Search

(Μαῖρα). [English version] [1] Tochter des Proitos Nach den Nóstoi (EpGF fr. 5) ist M. Tochter des Proitos, des Sohnes des Thersandros (des Sohnes des Sisyphos), und stirbt als Jungfrau. Bei Hom. Od. 11,326 ist lediglich ihr Name erwähnt, zusammen mit Klymene und Eriphyle. Bei Pherekydes (FGrH 3 F 170 mit Jacoby z.St.), der als ihre Mutter Anteia nennt (nach Hom. Il. 6,160 Gattin des Proitos von Argos), ist sie eine Gefährtin der Artemis. Von dieser wird sie erschossen, als sie von Zeus Lokros [2] gebiert. Waldner, Katharina (Berlin) [English version] [2] arkad. Heroine Arkad. Heroine, T…

[English version] (Γόρτυς). Ortschaft in Arkadia beim h. Atsicholo zw. Dimitsana und Karytaena in einer Talerweiterung über dem rechten Ufer des Gortynios, eines Nebenflusses des Alpheios [1]. G. umfaßte eine befestigte Akropolis, die den nördl. Zutritt zur Ebene von Megalopolis kontrollierte, und im NO der Akropolis eine die Schlucht des Gortynios überragende Terrasse. Paus. 8,27,4 zählt G. zu einer Reihe von Orten, deren Bewohner aus der Kynuria kamen. G. wurde zum Gebiet von Megalopolis gezogen unter Beibehaltung des kómē-Status [1]. Anf. des 2. Jh. v.Chr. gehörte G. z…

(Ἑλίκη). [English version] [1] Stadt in Achaia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Naturkatastrophen Stadt in der Ebene von Aigion in Achaia zw. den Mündungen von Selinus und Kerynitis (h. Buphusia) mit dem berühmten Heiligtum des Poseidon Helikonios. H. beteiligte sich an der ion. und der großgriech. Kolonisation (Gründung von Sybaris, Strab. 6,1,13-15), war in klass. Zeit Hauptsitz des Achaiischen Bundes mit dem Bundesheiligtum Homarion. 373 v.Chr. wurde H. durch ein nächtliches E…

[English version] (Μέλπεια). Ort im Nomia-Gebirge mit einem Heiligtum des Pan Nomios, südl. von Lykosura (Arkadia). Genaue Lage unbekannt. (Paus. 8,38,11). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Jost, 178f.  K. Kuruniotis, Ἀνασκαφαὶ ἐν Νομίου Πανός, in: Praktika 1902, 1903, 72-75.

[English version] (Χρυσορρόας). Fluß bei Troizen, der auch bei langer Dürre nicht austrocknete (Paus. 2,31,10). Identisch mit dem h. Gephyraion im Westen der Stadt. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography G. Welter, Troizen und Kalaureia, 1941, 15.

(Ὀλβία). [English version] [1] Milesische Kolonie Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Apollon | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kolonisation | Regnum Bosporanum | Regnum Bosporanum | Roma | Roma | Schwarzmeergebiet | Skythen | Thrakes, Thrake, Thraci | Wein Milesische Kolonie (Kolonisation) südl. vom h. Parutino (Ukraine) am Zusammenfluß von Hypanis und Borysthenes (Ps.-Skymn. 808f.), daher auch Borysthenes (Βορυσθένης) genannt (Hdt. 4,24; 78), gegr. Anf. des 6. Jh.v.Chr. (Hdt. 4,18,5: Ὀλβιοπολῖται; Ps.-Skymn. 813f.)…

[English version] Volksstamm der Gallia Celtica, später Lugdunensis, am mittleren Sequana (h. Seine), Hauptort Lutecia Parisiorum (h. Paris). Mitte des 3. Jh.v.Chr. lebten P. in Britannia. Am Sequana waren die P. den Senones benachbart. Um die Wende des 2./1. Jh. v.Chr. waren sie mit diesen verbündet, dann von diesen abhängig; sie prägten Gold-Mz. [1]. 53 v.Chr. verlegte Caesar das concilium Galliae nach Lutecia (Caes. Gall. 6,3,4). Im J. 52 schlossen sich die P. Vercingetorix an (Caes. Gall. 7,4,6; 34,2; 57,1; 75,3). Aus röm. Zeit ist das collegium der nautae Parisiaci bezeugt ([…

[English version] (Μιγώνιον). Ort an der lakonischen Küste südl. von Gytheion mit Heiligtum der Aphrodite Migonitis (Paus. 3,22,1f.). Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography V. Pirenne-Delforge, L'Aphrodite grecque (Kernos Suppl. 4), 1994, 212f.

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Ägäische Koine | Bildung | Caesar | Christentum | Coloniae | Dorische Wanderung | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Handel | Kolonisation | Makedonia, Makedones | Naturkatastrophen | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege | Roma | Theater (Κόρινθος, Corinthus, h. Korinth). [English version] I. Lage Die Stadt liegt auf der zweiten und dritten Terrasse über der Küstenebene (40-95 m ü.M.) ca. 2 km von der Küste entfernt, urspr. vermutlich an einem Delta, dessen Entst…

…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Handel (Πιτάνα, Πιτάνη). Ortsteil von Sparta (Pind. O. 6,28; Hdt. 3,55; Paus. 3,16,9; Plut. mor. 601b) westl. und südwestl. der Akropolis, als Wohngebiet bevorzugt, wo schon…

…

[English version] (Λυκώνη). Bergzug östl. von Argos mit Heiligtum der Artemis Orthia (Tempel 12,30 × 9,80 m) mit Marmorstatue, die von Polykleitos stammen soll (Paus. 2,24,5). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography I. Kophiniotis, Ἀνασκαφαὶ ἐν Ἀργολίδι, in: AD 1888, 205.

