Search

, “Days of the Arabs”, is the name which in Arabian legend is applied to those combats (cf. Lisān , s.v. yawm xvi, 139, 1 according to Ibn al-Sikkīt) which the Arabian tribes fought amongst themselves in the pre-Islamic (sometimes ¶ also early Islamic) era. The particular days are called for example Yawm Buʿāt̲h̲ =“Day of Buʿāt̲h̲”, or Yawm Ḏh̲ī Ḳār =“Day of Ḏh̲ū Ḳār”. Their number is considerable. Many of them however are not commemorative of proper battles like the “Day of Ḏh̲ū Ḳār”, but only of insignificant …

, the name of the famous sword which Muḥammad obtained as booty in the battle of Badr; it previously belonged to a heathen named al-ʿĀṣ b. Munabbih, killed in the battle. It is mentioned in the Sīra (ed. Saḳḳā, etc., 1375/1955), ii, 100, and in several ḥadīt̲h̲s (see for example Ibn Saʿd, ii, 2, section: fī suyūf al-Nabī . The expression D̲h̲u ’l-Faḳār is explained by the presence on this sword of notches ( fuḳra ) or grooves (cf. the expression sayf mufaḳḳar ). According to a tradition, the sword bore an inscription referring to blood-money which ended with the words lā yuḳtal Muslim bi-kāfir …

, festival. The word is derived by the Arab lexicographers from the root and ¶ explained as “the (periodically) returning”. But it is really one of those Aramaic loanwords, which are particularly numerous in the domain of religion; cf. for example the Syriac ʿīdā “festival, holiday”. The Muslim year has two canonical festivals, the ʿīd al-aḍḥā [q. v.] or “sacrificial festival” on the 10th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a and the ʿīd al-fiṭr “festival of breaking the fast” on the 1st S̲h̲awwal. The special legal regulations for these are dealt with in the following articles. Common to…

(also called ʿīd al-ḳurbān or ʿīd al-naḥr) “sacrificial feast” or ʿid al-kabīr, “the major festival”, in India baḳar ʿīd (baḳra ʿīd) in Turkey büyük-bairam or ḳurbān-bairam (cf. bairam). It is celebrated on the 10th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a, the day on which the pilgrims sacrifice in the valley of Minā (cf. ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲), the aiyām al-tas̲h̲rīḳ. The old Arab custom of sacrificing on this day in Minā was adopted by Islam not only for pilgrims but also for all Muslims as sunna. (It is ¶ only a necessary duty [ wād̲j̲ib] by reason of a vow [ nad̲h̲r]). This sunna (muʾakkada ʿala ’l-kifāya) is obligator…

(pl. ḥukamāʾ) the Arabic name for “physician, doctor”. The root-meaning of the word, is “wise, skilled, clever” cf. the Hebrew and particularly the Aramaic meaning of the root ḥ-k-m. From this original meaning ḥākim (“governor, judge”) has developed as well our ḥakīm. (Cf. the French sage-femme, midwife, and sage-homme, jurist). In the same way the root of the second Arabic word for “doctor” ṭabīb (pl. aṭibbāʾ) is ṭbb “to be wise, to understand”, which has been particularly developed in Ethiopie. In the older period ṭabīb is more frequent particularly in the literary language; …

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, Muḥammad b. Saʿd b. Manīʿ al-Baṣrī al-Zuhrī, a client of the Banū Hās̲h̲im known as Kātib al-Wāḳidī (secretary to al-Wāḳidī). He studied tradition under Hus̲h̲aim, Sufyān b. ʿUyaina, Ibn ʿUlaiya, al-Walīd b. Muslim, and notably with Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-Wāḳidī [q. v.]. Abū Bakr b. Abi ’l-Dunyā and other traditioners derived tradition from him. His great work, the Kitāb al-Ṭabaḳāt i. e. the book of the classes, is famous and gives the history of the Prophet, the Companions and Successors down to his own time. Besides the large, Ibn Ḵh̲allik…

