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[German version] (Συρίης/ Syríēs). Like Onesimus a gem-cutter of 'island stones' (second half of the 6th cent. BC), both probably working in Euboea. The inscription ΣΥΡΙΕΣ on a green steatite pseudo-scarab, with the reverse moulded as a Silen mask and an image of a citharode climbing on to a bêma (Rostrum) (London, BM), is considered to be the earliest master signature of a gem-cutter. Gem cutting Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 83 f., note 48 f., plate 19.

(Ἡρόφιλος; Hēróphilos) [1] From Chalcedon, Greek physician and medical author, approx. 330/20-260/50 BC [German version] A. Life Greek physician from Chalcedon, about 330/320 to 260/250 BC [5. 43-50]. Apart from his training with Praxagoras, with a Hippocratic orientation, he spent the majority of his active career under Ptolemy I and II in Alexandria. However, he does not appear to have worked in the  Mouseion, nor was he a court physician [5. 26f.]. Touwaide, Alain (Madrid) [German version] B. Work Of the eleven works attributed to H. six are almost certainly genuine: …

(Σόλων/ Sólōn). [1] S. of Athens Poet, legislator, c. 600 BC [German version] I. Life griech. Gesetzgeber, um 600 v. Chr. S. (b. c. 640 BC), an Athenian of the family of the Medontidae, supposedly related through the maternal line with Peisistratus [4], the most important Greek legislator (alongside the legendary Spartan Lycurgus [4]) of the Archaic period and the first prominent Athenian poet. S. first emerged around 600 BC, when he successfully appealed for the conquest of Salamis [1] during the conflict with Megara…

Michel, Simone (Hamburg) A. Research History (CT) [German version] 1. From the Middle Ages to the Late Renaissance (CT) During the early Middle Ages interest in cut gems had declined rapidly. Colourful gemstones were indeed used to decorate objects, but generally without figurative motifs. In the Carolingian and the Hohenstaufen periods (9th cent.; 12th/13th cents.), the cutting of cameos was once again taken up [2; 11. 2. fn. 3, 375. fn. 2 und 6, 380. fn. 30]. In the Middle Ages, gems and cameos from Antiquity w…

(Σκύλαξ; Skýlax). [German version] [1] From Caryanda, explorer 519/18 BC S. from Caryanda. Discoverer of shipping routes and geographer, in 519/512 BC [5. 78] in the service of Darius [1], he sailed  down the Indus [1] from Caspapyrus to the Indian coast, then - rounding the Arabian peninsula for the first time - through the Erythra Thalatta [1] to modern Suez (Hdt. 4,44) in 30 months [1. vol. 1, 33, 52 f.; 1. vol. 2, 14 f.; 2. 622 f.]. S. wrote about Heraclides of Mylasa (Suda s.v. Σ.), and therefore died after 480 BC ([2. 634 f.]). Seven fragments on India (FGrH 709) are ascribed to his Pe…

(Κλέων; Kléōn). [German version] [1] The most influential politician in Athens after 430 BC The most influential politician in Athens after 430 BC, as the operator of a tannery was the first important demagogue from the circle of tradesmen who were rising to political leadership. Sources paint a picture of a man who put his loyalty to the people ( dḗmos) before that to his friends, who cleverly exploited the moods prevalent among the people and procured a following for himself by promising material gains. C. opposed  Pericles at the beginning of the Pelo…

[German version] (Θαμύρας; Thamýras). Name on five gems. Only the 18th century paste on a reliquary in the Vienna treasury is verifiably a copy of a missing gem with a Nereid from the period of Augustus. T. is deemed to be the signature of a gem-cutter from the circle of Dioscorides [8]. The other four 'signatures' are modern additions to ancient stones or elements of forgeries, probably following the Viennese model. Gem-cutting Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography E. Zwierlein-Diehl, T.-Gemmen, in: H.-U. Cain et al. (eds.), Beiträge zur Ikonographie und Hermeneutik, Fests…

[German version] Father of  Aulus [2] and Quintus, probably a Campanian stone carvers' family during the Roman Republican period with their preferred subjects being of Aphrodisian-Dionysian character. A.'s signature is on only one cameo fragment with a marine animal (London, BM).  Gem and cameo cutters Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 286 annotation 113.