[English version] [1] Stadt im NO Siziliens Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bundesgenossensystem | Handel | Italien, Sprachen | Kolonisation | Punische Kriege | Punische Kriege | Sicilia | Straßen (Μεσσάνα, ion. Μεσσήνη, lat. Messana). Stadt im NO Siziliens, h. Messina. Der urspr. Name Zankle (Ζάγκλη = sikulisch: “Sichel”) stammt von der top. prägnanten Gestalt der natürlichen Hafenbucht (Thuk. 6,4,5). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) …

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Arkades, Arkadia | Athleten | Attischer Seebund | Bildung | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege | Theater (Μαντίνεια). [English version] I. Name und Landschaft …

(Κάρυστος, lat. Carystus). [English version] [1] Stadt in Euboia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Attischer Seebund | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Makedonia, Makedones | Marmor | Perserkriege Stadt in der Küstenebene am gleichnamigen Golf im Süden von Euboia, auch h. K., etwa 3 km landeinwärts zw. Burgberg und Hafen, als Gründung der Dryopes bekannt, die im Rahmen der Dorischen Wanderung ihre mittelgriech. Heimat verlassen mußten, nach Hom. Il. 2,539 Gründung der Ab…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia (Ὤλενος). Stadt in Achaia zw. Dyme [1] und Patrai (Plin. nat. 4,13; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὠ.), in deren Gebiet der Peiros in den Korinthischen Golf mündete (vgl. Paus. 7,6,1; 7,18,1f.; 7,22,1), in der Küstenebene bei den h. Dörfern Kaminia oder Tsoukalaika zu vermuten (vgl. die Entfernungsangaben bei Strab. 8,7,4; Paus. l.c.). O. war eine der zwölf in myk. Zeit entstandenen Städte von Achaia und Mitglied im alten Achaiischen Bund (Hdt. 1,145; Pol. 2,41,7; Damiurgen aus O. genannt bei [3. 4 Z. 10; 4. 402]; Achaioi, mit Karte). In hell. Zeit bestand O. nicht mehr, das Gebiet war Dyme einverleibt (Strab. l.c.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Δύμη). Paus. 7,18,1 zufolge ließen sich die Bewohner von O. in den Dörfern Peirai und Eurytiai nieder. O. war daher an der Gründung des neuen Achaiischen Bundes um 280 v.Chr. nicht beteiligt (Pol. l.c., danach Strab. 8,7,1). Angeblich gab es Siedler aus O. auf Kypros (Lykophr. 586ff.) und auf Lesbos (Diod. 5,81,4); Verbannte aus O. in Aigion (Athen. 13…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia | Alexandros | Arkades, Arkadia | Attischer Seebund | Bildung | Makedonia, Makedones | Theater (Μεγάλη πόλις, lat. Megalopolis). [English version] A. Lage und Baubestand M.P. liegt mitten in der von vielen Bächen zerschnittenen westarkad. Hochebene (22 km × 10 km, 427 m H) nördl. vom h. Megalopolis (ehemals Sinanou), beiderseits des Unterlaufs des Helisson [1], etwa 4 km vor der Mündung in de…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Marmor | Sparta (Κροκέαι). Ort in Südlakonia (h. Κροκεές, Krokeés), berühmt durch den ca. 3 km südöstl. gebrochenen, in der röm. Kaiserzeit hochgeschätzten grünen Porphyr ( lapis Lacedaemonius). Belege: Paus. 3,21,4; Strab. 8,5,7; Plin. nat. 36,55; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ. …

(Λύκαια). Name zweier Orte in NW-Arkadia, beide auch in der Namensform Λυκόα/ Lykóa bezeugt, zu Megale polis gehörig. [English version] [1] L. im Gebiet der Mainalioi L. im Gebiet der Mainalioi am Oberlauf des Helisson (Paus. 8,3,4; 27,3; 30,1; 36,7), evtl. mit Palaiokastro zw. Arachova …

[English version] (Ῥίον). Flacher Küstenvorsprung in Achaia, ca. 8 km nordöstl. von h. Patras [1. 226-227; 2. 199 f.], h. Rhio, der über den ca. 2 km breiten Sund (auch Rh. genannt: vgl. Pol. 4,64,2; Liv. 27,29,9; Mela 2,52) mit dem nördl. gegenüberliegenden Antirrhion (oder ebenfalls Rh. bzw. Ῥ. τὸ Μολυκρικόν/ Rh. to Molykrikón nach Molykreion; h. Antirhio) die westl. Einfahrt in den Korinthischen Golf bildet (Thuk. 2,86,3; Ps.-Skyl. 35; 42; Skymn. 478; Strab. 8,2,3, hier wie bei Ptol. 3,15,5 fälschlich mit Drepanon [2] gleichgesetzt; Plin. n…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Arkades, Arkadia (Καφυαί). Stadt in NO-Arkadia im Norden der nördl. Ebene von Orchomenos, 1 km südöstl. vom h. Chotusa, mit geringen ant. Resten. Weihung aus der Kriegsbeute in Delphoi aus dem 5. Jh.v.Chr. (Syll.3 48). K. kämpfte im Chremonideïschen Krieg (267-261 v.Chr.) gegen Antigonos [2] (Syll.3 434f.,25), gehörte anschließend zum Achaiischen Bund mit der kurzen Unterbrechung der Eroberung durch Kleomenes III. (Plut. Agis und Kleomenes 25,4; Pol. 2,52,2; Syll.…