was the best known oculist ( kaḥḥāl ) of the Arabs. His work, the Tad̲h̲kirat al-Kaḥḥālīn , deserves the greater claim to our attention from the point of view of the history of civilization in that it is the oldest Arabic work on ophthalmology, that is complete and survives in the original. The name of the author is also recorded in the inverted form: ’Īsā b. ʿAlī. Preference is to be given to the first form as follows from a reference in Ibn Abī Uṣaibiʿa ( ʿUyūn al-Anbāʾ , i, 240) and from quotations in later authors as al-G̲h̲āfiḳī, Ḵh̲alīfa b. Abi ’l-Maḥāsi…

(also called ʿīd al-ḳurbān or ʿīd al-naḥr ) “sacrificial feast” or al-ʿĪd al-Kabīr “the major festival”, in India baḳar ʿīd ( baḳra ʿīd ), in Turkey büyük bayram or kurban bayramı . It is celebrated on 10 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a, the day on which the pilgrims sacrifice in the valley of Minā [see ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ ], the first of the three ayyām al-tas̲h̲rīḳ (see Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Le Pèlerinage à la Mekke , Paris 1923). The old Arab custom of sacrificing on this day in Minā was adopted by Islam not only for pilgrims but also for all Muslims as sunna. It becomes a necessary duty ( wād̲j̲ib …

, “festival of the breaking the fast” or al-ʿīd al-ṣag̲h̲īr the minor festival”, Turkish küčük-bairam or s̲h̲eker-bairam [cf. bairam], is the festival celebrated on the 1st S̲h̲awwāl and the following days. If the Muslim has not paid the zakāt al-fiṭr [cf. zakāt] before the end of the period of fasting, he is legally bound to do this on the 1st S̲h̲awwāl at latest and is recommended to do it before the public prayer Ṣalāt which is celebrated on this day [cf. ʿīd]. As this festival marks the end of the difficulties of the period of fasting, although called the “minor”, it is c…

, the “two-horned”, a name always given to the individuals cited below, more particularly to the third. The two horns go back to an old mythological idea. Naram-Sin was for example represented as Adad with 2 horns (on the stele of Susa; cf. Fouilles à Suse, i. pl. x.). The two horns of Jupiter Ammon are well known. In Arabic, the name Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳarnain, the true meaning of which was not known to the Arabs ¶ and which they therefore interpreted in the most varied and often quite ridiculous fashion, is borne by the following persons: 1. al-Mund̲h̲ir al-Akbarb. Māʾ al-Samāʾ, the grandfather of …

, originally thename of the Muḥammadan people of Īfāt (in Shoa), is now applied to the whole Muḥammadan population of Abyssinia. An individual is called Ḏj̲abartī. This nisba is not found in Suyūṭī’s Lubb al-Lubāb (ed. Veth, Leyden 1840). According to Abyssinian tradition the name is derived from the Ethiopie agbĕrt (plural of gabr) “servants (of God)”. The name given in Amharic by the Christians of Abyssinia to a Muḥammadan is èslam (plur. ĕslāmōč). The Ḏj̲abartīs are not distinguished by dress or language trom other Abyssinians. They speak the language of the countr…

= “Days of the Arabs“ is the name which in the Arabian legend is applied to those combats (cp. Lisān, s. v. yawm xvi. 139, 1 according to Ibn al-Sikkīt), which the Arabian tribes have fought amongst themselves in the pre-Islamic (sometimes also early Islamic) era. The particular days are called for example Yawm Buʿāt̲h̲ = “Day of Buʿās̲h̲”, or Yawm Ḏh̲ī Ḳār = “Day of Ḏh̲ū Ḳār”. Their number is considerable. Many of them however are not commemorative of proper battles like the “Day of Ḏh̲ū Ḳār”, but only of insignificant skirmishes or frays, in which instea…