[German version] [1] see Musical instruments Aulos, see  Musical instruments Michel, Simone (Hamburg) [German version] [2] Stonemason of the 1st cent. BC Stonemason of the 1st cent. BC, son of  Alexas, brother of Quintus. Signed works: Eros bound to tropaion (amethyst, London, BM), nailing down butterfly (hyacinth, The Hague, MK), bound (cameo, lost), with Aphrodite (carnelian, London, BM); satyr head (intaglio, lost); Maenad busts (hyacinth, erstwhile Collection Ludovisi); athlete (carnelian, Paris, CM); Poseidon and Amymone (white …

(Καλλίας; Kallías, Ion. Καλλίης; Kallíēs). Common Attic name from the 6th -- 4th cent. BC, especially in the rich priestly family (several dadouchoi) of the Ceryces, which was associated with the cult of Eleusis. C. appears there in alternation with  Hipponicus. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [1] Mythical son of the Heraclid Temenos Mythical son of the Heraclid  Temenus, king of Argos, and the brother of Agelaus, Eurypylus and  Hyrnetho. Since the king preferred Hyrnetho and her husband  Deiphontes to his sons, they had Temenus murder…

(Εὐτύχης; Eutýchēs). [German version] [1] Gem-cutter of the 1st cent. AD Gem-cutter of the 1st cent. AD, signed as ‘son of  Dioscorides of Aegeae’ the rock crystal with a bust of Athena (Berlin, SM), in the style of the Athena of Velletri. Athena of  Velitrae;  Intaglio;  Gem and cameo cutters Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 31770, 331 pl. 92,3 AGD II, Berlin 169 pl. 80 and 81 no. 456. [German version] [2] Lat. grammarian of the 4th cent. AD (Eutyc(h)ius, MSS), Latin grammarian of the 4th cent. AD, a pupil of  Priscianus and author of an Ars de verbo, probably identical with…

(Σκόπας/ Skópas). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Paros, mid 4th cent. BC Sculptor from Paros, active in the mid 4th cent. BC, working mostly in marble and very occasionally in bronze. In the opinion of the ancient world, S. was one of the most important masters of Greek sculpture. Written records ascribe to him approximately 25-30 individual works and major projects, which should probably be allotted to several sculptors with the same name of different generations. The extant pediment sculptures from th…

[German version] Gem-cutter of the Imperial Roman period (Antonine/1st cent.). Signed red jasper with Socrates bust (Berlin, SM) and yellow jasper (a variety of stone typical of the late Imperial period) with a lion (Boston, MFA).  Gem-cutting Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 322, n. 106, pl. 96,4;5.

[German version] (Πυργοτέλης; Pyrgotélēs). 4th- cent. BC gem cutter, known from Pliny (Plin. HN 37,8) and Apuleius (Apul. Flor. 7), who is supposed to have worked for Alexander [4] the Great and, according to ancient sources, was equal in fame and ability to Apelles and to Lysippus (Apelles [4]; Lysippus [2]) (Plin. HN 7,125). In modern times this famous name has been engraved as a forged signature on ancient gems; the gem cutter Allessandro Cesari (16th century) adopted the name of his famous predecessor and signed his works accordingly. The name inscription  P. can be found, small a…

Roman cognomen (‘The Fortunate One’), in the Republican period initially an epithet of the dictator L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla and his descendants (Cornelius [II 59-61]); in the Imperial period, as a name invoking luck, one of the most common cognomina and the most common slave name. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Gem-cutter of the Roman Republican period Gem-cutter of the Roman Republican period, probably a contemporary of  Dioscurides [8], named together with  Anteros in an inscription as a gemari de sacra via [1. 44 and note 40]. He signed the famous sard…

(Δεξαμενός; Dexamenós). [German version] [1] Mythical king of Olenus in Achaea Mythical king of  Olenus in Achaea, host of  Hercules; his name indicates that hospitality is his main function in the narrative. Hercules repaid his hospitality by saving D.'s daughter who was being pursued by the centaur Eurytion. There are various versions of the story: either D. was forced to betroth his daughter Mnesimache to Eurytion who was, however, killed by Hercules (Apollod. 2,91); or Eurytion tried to rape D.'s daugh…

(Ὀνάτας; Onátas). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Aegina, 5th cent. BC Bronze sculptor from Aegina, son of Micon. O. was a contemporary of Hegias [1] and Ageladas and one of the most important masters of the Severe Style. None of his numerous works is extant or secured in the form of copies. His signature is found on a pedestal of a bronze horse on the Athenian Acropolis and a pedestal in Olympia, both from the early 5th cent. BC. In Olympia, O. sculpted a votive offering ( anáthēma ) for the Achaeans in around 470-460 BC with Nestor and nine Trojan h…

