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al-Ḏj̲īlī (Gīlānī) Muḥyi ’l-Dīn Abū Muḥammed b. Abī Ṣāliḥ Zengi Dōst, preacher and Ṣūfī, after whom the Ḳādirī order is named, born in 470 (1077-1078), died in 561 (1166). The numerous biographies of this personage teem with fictions, out of which some history may be gleaned. Thus his pedigree is traced on the father’s side to al-Ḥasan, grandson of the Prophet, in the direct line. But this is contradicted by the foreign name of his father, and the fact that the s̲h̲aik̲h̲ was called ʿAd̲j̲amī (foreigner) …

Abu ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusain b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar, poet of the Būyid period. He belonged to a family which was engaged in the public service, and was himself trained by Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ in secretarial work. He found however that he could earn more by verse, and became an encomiast of the most important among his contemporaries, especially ʿIzz al-Dawla Bak̲h̲tiyār, who appointed him to the office of muḥtasib or censor in Bag̲h̲dād; a most unsuitable appointment, since this poet specialized in obscenity, and indeed against one of the headings in the Paris abridgment of his Dī…

, a title of the head of the Mawlawl Order [see mawlawīya]. The second word is the Turkish form of the Persian k̲h̲udāwandg i ār, the equivalent of mawlā, which according to Aflākī ( Saints des Derviches Tourneurs, i. 59) was bestowed on Ḏj̲alāl al-Dīn by his father. Sāmī in his Turkish Lexicon states that the word, besides being used for “Sulṭān”, “King”, is applied to certain saintly personages, in such combinations as pīr hunk i ār or mullā hunk i ār. The underlying idea of such a title is probably that the saint has had committed to him the government of the world, if he…

, a sect whose name is derived by Samʿānī from the Persian word k̲h̲urram “agreeable”, on the ground that they regarded everything that was agreeable as lawful; but it is more likely to be derived from Ḵh̲urram, a district of Ardabīl, where the sect may have arisen. According to Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, vi. 186, they came into prominence after the execution of Abū Muslim of Ḵh̲orāsān in 136 a. h., but while some of them denied that he was dead and foretold his return “to spread justice in the world”, others maintained the Imamate of his daughter Fāṭima, whence they got the names Muslimīya and Fāṭimīya. …

, Abū ʿUbāda al-Walīd b. ʿUbaid, Arabic poet and anthologist of the third century (204—284 approximately). His nisba signifies member of the Buḥtur clan of the tribe Ṭaiʾ, whose glories he frequently celebrates. His birthplace was Manbid̲j̲ (or, according to one account a village near Manbid̲j̲ called Zardafna), ¶ and of Manbid̲j̲ he often speaks as his home; here he ultimately acquired property, which seems to have been inherited by his son T̲h̲ābit, who was living there in Iṣṭak̲h̲rī’s trnre. The woman who forms the subject of his erotic pr…

, Ibrāhīm b. Abi ’l-Mad̲j̲d ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (or ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd) (633—676 = 1235-1236—1277-1278), native of Dusūḳ, a village of Lower Egypt in the G̲h̲arbīya District; founder of the Dusūḳī Order. According to the commentator on his Ḥizb (Ḥasan S̲h̲amma, Masarrat al-Ainain bi-S̲h̲arḥ Ḥizb Abi ’l-ʿAinain, Cairo n.d.), his father came from a village Mrḳs (Marcus?) on the opposite bank of the Nile, and was himself ¶ a walī; his mother was daughter of another walī Abu ’l-Fatḥ al-Wāsiṭī. He is said to have studied S̲h̲āfiʿī jurisprudence before he followed the Ṣūfīs, to hav…

, religious sect or order called after Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, called Nūrbak̲h̲s̲h̲ (795—869 a. h.). 1. Life of the founder. Of this person there is a detailed biography in the work Mad̲j̲ālis al-Muʾminīn of Nūr Allāh al-S̲h̲ustarī (Bodleian MS., Ous. 366; see also Brit. Mus. Catalogue of Persian MSS.), chiefly based on a work ( tad̲h̲kira) by Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Samarḳandī. His father was born in Ḳaṭīf, and his grandfather in al-Ḥass, whence in some g̲h̲azals he styles himself Laḥsawī. His father migrated to Ḳāʾin in Ḳuhistān, where his son was born. The …