, the name of a stream in the land of the tribe of Bakr b. Wāʾil [q. v., p. 604] between Wāsiṭ and Kūfa. A battle bears its name which was fought between this Arab tribe and the Persians in which the latter were defeated. It is one of the best known and most celebrated of the Aiyām al-ʿArab [q. v., p. 218]. Tradition varies as to the date of the battle. According to some it took place on the day the Prophet was born, according to most authorities however it was not fought till after the battle of Badr [q. v., p. 559] and Muḥammad is related to have sai…

b. ʿĪsā was the best known oculist ( kaḥḥāl) of the Arabs. His work, the Tad̲h̲kirat al-kaḥḥālīn, deserves the greater claim to our attention from the point of view of the history of civilization in that it is the oldest Arabic work on ophtalmology, that is complete and survives in the original. The name of the author is also recorded in the inverted form: ʿĪsā b. ʿAlī. Preference is to be given to the first form as follows from a reference in Ibn Abī Uṣaibiʿa ( Kitab ʿuyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaḳāt al-aṭibbāʾ, ed. A. Müller, i. 240, 26) and from quotations in later authors as al-G̲h̲āfiḳī,…

, Abū ʿImrān Mūsā b. Maimūn b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳurṭubī (al-Andalusī) al-Isrāʾīlī is the Arabic name of Maimonides famed alike in Jewish theology medicine, and philosophy. His Hebrew name was Rabbī Mōs̲h̲eh ben Maimon ard from the initial lettres of this name he is shortly known as RaMBaM. In Arabic he had the honorary title al-Raʾīs (al-Umma or al-Milla), chief of the (Jewish) nation” the equivalent of the Hebrew Nāgīd. He is also called Mōs̲h̲eh haz-Zemān, the “Moses of his time”. He was born at Cordova on March 30, 1135, where his father was a daiyān or judge in the ecclesiastical court. …

This is the shorter name by which the philologist and historian Abū ʿAbd Allāh Ḥamza b. al-Ḥasan al-Iṣfahānī is usually known. He was born in the viiith decade of the third century a. h. in Iṣfahān in Persia and spent his life — except for a few journeys for purposes of study — in his native town, where he died between 350 and 360(971—971). Although on his journeys he attended the lectures of the most important traditionists of his time, his own special field was philology and history. His “Annals”, which became known comparati…

(plur. adwiya, q.v., p. 144) “medicine”, “medicament”, “drug”. — The word is first used in the meaning of ingredient (constituent part of a medicine). Thus in Arabic prescriptions, after the individual components are stated — usually introduced by the word yuʾk̲h̲ad̲h̲ “let there be taken” — there very frequently appears: tud̲j̲maʿu hād̲h̲ihi ’l-adwiya madḳūḳa mank̲h̲ūla “these ingredients are to be pounded, sifted, and combined”. Dawāʾ is also used in the wider sense of “medicine”, “drug” (a medicine composed of several elements). Medical treatment is therefore called al-ʿilād̲j…

, one of the most famous and certainly the most original of Arab oculists. Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAmmār b. ʿAlī al-Mawṣilī lived first in ʿIrāḳ, then in Egypt. He travelled widely, as he himself informs us in his works, and on his travels which took him to Ḵh̲orāsān in one direction, and to Palestine and Egypt in the other, he practised and performed operations. In Egypt, in the days of Sultan Ḥākim he composed his work on ophthalmology. As the rule of this potentate falls between the years 996 and 1020 …

(a.) the name of the famous sword, which Muḥammad obtained as booty in the battle of Badr; ¶ it previously belonged to an infidel named Munabbih b. al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲. The name of the sword is connected with the expression Saif Mufaḳḳar “sword with the notch”. It is mentioned in several ḥadīt̲h̲s, which have been collected, for example by Ibn Saʿd, ii. 2 (near the end; not yet printed) among the S̲h̲amāʾil in the section fī Suyūf al-Nabī. According to one of these traditions the sword bore an inscription referring to the blood-money which ended with the words lā yuḳtal muslim bikāfir “no Musl…