(Argeioi; Ἀργολίς, Ἀργεῖοι). Heute übliche Gesamtbezeichnung der nordöstl. Landschaft der Peloponnesos, bestehend aus der argiv. Ebene mit ihren Randgebieten und der gebirgigen argolischen Akte. Auch im Alt. wurde A. im h. Sinn gebraucht neben der gewöhnlichen Form des Ethnikons Ἀργεῖα, das meist ausschließlich das Gebiet von Argos meint (Plut. Agesilaos 31). Die ganze Landschaft gehört nach Landschaftscharakter und Klima zur ostgriech. Trockenzone (πολυδίψιον Ἄργος: Hom. Il 4,171). Die A. war b…

[English version] (Πάρπαρος). Ort des legendären Kampfes zw. Spartanern und Argeioi um die Thyreatis Mitte 6. Jh. v.Chr. in der Kynuria [1] südl. des Kamms der h. Zavitsa [1; 2. 183-185; 6. Bd. 3, 111-114; 6. Bd. 7, 171], zu dessen Gedenken man in Sparta das Fest der Parparonia feierte [3; 4. 194-199; 5. 260-262]. Belege: Anecd. Bekk. 1408; Hesych. s.v. Π.; Athen. 15,678bc; Plin. nat. 4,17. Inschr.: IG V 1, 213; SEG 35, 302; 38, 333. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 L. Moretti, Sparta alla metà del VI secolo. II. La guerra contro Argo per la Tirea…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Caesar | Christentum | Gallia | Handel | Oppidum | Theater | Wein | Straßen (Caes. …

(Νεμέα). [English version] [1] Nymphe, Eponymin von Nemea Nymphe, Eponymin von N. [2,3], Tochter des Flußgottes Asopos und der Metope (Paus. 2,15,3; schol. Pind. O. 6,144 Dr.) oder des Zeus und der Selene (Hypothesis c zu Pind. N.); Mutter des Opheltes (Aischyl. TrGF 3 F *149a). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [English version] [2] Bezeichnung für Fluß, Talkessel und hl. Hain Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Athleten | Bildung (Νεμέα; etym. Bed. “Weideland”; andere Etym. etwa nach einer Nymphe N. bei Paus. 2,15,3). So wurde genannt: 1) Ein h. nur im Winter wasserführender Fluß (h. Zapantis [4. 77-81]), der in seinem Mittel- und Unterlauf enge Schluchten durchzieht (Ephoros FGrH 70 F 82: Νεμέας χαράδρα) und dann beim h. Vrahati in den Korinth. Golf mündet, wo er die Grenze zw. den Gebieten von Korinthos und Sikyon bildete (Strab. 8,6,25; Liv. 33,15,1 [3. 79]; zur…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine (Λέρνη, h. Myli). Ortschaft 40 Stadien (ca. 7 km) südl. von Argos mit hl. Hain, durch die Flüsse Pontinos im Norde…

[English version] [1] Linker Nebenfluß des Rhodanus Linker Nebenfluß des Rhodanus, h. Isère, entspringt in den Alpes Graiae als Bergstrom ( torrens: Plin. nat. 3,33; maximum flumen: Cic. fam. 10,15,3) und durchfließt das Gebiet der All…

[English version] (Μακαρέαι). Ort westl. von Megale polis, zu dessen Gebiet gehörig, in der Ebene links des Alpheios, zu Pausanias' (8,3,3; 27,4; 36,9) Zeit in Ruinen; Reste nicht bekannt. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[English version] (Μελαινεαί, lat. Melaenae). Ort in Westarkadia nördl. des Alpheios, 40 Stadien (ca. 7 km) westl. von Buphagion; zu Pausanias' Zeit verlassen (Paus. 5,7,1; 8,3,3; 26,8), evtl. beim h. Kokkora südl. von Kakouraeika (Kakouraei); geringe Reste eines Gutshofs röm. Zeit. Belegstellen: Plin. nat. 4,20; Tab. Peut. 7,5; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μελαιναί. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Jost, 74-77  E. …