, branch of the S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī Order, has its headquarters at Ḳenād̲j̲iā; lists of the heads are given by Rinn, loc. cit., Dupont and Coppolani, Confréries, p. 498, and Cour, loc. cit.; ¶ in the second work a specimen is given of the diploma of muḳaddam conferred by the head of the order, with seal. Their practice is said to differ from those of the other S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilīs only in details; their ordinary d̲h̲ikr is reproduced by Rinn, loc. cit., p. 411, and consists in the repetition of certain formulae, a hundred, others a thousand times. Their speciality is the guiding and p…

, Abū ʿAlī al-Faḍl b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. al-Faḍl b. Yūsuf, poet and letter-writer of the first half of the third century; although Ibn ¶ Maiyāda rated him as a poet above Buḥturī, and his prose style was also greatly admired, he is at present known only by occasional citations and scanty references. From these we learn that his early life was spent at Kūfa, that he belonged to the circle of Abu ’l-ʿAinā and Saʿīd b. Ḥumaid, and that he was patronized by ʿUbaid Allāh b. Yaḥyā, when the latter was at the height of his power (2…

, Islāmic community founded by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1115-1201 = 1703-1787). This name was given to the community by its opponents in the founder’s lifetime, and is used by Europeans; it is not used by its members in Arabia, who call themselves Muwaḥḥidūn “unitarians” and their system ( ṭarīḳa) “Muḥammadan”; they regard themselves as Sunnīs, following the school of Ibn Ḥanbal, as interpreted by Ibn Taimīya, who attacked the cult of saints in many of his writings, especially in a Risāla condemning the visitation of tombs (in his Rasāʾil, Cairo 1323). § 1. Life of the Founder. He w…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Abu ’l-ʿAbbās, founder of the Rifāʿī ( ṭarīḳa, died 22nd Ḏj̲umādā I, 578 (Sept. 23, 1183) at Umm ʿAbīda, in the district of Wāsiṭ. The date of his birth is given by some authorities as Muḥarram 500 (Sept. 1106), but others say Rad̲j̲ab 512 (Oct.—Nov. 1118), at Ḳaryat Ḥasan, a village in the district of Baṣra. These places being in the region called al-Baṭāʾiḥ [q. v.], he has the further nisba al-Baṭāʾiḥī; al-Rifāʿī is usually explained as referring to an ancestor Rifāʿa, but by some is supposed to be a tribal name. This ancestor Rifāʿa is said to have …

, sect, called after Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. Karrām (or Karām or Kirām; see Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl, iii. 127, and for further ancestors Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, Kāmil, vii. 149). Of this person, who ¶ is called al-Sid̲j̲istānī, a fairly full biography is given by al-Samʿānī in the Ansāb, 476b, 477a. According to this, he was of the Banū Nizār, was born in a village of Zarand̲j̲, was brought up in Sid̲j̲istān, and afterwards went to Ḵh̲orāsān, where he attended the courses of Aḥmad b. Ḥarb, the Ascetic (d. 234); at Balk̲h̲ he heard Ibrāhīm b. Yūsuf al-Māk…

, or S̲h̲ād̲h̲alīya, pronounced in Africa S̲h̲ādulīya, Ṣūfī sect called after Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī, whose title is variously given as Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn and Taḳī al-Dīn (593-656 a.h.). For the life of this personage see the art. al-s̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī. His system. Al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī does not appear to have composed any large work, but many sayiūgs, spells and an ode are ascribed to him, and since some of the first are recorded in the work of his ¶ disciple’s disciple, Tād̲j̲ al-Dīn al-Iskandarī, composed in 694, they may be to some extent genuine (see the art. al-s̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī).…