(Διοσκουρίδης; Dioskourídēs). [German version] [1] Son of Polemaeus, naval commander in 314-313 BC Son of Polemaeus, nephew of  Antigonus [1] Monophthalmus. Led the fleet to a few victories as naval commander in 314-13 BC. Nothing further is known about his life. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography R. A. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed, 1990, 381f. [German version] [2] Polyhistor of the 4th and 3rd cents. BC Polyhistor of the 4th and 3rd cents. BC, pupil of Isocrates (Ath. 1,18,11 A). Of his works, the following titles are known (cf. FGrH 3 B 594): 1. Apomnēmoneúmata (‘Memorabil…

(Ὕλλος; Hýllos). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and Deianira Son of  Heracles and  Deianira; brother of Macaria. Ctesippus, Glenos and Oneites (Hes. fr. 25,19 M-W; Apollod. 2,165 Wagner) or Gleneus and Odites (Diod. Sic. 4,37,1) have been named as his brothers and Euaichme (Hes. fr. 251b M-W) as his daughter. Heracles asks him to burn his body on a pyre on Mount Oeta and to marry Iole (Soph. Trach. 1179-1258; (Ps.-)Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 1481-1491). After his father's death, he and the other Heraclid…

[German version] Glyptographer/gem engraver of the Roman republic, signatures on a sardonyx with the theft of the palladion (Diomedes at the altar, Collection of the Duke of Devonshire), amethyst with a portrait of the young M. Antonius (Ionides Collection) and a hyacinth with a copy of the Polycletic encaser (formerly the Marlborough Collection, lost). A characteristic of G. is the slanted positioning of attributes behind a bust, e.g., an aquamarine of Hercules with a club ( c. 20 BC, London, BM) and a cornelian of a queen with a scepter (New York, MMA).  Gem cutting Michel, Simone (Hamb…

[German version] [1] Commentator on Aristotle Commentator on Aristotle, 1st half of the 2nd cent. AD; teacher of  Herminus. His works were read in the school of Plotinus (Porph. Vita Plotini 14). A.' commentary on the ‘Nicomachean Ethics [1] is the earliest surviving extended commentary on an Aristotelian text, and influenced the treatment of the ‘common books’ 5-7 as Nicomachean; although the theory in [2. 29-36] that he was responsible for the inclusion of these books has been questioned by the ‘Eud…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient see  Seals Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] II. Phoenician Phoenician and Punic gem cutting (GC) (= glyptography) is known almost exclusively through stamp seals in the form of scarabees ( Scarabee) or scaraboids that were very widespread in the ancient world; the body of the beetle is graphically linear in the Phoenician east, whilst in the Punic west ─ under the Ionian-Etruscan influence ─ it is structured much more three-dimensionally. Here Greek motifs (He…

[German version] [1] Gem cutter, 1st cent. BC Gem cutter (1st cent. BC), signed the famous ‘Agathangelus cameo’ with the portrait of a man (carnelian, Berlin, SM) -- it has been debated since the 18th cent. as to whether this is Sextus Pompeius. Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 12, 281-283, pl. 79,1. [German version] [2] Secretary to the king of the Arsacides,  Tiridates IV Secretary to the king of the Arsacides,  Tiridates IV (AD 239-281). In the ‘History’ attributed to A., he is described as a ‘reliable witness’. The text deals with the Ch…

(Ἀθηνίων; Athēníōn). [German version] [1] Peripatetic rhetorician in Athens Peripatetic rhetorician in Athens (different from  Aristion [1. 341-343]), only known from the polemic party of  Posidonius (FGrH 87 fr. 36). Sent from Athens to  Mithridates VI in 88 BC, taken up by him among his φίλοι ( phíloi, friends), he won the support of the people with Mithridates' support and had as στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα ( strategòs epì tà hópla) a decisive influence on Athenian politics (‘tyrant’). A failed raid on Delos seems to have ended his political career. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliogra…

(Βόηθος; Bóēthos). I. Political figures [German version] [1] Ptolemaean civil servant, 136/5 BC Son of Nicostratus from Caria; in the service of the Ptolemies well before 149 BC, he occupied various administrative positions before becoming epistrategos of Thebes. Founded two cities in Lower Nubia. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography K. Vandorpe, Der früheste Beleg eines Strategen der Thebais als Epistrategen, in: ZPE 73, 1988, 47-50. II. Philosophers and writers [German version] [2] Of Sidon Stoic Philosopher, 2nd cent. BC Stoic philosopher of the 2nd cent. BC; he wrote…