[English version] (Ὑδρέα). Insel vor der Ostküste der argolischen Akte, felsig, wenig fruchtbar, schon in myk. Zeit besiedelt, h. Hydra; gehörte zunächst zu Hermione, dann zu Troizen. Belegstellen: Hdt. 3,59; Paus. 2,34,9; Steph. Byz. s.v. H.; Inschr.: SEG 1, 79f.; 17, 172-177. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ῥύπες/ Rhýpes). Town in Achaea (Achaeans, Achaea [1], with map), probably to be identified with the few ancient remains (including traces of Mycenaean settlement [2. 123-127; 3. 35]) on the plateau of Trapeza at Koumaris, c. 6 km southwest of Aegium. The find sites on the fortified hill on the left bank of the Phoenix, c. 8 km northwest of Aegium [1. 193, 417-418] and on the right bank of the Tholopotamus, 5.2 km north west of Aegium, have also been suggested. With eleven other ci…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones (Λέχαιον; Léchaion). Harbour of Corinth [1] on the Corinthian Gulf, 3 km north of the city, connected with it by a double wall in the classical period ( c. 450 BC) [1]. The inner harbour basin, which is silted up today to a large extent, is still recognizable, also an outer harbour, few other remains, e.g. a large early Christian basilica [2]. Xen. Hell. 4,4,12 mentions ship sheds, and sanctuaries of Poseidon (Paus. 2,2,3; Callim. H. 4,271) and of Aphro…

[German version] Gallic tribe in Aquitania, south of the Arverni, north of the Ruteni, on the north-western foot of the Cevennes. Source references: Caes. B Gall. 7,7,2; 64,6; 75,2; Γαβαλεῖς ( Gabaleîs): Str. 4,2,2; Gabales: Plin. HN 4,109; civitas Gabalum of Aquitania I: notitia Galliarum 12,8, modern Gévaudan, Lozère. The Gabali were miners (silver mines) and bred cattle (cheese: Plin. HN 11,240). Main town: Anderitum (Ptol. 2,7,11; Sid. Apoll. Epist. 5,13,2; 7,6,7). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography D. Fabrié, Carte archéologique de la Gaule. 48 (Lozère), 1989.

[German version] River in Gaul, modern Loire; rises on the Cebenna mons . Strabo (4,1,1; 14; 4,2,1-3; 3,4; 4,3; 5,2) erroneously assumes its course as parallel to that of the Garumna, Ptolemy (2,2) describes it more correctly. Authors of antiquity assert that the river is open to shipping for about 2,000 stadia (about 370 km, more today) and that it served as a trade route between Britannia, Massilia and Italy. Further sources: Caes. B Gall. 3,9; 7,5; 55; 59; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol. 2,8,1; 6; 11f; 14; Cass. Dio 39,40; 44,42 (Λίγρος; Lígros); Auson. Mos. 461. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Ca…

[German version] (Γόρτυς; Górtys). Settlement in Arcadia near the modern Atsicholo between Dimitsana and Karytaina, where the valley widens on the right bank of the Gortynius, a tributary of the  Alpheius [1]. G. comprised a fortified acropolis which controlled the northern access to the plain of Megalopolis, and north-east of the acropolis a terrace towering over the gorge of the Gortynius. According to Paus. 8,27,4, it was one of a number of settlements whose inhabitants came from  Cynuria. G. became part of the territory of Megalopolis, but retained its status as a kómē [1]. In the …

[German version] (Λασιών; Lasiṓn). City at the edge of the Pholoe tableland in the Elian mountainous country, in the upper valley of the Ladon [3], remains near modern Kumani. L. was disputed between Elis and Arcadia. Evidence: Xen. Hell. 3,2,30; 4,2,16; 7,4,12f.; Diod. Sic. 14,17,8; 15,77,1-4; Str. 8,3,5; 7,5. Inscription: SEG 11, 1172f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Pritchett 6, 1989.

[German version] Tribe in south-western Gaul on the middle Garumna (Caes. B Gall. 7,7,2; 46,5; Str. 4,2,2; Ptol. 2,7,14: Νιτιόβριγες/ Nitióbriges; Tab. Peut. 2,4f.; Sid. Apoll. Epist. 2,11,1: Nisiobroges) where they settled during the 4th cent. BC. Their neighbours to the north were the Bituriges Vivisci and the Cadurci, to the east were the Cadurci and Ruteni, to the south the Volcae Tectosages and the Ausci (to the river Tarnis, CIL XIII p. 117; Plin. HN 4,109) and to the west there were the Vasates. The capital of the N. was Aginnum (modern Agen). Originally amici populi Romani (‘friends…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Commerce Capital of the Veliocasses, present-day Rouen, linked by the Sequana (Seine) and Autura (Eure) to the Liger (Loire) and inner Gaul (Gallia/Gaul), an important harbour for exports to Britannia in the 2nd cent. AD (Amm. Marc. 15,11,12; It. Ant. 382,3; 384,1; Ptol. 2,8,8: Ῥατόμαγος; Tab. Peut. 2,2 f.; CIL XIII 3475: Ratumagus vicus; Notitia Galliarum 2,2: civitas Rotomagensium; Not. Dign. Occ. 37,10; 37,21: Rotomagus). Originally, the Veliocasses fell within the area of Gallia Belgica (Caes. B Gall. 2…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta (Κορώνη; Korone). City on the west coast of the Messenian Gulf, modern Petalidi, c. 30 km south west of Kalamata, at the foot of Mount Mathia (modern Lykodimo) with numerous ancient remains, including parts of the city wall. After Messenia had been freed from Spartan rule by the Boe…