, a title of the head of the Mawlawī order of dervishes [see mawlawiyya ]. The second word is the Turkish form of the Persian k̲h̲udāwandigār , the equivalent of mawlā , which according to Aflākī ( Saints des derviches tourneurs , i, 59) was bestowed on D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn by his father (the ¶ derivation from K̲h̲ūn-kār , Persian “blood-shedder”, must depend on popular etymology). Sāmī in his Ḳāmūs al-aʿlām states that the word, besides used for “Sultan”, “King”, is applied to certain saintly personages, in such combinations as pīr k̲h̲ūnkār or mullā k̲h̲ūnkār . The und…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAli , Abu ’l-ʿAbbas, S̲h̲āfiʿī faḳīh by training and founder of the Rifāʿiyya [ q.v.] dervish order. He was born in Muḥarram 500/September 1106 (or, according to other authorities, in Rad̲j̲ab 512/October-November 1118) at Ḳaryat Ḥasan, a village of the Baṭāʾiḥ or marshlands of lower ʿIrāḳ [see al-baṭīḥa ] between Baṣra and Wāsiṭ, whence the nisba sometimes given to him of al-Baṭāʾiḥī, and he died at Umm ʿUbayda in the same region on 22 D̲j̲umādā I 578/23 October 1182 (see Ibn K̲h̲allikān, ed. ʿAbbās, i, 171-2, tr. de Slane, i, 152-3). The nisba al-Rifāʿī…

, Order ( ṭarīḳa ) of dervishes called after ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Ḏj̲īlānī [ q.v.]. 1.—Origin. ʿAbd al-Ḳādir (d. 561/1166) was the principal of a school ( madrasa ) of Ḥanbalī law and a ribāṭ in Bag̲h̲dād. His sermons (collected in al-Fatḥ al-Rabbānī ) were delivered sometimes in the one, sometimes in the other; both were notable institutions in the time of Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, and Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād al-Arīb , v, 274) records a bequest of books made to the former by a man who died in 572/1176-7. Both appear to have come to an end at the sack of Bag̲h̲…

, confrérie religieuse ( ṭarīḳa), ainsi nommée d’après ʿAbd al-Ḳādir al-Ḏj̲īlānī [ q.v.] 1. — Origine. ʿAbd al-Ḳādir (m. 561/1166) était le directeur d’une école ( madrasa) hanbalite et d’un ribāṭ à Bag̲h̲dād. Ses prédications (recueillies dans al-Fatḥ al-rabbānī) étaient faites tantôt dans la première, tantôt dans le second; c’étaient là deux établissements de premier ordre à l’époque d’Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, et Yāḳūt ( Irs̲h̲ād, V, 274) cite un legs de livres fait à cette école par un homme qui mourut en 572/1176-7. Les deux établissements paraissent avoir été v…

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Abū l-ʿAbbās, faḳīh s̲h̲āfiʿite de formation, fondateur de l’ordre de derviches Rifāʿiyya [ q.v.]. Il naquit en muḥarram 500/septembre 1106 (selon d’autres sources en rad̲j̲ab 512/octobre-novembre 1118) à Ḳaryat Ḥasan, un village des Baṭāʿiḥ, région des marécages du bas ʿIrāḳ [voir al-Baṭīḥa] entre Baṣra et Wāsiṭ — de là la nisba d’al-Baṭaʾiḥī qui lui est parfois donnée — et mourut à Umm ʿUbayda, dans la même région, le 22 d̲j̲umādā I 578/23 octobre 1182 (voir Ibn Ḵh̲allikān. éd. ʿAbbās, I, 171-2, trad. de Slane, I, 152-3). La nisba d’al-Rifāʿi est ordinairement expli…

, titre du supérieur de l’ordre de derviches mawlawis [voir Mawlawiyya]. Le second mot est la forme turque du mot persan k̲h̲udāwandigar, équivalent de mawlā, qui, d’après Aflākī ( Saints des derviches tourneurs, I, 59), fut donné à Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Rūmī [ q.v.] par son père (une etymologie populaire le fait venir du persan k̲h̲ūn-kār «verseur de sang»). Sāmī, dans son Ḳāmūs al-aʿlām, dit que ce mot, employé pour désigner un «sultan», un «roi», est appliqué aussi à certains saints personnages, dans des combinaisons telles que pīr k̲h̲ūnkār ou mullā k̲h̲ūnkār. Le sens premier de ce titr…