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Yūsuf al-Ḳifṭī, called Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn, was born in 568 (1172) in Ḳifṭ [q. v.] in Upper Egypt, came early to Cairo where he was instructed in the most varied branches of Arab-Muslim learning, and continued his studies in Jerusalem, to which his father was summoned to an important office in 583 (1187). After spending about 15 years there he went to Aleppo, where he devoted himself entirely for ten years to his literary studies, until in 610 (1213) he was entrusted with the administra…

, the name of the daughter of al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Ḏj̲abala, king of the G̲h̲assān, celebrated for her remarkable beauty. It was from her — or according to others, from a meadow, called Mard̲j̲ Ḥalīma after her — that the Yawm Ḥalīma, one of the most celebrated battles of the pre-Islāmic Arabs, the Aiyām al-ʿArab [q. v.], received its name. It was a battle between the G̲h̲assānids led by the above named king and the Lak̲h̲mids commanded by al-Mund̲h̲ir b. Māʾ al-Samāʾ. The cause and the course of the battle are differently given in the different account…

, abu ’l-ḳāsim ʿammār b. ʿalī , one of the most famous, and certainly the most original of Arab oculists. He lived first in ʿIrāḳ, then in Egypt; he travelled widely, as he himself informs us in his book, and on his travels, which took him to Ḵh̲urāsān in one direction, to Palestine and Egypt in the other, he practised his profession and performed operations. His work on ophthalmology was composed in Egypt, in the reign of al-Ḥākim (996/1020); thus he was a contemporary ¶ of the more famous, but less original, oculist ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā [ q.v.]. If ʿAlī’s Tad̲h̲kira became for …

, festival. The word is derived by the Arab lexicographers from the root ʿwd and explained as “the (periodically) returning”. But it is in fact one of those Aramaic loanwords which are particularly numerous in the domain of religion; cf. for example the Syriac ʿīdā “festival, holiday”. The Muslim year has two canonical festivals, the ʿīd al-aḍḥā [ q.v.] or “sacrificial festival” on 10 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a and the ʿīd al-fiṭr [ q.v.] “festival of breaking the fast” on 1 S̲h̲awwāl. The special legal regulations for these are dealt with in the following articles. Comm…

, “festival of the breaking of the fast” or al-ʿīd al-ṣag̲h̲īr “the minor festival”, Turkish küçük bayram or şeker bayramı , is the festival celebrated on 1 S̲h̲awwāl and the following days. If the Muslim has not paid the zakāt al-fiṭr [see zakāt ] before the end of the period of fasting, he is legally bound to do this on 1 S̲h̲awwāl at the latest and is recommended to do it before the public prayer ( ṣalāt ) which is celebrated on this day [see ʿīd ]. As this festival marks the end of the hardships of the period of fasting, it is, although called the “minor”, celebrated with much…

(également ʿīd al-ḳurbān ou ʿīd al-naḥr) «fête du sacrifice» ou al-ʿīd al-naḥr «la grande fête», en Inde baḳar ʿīd (baḳra ʿid), en Turquie büyük bayram ou kurban bayrami. Elle est célébrée le 10 d̲h̲ūḥl-id̲j̲d̲j̲a, jour durant lequel les pèlerins sacrifient dans la vallée de Minā [voir Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲], et le premier des trois ayyām al-tas̲h̲rīḳ (voir Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Le Pèlerinage à La Mekke, Paris 1923). L’ancienne coutume arabe de sacrifier ce jour-là fut non seulement adoptée par l’Islam pour les pèlerins à Mina, mais également, à titre de sunna, pour tous les Musulmans en gé…

al-Kaḥḥāl, l’oculiste arabe le plus connu. Sa Tad̲h̲kīrat al-kaḥḥālīn mérite, au point de vue de l’histoire de la civilisation, d’autant plus d’égards qu’elle est l’ouvrage arabe le plus ancien sur l’oculistique qui nous soit parvenu complet et dans sa langue originale. Le nom de l’auteur est donné aussi inversement: ʿĪsā b. ʿAlī. La première forme doit être préférée, à en juger par une notice d’Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa ( Kitāb ʿ uyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaḳāt al-aṭibbāʾ, éd. A. Müller, I, 24025) et par des citations d’auteurs plus récents, entre autres al-G̲h̲āfiḳī, Ḵh̲alīfa b. Abī l-M…