[German version] [1] City in southern Messenia This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Φαραί/ Pharaí, Φηραί/ Phēraí). City in southern Messenia (Str. 8,4,4f.; 5,8; 7,5; Paus. 4,30,2-31,1; Ptol. 3,16,8 (Φεραί/ Pheraí); Steph. Byz. s.v. Φ.; [1. 181]), modern Kalamata. In Homer (Hom. Il. 5,543; 9,151; 293) one of the seven cities Agamemnon promised Achilles [2], Spartan perioikoi…

(Ἴναχος; Ínachos; etymology unresolved). [German version] [1] Progenitor of the Argive royal house Son of  Oceanus and of  Tethys, who gave the main river of  Argus [II] and of  Argolis their names (schol. Eur. Or. 932). First king of Argus (Acusilaus, FGrH 2 F 23c) and progenitor of the Argive kings and heroes (‘Inachids’: Eur. IA 1088). In the argument between Poseidon and Hera about Argus, I. decides in favour of the goddess and introduces her cult, which causes Poseidon to dry up his river (Paus. 2,15,4-5). I.'s wife is either his sister Argeia (Hyg. Fab. 143; 145) or the Oceanid Melia (Apollod. 2,1). As the father of  Io (Aesch. PV 589-590; 705; Hdt. 1,1; Callim. H. 3,254; Apollod. 2,5), I. is, however, scarcely attested in her iconography [1]. Named as further children are the following: Phoroneus, Aegialeus (Apollod. 2,1), Pelasgus (schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,580), Argus (Asclepiades of Tragilus, FGrH 12 F 16), Phegeus (schol. Eur. Or. 932), Mycenae (Pa…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Marble (Κροκέαι). Place in South Laconia (modern Κροκεές, Krokeés), famous because of the green porphyry ( lapis Lacedaemonius) quarried about 3 km to the south-east and highly prized in the Roman Imperial period. Attestation: Paus. 3,21,4; Str. 8,5,7; Plin. HN. 36,55; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κrokea. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Gallia/Gaul Town in Gallia Narbonensis (modern Saint-Rémy-de-Provence) in the region of the  Salluvii. Located on the great trade route running east-west that connected Italy with Spain (later the via Domitia), G.'s importance was also due to its location at the end of the north-south road which provided G. control over the direct access to the Crau plain. A Celtic-Ligurian sanctuary that was dedicated to the god Glan and the   Matres [1] was located in the vicinity of a mineral spring. The res…

(ἡ Πελοπόννησος/ hē Pelopónnēsos, Doric Πελοπόννασος/ Pelopónnasos). [German version] I. Geography Peninsula in southern Greece (21,439 km²), connected to the mainland (Attica, Boeotia) by the Isthmus of Corinth. It is predominantly mountainous (cf. Cyllene [1], Erymanthus [1], Lycaeum, western Messenian massif with Ithome [1], Taygetus, Parnon) and highly fragmented (cf. the numerous small rivers, particularly in Achaea, e.g. Alpheus [1], Pamisus, Eurotas, Inachus [2]; also the many small coastal plains a…

[German version] (Κοκκύγιον ὄρος; Kokkýgion ŕos). ‘Cuckoo mountain’, another name for the mountain Thornax, west of  Hermion(e) on the Argolid headland, with sanctuaries of Zeus and Apollo; today's Hagios Elias. References: Paus. 2,36,1f.; schol. Theoc. 15,64. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Foley, The Argolid 800-600 B.C., 1988, 184.

[German version] (Dibio). An important centre where trade routes crossed at the confluence of the Saône and the Ouche, on the boundary between the civitates of the Lingones and the Aedui, now Dijon. The castrum Divionense described by Gregory of Tours in his …

(Ἀμύκλαι; Amýklai). [German version] [1] Pre-Greek settlement This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Dark Ages | Aegean Koine Pre-Greek settlement on and at the foot of the hills bearing the chapel of Agia Kyriaki, inhabited from the early Helladic to the imperial Roman period (Paus. 3,18,6-19,6; IG V 1, 515), c. 5 km south of  Sparta near the modern Tsausi. In historical times, it was a ὠβή ( ōbḗ) of Sparta with its own ephors and other officials (cf. Syll.3 932). The region seems to have reached its peak in the 7th/6th cent. BC. From the late Mycenaean period, it housed a sa…

[German version] (Παῖον; Paîon). Small town with well-preserved acropolis wall in western Arcadia in the spring- and vegetation-rich dale lying across the Ladon and Erymanthus valleys, modern Paleokastro, 400 m to the east of modern Neon Paos. In the early period P. was an independent …

[German version] (Μεσάτις; Mesátis). One of three communities or regions from which the city of Patrae in Achaea was founded. M. had a cult of Dionysus. It was possibly the hilly country to the east and north of Patrae, at the modern Ano Sychaina-Voundeni (Paus. 7,18,4-6; 19,1; 21,14). …

(Πύργοι/ Pýrgoi). [German version] [1] Port of Caere This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Phoenicians, Poeni (Πύργοι/ Pýrgoi). Probably the most frequented port of ancient Caere, near modern Santa Severa. Literary evidence points to a sanctuary to Eileithyia (Str. 5,2,8) or Leucothea (Ps.-Aristot. Lin. insec. 2,1349b;  Ael. VH 1,20;  Polyaenus, Strat. 5,2,21) there, possibly identical to the remains excavated mid 20th cent. near a bay on the Tyrrhenian coast: a …

