemplified the dispute between liberal and conservative theology in that its central focus was the modernization of Prote…

[German Version] (Apr 18, 1864, Wurzen – Jun 6, 1928, Buchholz), Evangelical theologian. While still a scholarship student at the Fürstenschule (Princes’ school) of St. Afra in Meissen, Paul Göhre made the acquaintance of F. Naumann, with whom he was to share a lifelong friendship. In 1888, after studying Protestant theology at Halle and Leipzig, Göhre became an editorial assistant for the Christliche Welt and lived with M. Rade in Schönbach. The hardships suffered by the local home workers instilled in him an increased awareness of the s…

[German Version] (Jan 8, 1901, Hörde, Dortmund – May 30, 1991, Wittnau, Freiburg im Breisgau) was a public commentator. He studied Catholic theology in Paderborn and Münster (1920–1923). While editor of the Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung (1924–1934), he studied sociology and philosophy. At the same time (1928–1933), he was editor of the Friedenskämpfer, the journal of the Friedensbund der deutschen Katholiken (“German Catholic Alliance for Peace”). In summer of 1933, he underwent “protective custody” for several weeks. In 1934, Dirks became the editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung u…

[German Version] (Nov 11, 1848, Bergen, Rügen – Jul 14, 1929, Berlin), historian and politician of cultural Protestantism, and brother-in-law of A. v. Harnack. From 1896 to 1921, he was professor in Berlin. Delbrück represented the Freikonservative Partei (Free Conservative Party) from 1882 to 1885 in the Prussian Lower House and from 1884 to 1890 in the Reichstag. Starting in 1883, he was co-editor along with H. v. Treitschke, and from 1889 until 1919 the sole editor, of the Preußisches Jahrbuch. In his Politische Korrespondenzen, Delbrück commented on events of domestic …

[German Version] (Feb 1, 1850, Vechelde, Braunschweig – Apr 12, 1917, Blankenburg, Harz), social scientist. She trained as a teacher and founded her own institute in 1875. In 1888 she married the physician Rudolf Gnauck in Berlin (divorce 1890). In an 1891 publication, she demanded the admission of women to university studies, which was granted her by special permission as the first German woman in 1895. She was a student of G. Schmoller. The women's group of the Evangelisch-Sozialer Kongreß (in 1…

[German Version] (Jun 4, 1879, Eberbach – Apr 9, 1945, Usterbach), author and essayist. Throughout his life, Haecker was a close collaborator with his friend, the publisher Ferdinand Schreiber. Beginning in 1914, his work appeared in the journal Der Brenner published by Ludwig v. Ficker and from 1923 to 1941 in the Hochland published by Carl Muth. Haecker's translations include works by S. Kierkegaard, F. Thompson and Virgil. Influenced by Cardinal J.H. Newman's works, Haecker converted to Catholicism in 1921. Haecker's Christian philosophy was d…

[German Version] (Jul 26, 1883, Hufen near Königsberg [Kaliningrad] – Nov 22, 1935, Darmstadt) studied theology, philosophy, and education, receiving his doctorate in 1909. Inspired by H. Kutter, he joined the Religious Socialist movement (Religious socialists). In 1915 he became general secretary of the Student Christian Movement in Germany and in 1916 litera…

[German Version] (Jun 4, 1822, Berlin – Jun 18, 1888, Berlin), Protestant publisher and politician, son of publisher Karl Duncker (1781–1869). After studying philosophy and history in Berlin, he acquired the Bessersche bookshop in early 1850, followed by the Berliner Urwähler-Zeitung in 1853. The latter – as the Volks-Zeitung – he turned into an influential organ of the liberal opposition. Duncker was a member of the Central Association for the Welfare of the Working Classes from its inception …

[German Version] (Jul 21, 1863, Apolda – Dec 4, 1959, Jena). In 1888, César became parish curate and in 1890, pastor in Wiesenthal/Rhön. He was a member of the Weimar Regional Synod and of the Freunde der Christliche Welt (Friends of the Christian World) In 1906, he was elected pastor by the Reinoldi congregation in Dortmund. Following objections by a number of parishioners, the Westphalian Consistory invited him to take part in a colloquium (W. Zoellner). César'…

[German Version] I. Die Christliche Welt (The Christian World) began publication as a Protestant weekly in 1886/1887 under the title Evangelisch-Lutherisches Gemeindeblatt für die gebildeten Glieder der evangelischer Kirchen [Evangelical-Lutheran Parish Magazine for the Educated Members of the Protestant Churches]. When the title Die Christliche Welt was introduced in January of 1888, the former title became the subtitle. In 1897, the periodical was given a new subtitle: Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt fur Gebildete aller Stände [Evangelical Parish Magazine for E…

[German Version] (anagram for Mayer; Hans, Jewish given name Chaim; Oct 31, 1912, Vienna – Oct 17, 1978, Salzburg, suicide), writer and philosopher, influenced by the Vienna School and J.-P. Sartre. In 1938, Améry emigrated to Belgium and joined a resistance group there. He was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943, and until 1945 was held in concentration camps (including Auschwitz). After his liberation Améry lived in Brussels. In autobiographical essays he analyzed the experiences of a Jewish intellectual under the violent measures of the National Socialists ( Jenseits von Schuld und …