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[German Version] At the center of this mystical-ascetic form of spirituality of Orthodox Christian origin stands the ἡσυχία/ hēsychía, the perfect outer and inner peace that is attained through incessant praying (Prayer of the He…

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[German Version] I. Primitive Christianity – II. History of Doctrine – III. Dogmatics – IV. Forms of Extra-ecclesial Christology I. Primitive Christianity 1. History of research and preliminary questions a.  The term Christology, which originated in the early 17th century, was coined for systematic reflection concerning Jesus Christ. Initially, conceptions and Christologies dealing with the salvation history of the whole Bible beginning with the Old Testament were as highly valued as the New Testament (cf. e.g. G.F. Händel's Messiah). NT Christology went its own way…

[German Version] (c. 1300–1379), Palamite theologian and patriarch of Constantinople. Philotheus, born to a Jewish family, began his studies in Thessaloniki as a student of the renowned philosopher Thomas Magister; later, as a monk on Athos, he studied with St. Sabas. In 1340, as a supporter of Gregory Palamas, he appended his signature to the Hesychastic Tomos Hagioreitikos. As confessor to the victorious usurper John VI Cantacuzenus, in 1347 he was appointed metropolitan of Heraclea. He composed the synodal tome of 1351 against Barlaam of Calabria and Gregorios Akindynos, and wrote 15 books against Nicephorus Gregoras. In 1353, when Callistus I of Constantinople refused to crown Cantacuzenus’s son co-emperor, Philotheus succeeded hi…

[English Version] Nikephoros, Athonit (gest. vor 1300), Lehrer des hesychastischen Gebets und Unionsgegner. N., ein aus Süditalien stammender Katholik, der zur orth. Kirche übergetreten war und als Hesychast und geistl. Vater auf dem Athos großen Ruhm erlangt hatte, wurde aufgrund seines Widerstandes gegen die Unionspolitik von Michael VIII. im Frühjahr 1276 verhaftet und in Konstantinopel vor Gericht gestellt, dann nach Akko verbracht und unter dem Vorsitz des päpstl. Legaten Thomas Agni OP erneut…

[English Version] (ca.1300–1379), palamitischer Theologe und Patriarch von Konstantinopel. Der aus jüd. Familie stammende Ph. war zunächst in Thessaloniki Schüler des berühmten Philosophen Thomas Magistros und dann als Athosmönch Schüler des Hl. Sabas. 1340 unterschrieb er als Anhänger de…