(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα; Lárisa, Lárissa). Name of numerous locations in Greece and Asia Minor, cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [German version] [1] Acropolis of Argos The 289-m high acropolis of Argos with Mycenaean remains (not precisely identified) [1]. The temple of Zeus Larisaios and Athena Polias under the large Venetian castle has been excavated. References: Str. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις.…

[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107; Carnuti foederati…

[German version] Caesar (B. Gall. 5,53,6; 7,75,4; 8,31,4) means by A. (from the Celtic are-mori, along the sea) the coastal territories of the tribes between  Liger and  Sequana. According to Plin. HN 4,105,  Aquitania was formerly called A. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

…

[German version] [1] City of the Bituriges Vivisci in Aquitania The city of the Bituriges Vivisci (Βίτουργες Οὐβίσκοι/ Bítourges Oubískoi) in Aquitania mentioned in Ptol. 2,7,7 (Νουιόμαγος/ Nouiómagos) is generally identified with a Roman vicus near Brion (Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil) in the Médoc between Lesparre and Pauillac ( département of Gironde). This town with an ancient sanctuary of the Medulli had been inhabited from the 3rd cent. BC; urban development is recognisable from the time of Claudius (41-54 AD). It was in this period that the fanum (sanctuary) and the theatre we…

(Κεγχρεαί; Kenchreaí). [German version] [1] Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Macedonia, Macedones Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea with graves of Argives fallen in the battle at the nearby Hysiae (according to Pausanias in 669/8 BC). C. was on the northern slope of Mount Ctenias opposite Hysiae on the southern side. Not exactly localizable, possibly near the modern Sta Nera, c. 3 km north-east of Achladokambos. The ‘Pyramid of C.’ at the exit of the valley further towards the north-east above t…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars (Σικυών; Sikyṓn). [German version] I. Site Port on the Gulf of Corinth, 26 km to the west of Corinth. Its territory was confined to the east by the river Nemea [2] (border with Corinth), to the west by the river Sythas (border with Pellene) (Paus. 7,27,12). S. was famous as early as Antiquity for the fertility of the valley and for the highlands of Neogene marl. In the Archaic and Classic…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis (cf. Liv. Ep. 67: 105 BC site of the Roman defeat in battle against the  Cimbri; Ptol. 2,10,8); the modern Orange. Shortly after 36 BC veterans of   legio II. founded the colonia Firma Iulia Secundanorum Arausio (CIL XII 3203), 7 km east of the  Rhodanus and south of the Aigues. 6th-cent. BC traces of the previous Celtic settlement lie 5 km to the south. A. was one of the main centres of the Cavares (Str. …

[German version] A people in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the Loire and the Seine, that was divided into four partial tribes (Caes. B Gall. 3,17; 7,75; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol.Geog. 2,8): 1. The Cenomani who partly moved to Upp…

[German version] (Λῆσσα; Lêssa). Village on the Argolian Acte on the border to Epidaurus, presumably near modern Ligurio, with Athena sanctuary. Literary evidence: Paus. 2,25,10; 26,1. Inscriptions: IG IV, 906-912; 1611. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Frickenhaus, W. Müller, Aus der Argolis, in: MDAI(A) 36, 1911, 30…

…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Γερόνθραι; Gerónthrai). Spartan perioikoi town on the western edge of the Parnon above the Eurotas valley, later part of the league of the  Eleutherolakones, near modern Geraki, still inhabited in the Imperial period and thus even named in Hierocles (Synekdemos 647,9). Paus. 3,22,6f. mentions a temple of Ares with a grov…

[German version] ( Elvii, Elvi or Ilvi, Caes. B Civ. 1,35; Ἑλουοί, Str. 4,2,1). Celtic tribe of people whose area (modern Dép. Ardèche) on the right bank of the Rhône in the north bordered on the Segusiavi, in the west on the Vellavii and Gabali and in the south on the Volcae Arecomici. The Cevennes separated them from the Arv…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Βοιαί; Boiaí). One of the most prosperous cities of the  Eleutherolakones on the western coast of the Parnon peninsula in the bay of Vatica. Unremarkable archaeological ruins (especially from the Roman p…

(Ὄλυμπος/Ólympos). Geography: [1-13]. People: [14-15]. [German version] [1] Home of the ›Olympian‹ gods, highest mountain in Greece (Latin Olympus) (Latin Olympus). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) [German version] I. Geography The highest mountain in Greece, regarded as the home of the 'Olympian' gods (twelve (Olympian) gods). Its altitude, overlooking all of its surroundings, creates a powerful impression, as do its massive size and density and its dramatic ascent, especially at the east and west, which …

[German version] (Esubii). Tribe in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the lower Seine and the Loire. Caesar (Gall. 2,34; 3,7; 5,24; 5,53) mentions it as one of the tribes of Aremorica (Bretagne) between the Coriosolites and the Aulerci in the area of Sées (Orne). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