, confrérie religieuse ( ṭariḳa) algérienne, qui doit son nom à Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Rahmān al-Gas̲h̲tulī al-Ḏj̲urd̲j̲urī al-Azharī Abū Ḳabrayn, (m. 1208/1793-4). C’est une branche des Ḵh̲alwatiyya et elle fut, dit-on, appelée pendant quelque temps Bakriyya d’après Muṣtafā al-Bakrī al-S̲h̲āmī. A Nafṭa [ q.v.], en Tunisie, et dans quelques autres endroits, on l’appelle ʿAzzūziyya, du nom de Muṣṭafā b. Muḥammad b. ʿAzzūz. Vie du fondateur. Sa famille appartenait à la tribu des Ayt Smāʿīl, membre de la confédération des Gas̲h̲tula dans la Kabylie du Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ura;…

, Abū l-Ḥasan (ou Abū l-Ḳāsim) ʿAlī b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī l-Ṭayyib, poète et anthologue arabe originaire de Bāk̲h̲arz. Après avoir reçu une bonne éducation dans sa maison paternelle, il étudia en particulier le fiḳh s̲h̲āfiʿite et assista, à Nīs̲h̲āpūr, aux cours d’al-Ḏj̲uwaynī (ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf), où il fit la connaissance d’aī-Kundurī [ q.v.]; ce dernier, devenu wazīr, le prit à Bag̲h̲dād comme secrétaire; auparavant, il avait été quelque temps fonctionnaire à Baṣra. Par la suite, il fut admis à la chancellerie, puis retourna dans sa ville natale, …

C. Arabia under Islām. Both internal and external causes have since the last date (1876) worked changes in the peninsula, the geography of which has been markedly advanced by a number of intrepid explorers, especially St. John Philby, R. E. Cheeseman, Bertram Thomas, D. Van der Meulen and H. Von Wissmann. The regions traversed by the last three of these, the “Empty Quarter” and the independent sulṭānates of Ḥaḍramawt, have indeed been little affected; though even in the latter the motor-car is showi…

, Pačpiriyā , followers of the Five Saints, Urdu pānč pīr , especially in northern and eastern India, whose myths and legends (there is no real historicity or hagiology about them) are attached to a primitive form of shrine worship with as many Hindū as Muslim adherents (Kipling in Kim , ch. 4, speaks of the “wayside shrines—sometimes Hindu, sometimes Mussulman—which the low caste of both creeds share with beautiful impartiality”. For “caste” among the lower grades of Muslim society see hind. ii, Ethnography). They have no formal organisation, and belong to the general north…

(sometimes Ibn al-Ḥarīrī in Yāḳūt), Abū Muḥammad al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿUt̲h̲mān b. al-Ḥarīrī al-Baṣrī , Arabic poet and philologist known principally for his Maḳāmāt . Born in 446/1054, probably to a landed family living at al-Mas̲h̲ān, near Baṣra, where he spent his childhood, he commenced his studies at Baṣra; his biographers agree that he studied under al-Faḍl b. Muḥammad al-Ḳaṣabānī, but the latter is said to have died in 444/1052 (see Yāḳūt, Udabāʾ , xvi, 218; al-Suyūṭī, Bug̲h̲ya , 373; al-Ṣafadī, Nakt , 227), so that there is a discrepancy …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿḤusayn b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. D̲j̲aʿfar b. Muḥammad , a S̲h̲īʿī Arab poet in the time of the Būyids [ q.v.]. Born in Bag̲h̲dād in about 330/941-2, of a family of government officials and secretaries, he completed the traditional studies and was partly trained by Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ (313-84/925-94 [see al-ṣābiʾ ]) who made him take up an administrative career, but he very quickly perceived that his poetic talents could prove more profitable and resigned his post. At first he was connected with the vizier al-Muhallabī [ q.v.] for whom he wrote a panegyric and …

(parfois Ibn al-Ḥarīrī chez Yāḳūt), Abū Muḥammad al-Ḳāsim b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. ʿUt̲h̲mān b. al-Ḥarīrī al-Baṣrī, poète et philologue arabe surtout connu par ses Maḳāmāt. Né en 446/1054, sans doute dans une famille de propriétaires fonciers qui demeurait à al-Mas̲h̲ān, près de Baṣra, où il passa son enfance, il fit ses études à Baṣra; ses biographes s’accordent à lui donner pour maître al-Faḍl b. Muḥammad al-Ḳaṣabānī, mais celui-ci serait mort en 444/1052 (voir Yāḳūt, Udahāʾ, XVI, 218; al-Suyûti, Bug̲h̲ya, 373; al-Ṣafadī, Nakt, 227), de sorte qu’il y a là un problème à résoud…