, nom du fameux sabre du Prophète provenant du butin pris à Badr et ayant appartenu à un païen du nom d’al-ʿĀṣ b. Munabbih tué dans cette bataille. Il est mentionné dans la Sīra (éd. Saḳḳā, etc., 1375/1955), II, 100, et dans divers ḥadīths (voir par ex. Ibn Saʿd, II/2, section: fī suyūf al-Nabī). L’expression d̲h̲ū l-Faḳār est expliquée par l’existence, sur ce sabre, de trous ( fuḳra) ou de cannelures (on dit: sayf mufḳḳar). D’après une tradition, il aurait porté une inscription relative au prix du sang se terminant par ces mots: lā yuḳtal Muslim bi-kāfir «un Musulman ne doit pas être tué …

, un des plus célèbres oculistes arabes et certainement le plus original de tous. Abū l-Ḳāsim ʿAmmār b. ʿAlī habita d’abord le ʿIrāḳ, puis l’Égypte. Il entreprit, comme il le rapporte lui-même dans son livre, de lointains voyages, au cours desquels il pratiqua et opéra, voyages qui le conduisirent d’une part dans le Ḵh̲urāsān, de l’autre en Palestine et en Égypte. C’est là, en Égypte, que, sous le règne du sultan al-Ḥākim, il écrivit son livre sur le traitement des maladies des yeux. Comme ce su…

= «les jours des Arabes», ainsi sont appelés dans la tradition arabe les combats (comp. LA, s.v. yawm, XVI, 139, 1, d’après Ibn al-Sikkit) que les tribus arabes se livraient entre elles avant l’Islam (et même encore au commencement de l’Islam). Le nom de chacun de ces «jours» pris à part se compose de Yawm et d’un autre mot, par exemple Yawm Buʿāt̲h̲ («le jour de Buʿāt̲h̲»), Yawm Ḏh̲i Ḳār («le jour de Ḏh̲ū Ḳār»). Le nombre de ces «jours» est très grand; cependant, ils ne correspondent pas tous à un vrai combat, comme le «jour de Ḏh̲ū Ḳār», où des tribus entières …

« fête de la rupture du jeune » ou al-ʿīd al-ṣag̲h̲īr «la petite fête», en turc küçük bayram ou şeker bayrami, est la fête célébrée le Ier s̲h̲awwāl et les jours suivants. Si le Musulman n’a pas payé la zakāt al-fiṭr [voir Zakāt] avant la fin de la période de jeûne, il est légalement tenu de le faire le Ier s̲h̲awwāl au plus tard, et il lui est recommandé de s’en acquitter avant la prière publique ( ṣalāt) de ce jour-là [voir ʿĪd]. Comme cette fête marque la fin des privations de la période de jeûne, elle est, quoique dénommée la «petite», célébrée avec beaucoup plus d’allégre…

, fête. Les lexicographes arabes font dériver ce mot de la racine ʿw d en expliquant qu’il indique «le retour (périodique) », mais il s’agit, en fait, d’un de ces mots empruntés à l’araméen qui sont particulièrement nombreux dans le domaine religieux; cf. par exemple, le syriaque ʿīdā «fête, jour férié». L’année musulmane comporte deux fêtes canoniques, le ʿīd al-aḍḥā [ q.v.] ou «fête du sacrifice», le 10 d̲h̲ū l-ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a et le ʿid al-fiṭr [ q.v.] ou «fête de la rupture du jeûne», le Ier s̲h̲awwāl; les prescriptions légales particulières à chacune sont exposées dans les arti…