(Κυπαρισσία; Kyparissía). [German version] [1] Town on the Messenian west coast This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea Town on the Messenian west coast and the location of the modern town of the same name with a few remains mostly from Roman times; parts of the wall of the acropolis below a medieval castle. Aside from Pylos and Methone, the harbour of C. with its good connection to the upper Pamisus Valley was considered the only significant Messenian access to the sea. C. is already mentioned in the Pylos Tablets and is in any case identical to Κυπαρισσήεις ( Kypar…

(χαράδρα; charádra). Generic Greek term for non-perennial streams or rivers, or deeply eroded valleys and gorges (Italian torrente, Modern Greek rhevma) [1]. Attic inscriptions of the  Poletai, especially mining leases, mention many charadrai [2]. [German version] [1] Major river in northern Attica Major river in northern Attica, springing from the north-eastern foot of the Parnes and flowing into the plain of Marathon; also called the Marathon stream or the Oenoe [3; 4]. Proverbial in referring to troubles brought upon oneself, as a la…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Town by the Arar in Gallia Lugdunensis, today Chalon-sur-Saône. As a river port of the Haedui, C. was of economic importance until the conquest by the Romans. Literary sources: Caes. B Gall. 7,42; 7,90; Str. 4,3,2; Ptol. 2,8,12. In later times, station of the classis Ararica. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography L. Bonnamour, s.v. Cabillon(n)um, PE, 179f. Grenier 2, 1934, 562-564.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Theatre | Caesar | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones (Γύθ(ε)ιον; Gýth(e)ion). Laconian perioikoi town on the north-western coast of the innermost Laconian gulf in a relatively protected position with good communications links. In the historical period the main harbour for  Sparta ( c. 45 km from G.), forti fied, with shipyards and an artificially laid out harbour (in the Bronze Age the naval bases of the region were Las and Helus). Evidence: Scyl. 46; Xen. Hell. 1,4,11; 6,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Caesar | Gallia/Gaul | Celts | Oppidum   Oppidum of the  Mandubii in  Gallia Celtica, today Alise-Sainte-Reine (Côte-d'Or). A. took up a plateau of c. 80 hectares with remarkable natural protection on Mont Auxois (Mons Alisiensis). In 52 BC  Vercingetorix was besieged here by Caesar and despite the intervention of relief troops had to capitulate (Caes. B Gall. 7,68-90). A. continued to exist as a Gallo-Roman centre dur…

[German version] [1] Term used in family law Under Roman law of the Republican period, there was a difference between the matrona as the legal wife and the mater familias, the wife who was in the manus of her husband and thus belonged to his family (Gellius 18,6,8-9). This difference disappeared along with the marriage with manus ( Marriage), and since Augustus the terms matrona and mater familias are interchangeable in legal texts. In social terms, the word matrona expresses the public function of an honourably wed wife, which in early times possibly corresponded to the functions of the patr…

(Ὀλβία/ Olbίa). [German version] [1] Milesian colony This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Scythae | Thraci, Thr…

…

(Νεμέα; Neméa). [German version] [1] Nymph after whom Nemea [2,3] was named Nymph, after whom N. [2,3] was named, daughter of the river god Asopus and Metope (Paus. 2,15,3; schol. Pind. Ol. 6,144 Dr.) or of Zeus and Selene (hypothesis c on Pind. Nem.); mother of Opheltes (Aesch. TrGF 3 F *149a). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Name of a river, a basin and a sacred grove This item can be found on the following maps: Athletes | Education / Culture (Νεμέα; etymological meaning ‘pasture’; other etymology possibly after a nymph N. in Paus. 2,15,3). Name of: 1) a river whi…

…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Natural catastrophes | Oracles (Βοῦρα; Boûra). One of the 12 cities of Achaea. Hill settlement (Hdt. 1,145; Pol. 2,41), 40 stades from the sea (Str. 8,7,5). Destroyed by an earthquake in 373 BC, B. continued to exist, however, and had temple…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Οἴτυλος/ Oítylos). Town, present-day Otylon (Itylon), on the eastern bank of the Messenian Gulf by the deep harbour bay hórmos limeníu (ὅρμος λιμενίου) and 7.5 km to the north of Areopoli on the west coast of Mani (Hom. Il. 2,585; Str. 8,4,4: Βοίτυλος/ Boítylos; Paus…

…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine Town in southern  Arcadia, halfway between Megalopolis and  Tegea on the small plateau of Frangovrysi near the sources of the Alpheius and the Eurotas (Str. 8,3,12). Th…

(Κυλλήνη; Kyllénḗ). [German version] [1] Mountain range in Arcadia The northernmost mountain range in Arcadia in the border area stretc…

[German version] Coastal river in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Aude. It rises in the Pyrenees, and discharges into the Mediterranean south of Narbo. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] River in  Gallia, earlier called Βρίγουλος ( Brígoulos), later   Sauconna ; the modern Saône (Ps.-Plut. De Fluminibus 6). Rising in the Vosges (according to Str. 4,1,11; 3,2 the Alps; Ptol. 2,10,4 -- confusion with  Isara); navigable from its confluence with the  Dubis, with a remarkably slow current, it formed the border between the  Haedui and the  Sequani (Caes. B Gall. 1,12,1) and joined the  Rhodanus near ad Confluentes, opposite  Lugdunum. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography I. Opelt, A., der Grenzstrom zw. Häduern und Sequanern, in: Gymnasium, 1988, 481-492.