[German version] (Ὀνέσας; Onésas). Hellenistic gem-cutter who signed a sard intaglio with an altered image of Athena Lemnia (London, BM; [1. 203, n. 56, pl. 53,5]). The latter also appears repeatedly like a replica on a more coarsely worked glass paste (Berlin, SM; [1. 206, n. 78, pl. 47,1; 2. 95, pl. 46, 219]). His signature can also be found on a yellow glass paste depicting a Muse playing the lyre (Florence, MA), which is regarded as a prime example of Hellenistic glyptics [1. 206, ns. 79-80, pl…

(Πρώταρχος/ Prṓtarchos). [German version] [1] Comic poet from Thespiae, 1st cent. BC Comic poet from Thespiae, victorious on one occasion in the 1st cent. BC at the Soteria of Acraephia, and son or father of the epic poet Protogenes; otherwise, nothing is known of him. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 583. [German version] [2] Epicurean from Bargilia, 2nd cent. BC P. of Bargilia. Teacher of Demetrius [21] Lacon (Str. 14,20; 2nd cent. BC), perhaps in Miletus. It is unlikely that he was the head of the Epicurean 'Garden' ( kḗpos ). Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bi…

[German version] Classical Period gem cutter, whose signature ΠΕΡΓΑ (PERGA) is restored to Pergamos in accordance with master's signatures of the Classical Period which occur mostly in the nominative. A fire-damaged carnelian scarab, signed by him in this way, with the head of a youth in a Phrygian cap (Saint Petersburg, ER) has been found, together with coins of Lysimachus [2], in a grave at Kerch in the Crimea [1. 134, 198f., table  8,5; 3. 13126, 138f.56, fig. 41c, table 32,9], but on the basis of the lettering of the signature on the flap of the cap and the style …

(Σώστρατος/ Sṓstratos). [German version] [1] Of Cnidus, Greek architect, 1st half of 3rd cent. BC Son of Dexiphanes of Cnidus; architect of the early Hellenistic period (1st half of 3rd cent. BC), mentioned several times in ancient literature (Plin. HN 36,83; Lucian, Amores 11; Lucian, Hippias 2). He was also diplomatically active, as one of the philoi of Ptolemaeus [3] II (Str. 17,1,6). As well as with various canal constructions linked to the conquest of the Egyptian city of Memphis and buildings at Cnidus and Delphi (FdD III/1 nos. 198 and 299), h…

(σφραγίς/ sphragís, literally  Seal). [German version] [1] Seal (stone) Seal (stone): precious or decorative stone with intaglio engraving, signet ring, seal (impression). On 2nd-4th cent. AD magical amulet gems from Roman Egypt there is often mention of the demon-averting seal of Solomon and, connected with Solomon motifs, the Seal of God ( sphragìs theoû). Gem-cutting Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography S. Michel, Die magischen Gemmen im Britischen Museum, 2001, 268 ff., pls. 64-66; 430-450. [German version] [2] see Seals ; Subscriptio See Seals; Subscriptio. Gärtner, Ha…

(Ἀπολλώνιος; Apollṓnnios). [German version] [1] Dioiketes of Ptolemy II (259-245 BC) Of Caria, possibly Ptolemaic o ikonomos there in 267 BC. Was dioiketes of Ptolemy II from April /May 259 until the end of 245; in 252 escorted Berenice to her wedding to Antiochus II. At a critical transition period A. found himself responsible for the economy of the kingdom of the Ptolemies, adapting the fiscal system to the monetary economy of the Lagids, for which purpose he was entrusted with the management of finances and the co…

[English version] Vater von Aulos [2] u. Quintus, eine wohl kampan. Steinschneiderfamilie röm.-republikan. Zeit mit bevorzugt aphrodisisch-dionysischer Thematik. Die Signatur des A. nur auf einem Kameo-Frg. mit Seetier (London, BM). Gemmen- u. Kameenschneider Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 286 Anm. 113.