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Muḥammad, poète arabe s̲h̲īʿite de l’époque des Būyides [ q.v.]. Né à Bag̲h̲dād vers l’année 330/941-2, dans une famille de fonctionnaires et de secrétaires, il fit des études traditionnelles et fut en partie formé par Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm al-Ṣābiʾ (313-84/ 925-94 [voir al-Ṣābiʾ]) qui lui fit embrasser la carrière administrative, mais il s’aperçut bien vite que ses talents poétiques pouvaient lui être plus profitables et il abandonna ses fonctions. Il fut d’abord en relation avec le vizir al-Muhallabī [ q.v.] dont il fit le p…

, Pacpiriya, ourdou pānč pīr, sectateurs des Cinq Saints, surtout en Inde du Nord et de l’Est; les mythes et légendes qui s’y attachent (il n’existe sur eux aucun témoignage d’historicité ni hagiologie) sont liés à une forme primitive de culte des tombeaux, rassemblant autant d’adeptes hindous que musulmans (Kipling, dans Kim, chap. 4, parle des «tombeaux du bord de la route — tantôt hindous, tantôt musulmans — que la basse classe des deux religions partage avec une belle impartialité». Sur la «caste» dans les couches inférieures de la société musulmane, voir Hind. II. Ethnographie). I…

, a mystical and gnostic Islamic sect founded amongst the Afg̲h̲āns of the North-West Frontier region, with centres at e.g. Kāṅīgurām and Tīrāh in Wazīristān, by Bāyazīd b. ʿAbd Allāh Anṣārī of Kāṅīgurām ( ca. 931-80/ ca. 1525-73). He claimed to be, if not actually a Mahdī, at least a hādī or guide towards tawḥīd , the Divine Unity, for his followers. He styled himself pīr-i raws̲h̲an “the divinely-illuminated pīr [ q.v.] “, although his orthodox enemies called him pīr-i tārīkī “the pīr of darkness” and his adherents Tārīkiyān “devotees o…

, a Ṣūfī order or ṭarīḳa , in Turkish Mewlewiyye, modern Mevlevî, which takes its name from the Mawlānā (“Our Master”), the sobriquet of D̲j̲alal al-Dīn Rūmī [ q.v.]. Although not called by this name, it appears that such a ṭarīḳa was formed already in the Mawlānā’s time, and this view is reinforced by the existence of a group of disciples around the Mawlānā, by his concern for their education and by his appointment of deputies to carry out this task during his absences. However, like many ṭuruḳ (e.g. the K̲h̲alwatiyya [ q.v.]), this ṭarīḳa acquired its name at a later stage. There is no…

, (turc: Mewlewiyye, moderne: Mevlevî) confrérie religieuse ( ṭarīḳa) qui tire son nom de Mawlānā «Notre Maître», surnom de Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Rūmī [ q.v.] et dont les membres sont appelés par les Européens derviches tourneurs ou danseurs. Bien qu’elle ne soit pas encore désignée ainsi, il semble qu’une ṭarīḳa de ce genre ait été constituée dès l’époque du Mawlānā, et ce point de vue est confirmé par l’existence d’un groupe de disciples autour de Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn, par le souci qu’avait ce dernier de leur éducation et par le fait qu’il désignait des…

, secte islamique mystique et gnostique fondée en milieu afg̲h̲an dans la région de la Frontière du Nord-ouest, avec des points d’appui entre autres à Kāńīgurām et à Tīrāh dans le Wazīristān, par Bāyazīd b. ʿAbd Allāh Anṣārī de Kāńīgurām (vers 931-80/vers 1525-73). Il se proclamait sinon à proprement parler mahdī, du moins hādī, ou guide pour ses adeptes vers le tawḥīd, l’unité divine. Il se dénommait pīr-i raws̲h̲an «le pīr [ q.v.] bénéficiant de l’illumination divine», même si ses ennemis l’appelaient pīr-i tārīkī«le pīr des ténèbres», et qualifiaient ses partisans de Tārīkiyān «ador…