[German version] (Μελαγγεία/ Melangeía). Town in the territory of Mantinea in Arcadia at the exit of the Climax Pass. Drinking water was led from here to Mantinea. To be found at modern Pikerni (Paus. 8,6,4). Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

(Δύμη; Dýmē). [German version] [1] City on the west coast of Achaea This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Dark Ages | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Education / Culture City on the west coast of Achaea near the modern Kato-Achaia, on a broad plateau on the left bank of the Peirus, protected on three sides by precipices. Protected by a fortress …

[German version] Oppidum of the Remi, modern Vieux-Laon or Camp de Saint-Thomas (Départment Aisne). Captured by Caesar in 57 BC (Caes. B Gall. 2,6). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P. Leman, s.v. B., PE, 792.

(Οἰνοῦσσαι/ Oinoûssai). [German version] [1] Group of three islands on the southwest tip of the Messenic peninsula off the coast of Methone [1] Group of three islands on the southwest tip of the Messenic peninsula off the coast of Methone [1]: present-day Sapientza, Schiza and Hagia Mariani. The first two have been inhabited since …

[German version] (Μέλπεια; Mélpeia). Settlement in the Nomian mountains with a sanctuary of Pan Nomios, south of Lycosura (Arcadia). The exact location is unknown. (Paus. 8,38,11). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography Jost, 178f. K.…

[German version] (Κνακιών; Knakiṓn). Mentioned only in the ‘Great Rhetra’ (Plut. Lycurgus 6,4, Pelopidas 17,6;  Sparta). Place name in Sparta, later equated to the river Oenus, today's Kelephina (Plut. loc. cit.; Lycoph. 550); not identifiable. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

(Δήλιον; Dḗlion). The name of several sanctuaries of Delian Apollo. [German version] [1] Sanctuary of Apollo with small settlement This item can be found on the following maps: …

(Ἀσίνη; Asínē) [German version] [1] Prehistoric settlement in Kastraki This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Aegean Koine Important prehistoric settlement from the Early Helladic period, located on the rocky headland of Kastraki c. 8 km south-east…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul Oppidum of the  Volcae Arecomici in Gallia Narbonensis, modern Béziers (Hérault), settled at the latest from 750/650 BC. Since Caesar's time, Colonia Urbs Iulia Septimanorum Baeterrae with veterans of the legio VII (Plin. HN 3,36; Mela 2,75; Str. 4,1,6; Ptol. 2,10,6). B. was the centre of an important road network, and controlled a large and prosperous surrounding area, favoured by the nearby ports of Agatha and Narbo. Its destruction in the course of Germanic incursions (A…

[German version] [1] Small tribe in Flanders Small tribe in Flanders, clientes of the Nervii (Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography C. Goudineau, César et la Gaule, 1990 E. M. Wightman, Gallia Belgica, 1985. …

(Ἀνδανία; Andanía). [German version] A. Locality Town in north-eastern  Messenia on the upper reaches of the Pamisus, close to the border with  Arcadia (Pol. 5,92,6; Str. 8,4,5; Paus. 4,1; Steph. Byz. s. v. A.). It was famous for the  mysteries performed at its sanctuary, ranked by Pausanias (4,33,5) second only to   Eleusis, from where A. derived its cult. This cult supposedly lay dormant during Sparta's rule, and was revived with the liberation of Messenia (Paus. 4,1,5-9; 2,6; 3,10; 26,6-8). In the Hellenistic period, A. fell into decay (cf. Liv. 36,31,7), but the mysteries were reformed by the …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Καρδαμύλη; Kardamýlē). Spartan perioecic settlement on the western side of the  Taygetus peninsula. The ancient acropolis, on a hillside surrounded by precipitous cliff faces (Str. 8,4,4), lies about 2 km inland from the sea, 1 km north of the modern Kardamili. Pottery from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods; remains of the ring wall from the classical or Hellenistic period. In Hom. Il. 9,150 and 292, C. is named as one of…

[German version] Celtic tribe in modern Brittany (Not. Dign. Occ. 42,36; Notitia Galliarum 3,3; Ptol. 2,8,2: Ῥήδονες ἢ Ῥηΐδονες/ Rhḗdones ḕ Rhēḯdones; Plin. HN 4,107: Rhiedones; CIL XIII 3151). Caesar (B Gall. 2,34; 7,75,4) mentions the R. among the civitates maritimae or Aremoricae. Their capital was Condate (modern Rennes; Breton: Roazhon). In late Antiquity, they were part of the Provincia Lugdunensis III. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)…

[German version] Mountain range in Gallia (modern Cévennes), separating the Arverni from…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (In Str. also Γέρηνα; Gérēna, on inscriptions ἁ πόλις τῶν Γερηνῶν, formerly Enópē). Spartan perioecic city on the west side of the Taygetus peninsula, member of the league of  Eleutherolakones during the Imperial period. The location is documented on an inscription (finding-place of a decree with the mention τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Μαχάονος, ‘the sanctuary of Machaon’) near today's Kambos, 15 km south-west of Kalamata, home also to a Mycenaean c…

[German version] (Κυνόρτιον; Kynórtion). The mountain above the theatre of the Asclepius sanctuary of Epidaurus with the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas (Paus. 2,27,7). …