(Πρώταρχος). [English version] [1] Komödiendichter aus Thespiai, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Komödiendichter aus Thespiai, der im 1. Jh. v. Chr. einmal an den Soteria von Akraiphia siegte und Sohn oder Vater des Ependichters Protogenes war; sonst ist nichts bekannt. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 583. [English version] [2] Epikureer aus Bargilia, 2. Jh. v. Chr. P. aus Bargilia. Lehrer des Demetrios [21] Lakon (Strab. 14,20; 2. Jh. v. Chr.), vielleicht in Milet. Daß er epikureisches Schuloberhaupt des “Gartens” ( kḗpos ) war, ist unwahrscheinlich. Dorandi, …

[English version] Steinschneider aus der Zeit der röm. Republik, Signaturen auf Sardonyx mit Palladionraub (Diomedes am Altar, Slg. des Duke of Devonshire), Amethyst mit Porträt des jungen M. Antonius (Ionides Collection) sowie Hyazinth mit Kopie des polykletischen Öleingießers (ehemals Slg. Marlborough, verschollen). Als Eigenheit des G. gilt das Schrägstellen von Attributen hinter einer Büste, z.B. Aquamarin mit Herakles und Keule (um 20 v.Chr., London, BM) sowie Karneol mit Königin und Zepter (New York, MMA). Steinschneidekunst Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography M.L.…

(Εὐτύχης). [English version] [1] Steinschneider, 1. Jh. Steinschneider des 1. Jh. n.Chr., signierte als “Sohn des Dioskurides aus Aigeai” den Bergkristall mit Athenabüste (Berlin, SM), nach einer Statue der Athena von Velletri. Athena von Velletri; Gemmen- u. Kameenschneider Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 31770, 331 Taf. 92,3 AGD II, Berlin 169 Taf. 80 und 81 Nr. 456. [English version] [2] lat. Grammatiker, 4. Jh. (Eutyc(h)ius, Hss.), lat. Grammatiker des 4. Jh. n.Chr., Schüler des Priscianus und Verf. einer Ars de verbo, wahrscheinlich identisch mit dem…

[English version] [1] Steinschneider, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Steinschneider (1. Jh. v. Chr.), signierte die berühmte ›Agathangelos-Gemme‹ mit dem Portrait eines Mannes (Karneol, Berlin, SM) - seit dem 18. Jh. als Sextus Pompeius diskutiert. Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 12, 281-283, Taf. 79,1. [English version] [2] Sekretär des Arsakiden-Königs Tiridates IV., Autor zur Christianisierung Armeniens, 3. Jh. Sekretär des Arsakiden-Königs Tiridates IV. (239-281 n. Chr.). In der A. zugeschriebenen “Geschichte” wird er als “zuverlässiger Zeuge” b…

[English version] Gemmenschneider der klass. Zeit, dessen Signatur ΠΕΡΓΑ (PERGA) entsprechend der in klass. Zeit meist im Nom. auftretenden Meistersignaturen zu Pergamos ergänzt wird. Der von ihm so signierte, durch Brand beschädigte Karneol-Skarabäus mit einem Jünglingskopf unter phrygischer Mütze (St. Petersburg, ER) wurde zusammen mit Mz. des Lysimachos [2] in einem Grab bei Kertsch auf der Krim gefunden [1. 134, 198f., Taf. 8,5; 3. 13126, 138f.56, Abb. 41c, Taf. 32,9], ist jedoch aufgrund der Buchstabenformen der Signatur auf der Lasche der Mütze sowie …

[English version] [1] Aristoteleskommentator, 2. Jh. Aristoteleskommentator, 1. Hälfte des 2. Jh. n.Chr., Lehrer des Herminos. Seine Werke wurden in Plotins Schule gelesen (Porph. Vita Plotini 14). A.' Komm. über die ‘Nikomachische Ethik [1] ist der früheste durchgehende Komm. zu einer aristotelische Abhandlung, der erh. ist, und beeinflußte die Behandlung der “gemeinen Bücher” 5-7 als nikomacheisch, obwohl die These von [2. 29-36], daß er verantwortlich war für den Transfer dieser Bücher, von der ‘Eu…

(Ἀθηνίων). [English version] [1] peripat. Rhetor in Athen, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Peripatetischer Rhetor in Athen (verschieden von Aristion [1. 341-343]), nur aus einer polemischen Partei des Poseidonios bekannt (FGrH 87 fr. 36). Von Athen 88 v.Chr. zu Mithradates VI. gesandt, von diesem unter seine φίλοι ( phíloi, Freunde) aufgenommen, gewann er mit dessen Unterstützung die Volksgunst und nahm als στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα ( strategós epí tá hópla) bestimmenden Einfluß auf die Politik Athens (“Tyrann”). Ein mißglückter Überfall auf Delos beendete offenbar seine polit. Karriere. Olshausen, …

(Δεξαμενός). [English version] [1] myth. König von Olenos in Achaia Mythischer König von Olenos in Achaia, Gastgeber des Herakles; sein Name deutet darauf hin, daß Gastfreundschaft seine Hauptfunktion in der Erzählung ist. Herakles vergalt seine Gastfreundschaft, indem er D.' Tochter vor den Nachstellungen des Kentauren Eurytion rettete. Die Gesch. findet sich in verschiedenen Versionen: Entweder war D. gezwungen, seine Tochter Mnesimache mit Eurytion zu verloben, der jedoch von Herakles getötet wurde (Ap…

(Διοσκουρίδης). [English version] [1] Sohn von Polemaios, Flottenkommandeur 314-313 v. Chr. Sohn von Polemaios, Neffe von Antigonos [1] Monophthalmos. Als Flottenkommandeur 314-13 v.Chr. erzielte er einige Erfolge. Sein weiteres Schicksal ist unbekannt. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography R.A. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed, 1990, 381f. [English version] [2] Polyhistor, 4. und 3. Jh. v. Chr. Polyhistor des 4. und 3. Jh.v.Chr., Schüler des Isokrates (Athen. 1,18,11 A). Von seinen Werken kennen wir folgende Titel (vgl. FGrH 3 B 594): 1. Apomnēmoneúmata (‘Denkwürdigke…

(Ἀπολλώνιος). [English version] [1] Dioiket Ptolemaios' II. (259-245 v. Chr.) aus Karien (dann vielleicht 267 v. Chr. dort als ptolemäischer Oikonomos?), Dioiket Ptolemaios' II., April /Mai 259 - Ende 245; begleitete 252 Berenike zur Hochzeit mit Antiochos II. A. war in einer wichtigen Umbruchphase verantwortlich für die Wirtschaft des ptolemäischen Königreiches: es ging um Anpassung des Steuersystems an die monetäre Ökonomie der Lagiden; er hatte daher Kompetenzen im Finanz- und Münzwesen, in Steuer- und…

[English version] (Ὀνέσας). Hell. Steinschneider, signierte einen Sard-Intaglio mit Umbildung der Athena Lemnia (London, BM; [1. 203, Anm. 56, Taf. 53,5]), die auch auf einer gröber gearbeiteten Glaspaste replikenhaft wiederholt erscheint (Berlin, SM; [1. 206, Anm. 78, Taf. 47,1; 2. 95, Taf. 46, 219]). Seine Signatur findet sich weiterhin auf einer gelben Glaspaste mit einer leierspielenden Muse (Florenz, AM), die als Musterbeispiel hell. Glyptik gilt [1. 206, Anm. 79-80, Taf. 53,6], sowie auf ein…

[1] aus Kalchedon, griech. Arzt und Fachautor, ca. 330/20 - 260/50 v. Chr. [English version] A. Leben Griech. Arzt aus Kalchedon, etwa 330/320 bis 260/50 v.Chr. [5. 43-50]. Abgesehen von einer hippokratisch ausgerichteten Ausbildung bei Praxagoras verbrachte er den größten Teil seiner aktiven Laufbahn unter Ptolemaios I. und II. in Alexandreia. Er scheint jedoch nicht im Museion gearbeitet zu haben und war auch nicht Hofarzt [5. 26f.]. Touwaide, Alain (Madrid) [English version] B. Werk Von den elf Werken, die H. zugewiesen wurden, sind sechs mit großer Wahrscheinl…

[English version] [1] s. Musikinstrumente s. Musikinstrumente Michel, Simone (Hamburg) [English version] [2] Steinschneider, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Steinschneider des 1.Jh. v.Chr., Sohn des Alexas, Bruder des Quintus. Signierte Werke: Eros an Tropaion gefesselt (Amethyst, London, BM), Schmetterling festnagelnd (Hyazinth, Den Haag, MK), gefesselt (Kameo, verschollen), mit Aphrodite (Karneol, London, BM); Satyrkopf (Intaglio, verschollen); Mänadenbüste (Hyazinth, ehem. Slg. Ludovisi); Athlet (Karneol, Paris, CM); Poseidon …

(Κλέων). [English version] [1] Einflußreichster Politiker in Athen nach 430 v.Chr Einflußreichster Politiker in Athen nach 430 v.Chr., war als Betreiber einer Gerberei der erste bedeutende Demagoge aus dem zur polit. Führung aufsteigenden Kreis von Gewerbetreibenden. Die Quellen zeichnen das Bild eines Mannes, der seine Loyalität zum Volk ( dḗmos) höher stellte als die zu seinen Freunden, die beim Volk vorherrschenden Stimmungen geschickt ausnutzte und sich durch in Aussicht gestellte materielle Gewinne Anhängerschaft beim Volk verschaffte. K.…

(Ὕλλος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Herakles und der Deianeira Sohn des Herakles und der Deianeira, Bruder der Makaria. Als seine Brüder werden Ktesippos, Glenos und Oneites (Hes. fr. 25,19 M-W; Apollod. 2,165 Wagner) oder Gleneus und Odites (Diod. 4,37,1) genannt, als seine Tochter Euaichme (Hes. fr. 251b M-W). Von Herakles gebeten, ihn auf einem Scheiterhaufen auf dem Oita zu verbrennen und Iole zur Frau zu nehmen (Soph. Trach. 1179-1258; (Ps.-)Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 1481-1491), flieht er nach dessen…

(Βόηθος). I. Politische Persönlichkeiten [English version] [1] Ptolemäischer Verwaltungsbeamter um 136/5 v. Chr. Sohn des Nikostratos aus Karien; bereits vor 149 v.Chr. in ptolemäischen Diensten durchlief, er verschiedene Verwaltungsämter, bevor er 136/5 Epistratege der Thebais wurde. Gründete zwei Städte in Unternubien. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography K. Vandorpe, Der früheste Beleg eines Strategen der Thebais als Epistrategen, in: ZPE 73, 1988, 47-50. II. Philosophen und Schriftsteller [English version] [2] Von Sidon stoischer Philosoph, 2. Jh. v. Chr. Stoischer …

[English version] (Πυργοτέλης). Von Plinius (Plin. nat. 37,8) und Apuleius (Apul. flor. 7) überl. Steinschneider des 4. Jh. v. Chr., der für Alexandros [4] d.Gr. tätig gewesen sein soll und den ant. Quellen zufolge einem Apelles und Lysipp (Apelles [4]; Lysippos [2]) an Ruhm und Können gleichstand (Plin. nat. 7,125). In der Neuzeit wurde der berühmte Name nachträglich als gefälschte Signatur auf ant. Gemmen eingeschnitten; der Gemmenschneider Allessandro Cesari (16. Jh.) nannte sich nach seinem be…

[English version] Steinschneider der röm. Kaiserzeit (antoninisch/1. Jh.). Signierte roten Jaspis mit Sokrates-Büste (Berlin, SM) und gelben Jaspis (eine für die spätere Kaiserzeit typische Steinvarietät) mit Löwe (Boston, MFA). Steinschneidekunst Michel, Simone (Hamburg) Bibliography Zazoff, AG, 322, Anm. 106, Taf. 96,4;5.

(Ὀνάτας). [English version] [1] Bronzebildner aus Aigina, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Mikon, Bronzebildner aus Aigina. O. war Zeitgenosse von Hegias [1] und Ageladas und einer der wichtigsten Meister des Strengen Stils. Keines seiner zahlreichen Werke ist erh. oder in Kopien gesichert. Seine Signatur findet sich auf einer Basis für ein Bronzepferd von der Athener Akropolis und einer Basis in Olympia, beide aus dem frühen 5. Jh.v.Chr. In Olympia schuf O. um 470-460 v.Chr. für die Achaier eine Weihegabe ( anáthēma ) mit Nestor und neun troianischen Helden bei…

Röm. Cognomen (“der Glückliche”), in republikanischer Zeit zunächst Beiname des Dictators L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla und seiner Nachfahren (Cornelius [II 59-61]); in der Kaiserzeit als glückverheißende Bezeichnung eines der häufigsten Cognomina überhaupt und häufigster Sklavenname. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [English version] [1] Steinschneider der röm. Republik Steinschneider aus der Zeit der röm. Republik, wohl Zeitgenosse des Dioskurides [8], zusammen mit Anteros inschr. als gemari de sacra viam genannt [1. 44 u. Anm. 40]. Signierte den berühmten Sardonyx…