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[English Version] überblickt von Süden die Jesreelebene. Es war in FB II–III und MB II befestigt. 1468 v.Chr. beschädigte Tutmoses III. T., ebenso Schischak (ca.930 v.Chr.). T. Keilschriftarchiv (das einzige in Palästina) erwähnt Rehov, Gur, Dothan, Jibleam; Amanhatpa (evtl. Amenhotep II.) beklagt mangelnden Respekt des Stadtfürsten. In SB-/früher E-Zeit war T. Metallverarbeitungszentrum. Fürst Yašdata kämpfte gegen Lab'ayu von Sichem (EA 244f.248). Die Besiedlung nahm Mitte 14./spätes 13.Jh. ab, …

[English Version] (»Fünfstadt[bund]«). Der Eindruck eines einheitlich handelnden polit.-militärischen Philisterblocks entsteht durch 1Sam 6; Jos 13,3 und Nennung »der« Philisterfürsten in Sam. Die verschiedene Lage der lange vor Ankunft der Philister in Palästina existierenden Hafen- (Gaza, Asdod, Askalon) bzw. Hinterlandorte (Ekron, Gath) mit verschiedener Wirtschaft und Interessen bedingt eher Konkurrenz, komplementäre Hoch- und Tiefzeiten als Einheit. Ekron war im 11./10 und 7., Gath Ende des 1…

[English Version] Philadelphia, bibl. Rabbat-Ammon, Hauptstadt der Ammoniter (Ammon), Ende des 6.Jh. der pers. Subprovinz Ammon. Nach Alexander dem Großen ptolemäisch, von Ptolemaios II. Philadelphos (283–246 v.Chr.) zur polis erhoben (Name). Pompeius schlug die Dekapolis-Stadt zur Provincia Syria. Nach 106 v.Chr. Teil der Provincia Arabia, florierte Ph. (27,6 ha) an der Via Nova Traiana bes. im 2./3.Jh. n.Chr.: Oberstadt mit Herkules-Tempel, Unterstadt mit zwei Kolonnaden-Straßen, zwei Theatern, …

[German Version] I. Archaeology – II. History (Arab. Tell el-Qāḍī), city near the southern foot of Mount Hermon enjoying a location favorably situated along trade routes in a fertile valley at one of the sources of the Jordan River. I. Archaeology A differentiated city developed at this site during the EBA (27th – 24th cent.) to which a mighty earthen wall was added during the MBA (1st half of the 2nd mill.). After being destroyed at the end of the MBA, …

[German Version] Geology, the study of the earth, deals with the structure and development of the earth(crust), examines land and water distribution, climate (changes), movements of the earth, and explores mineral resources. The grand geological periods (2.6 billion years since the pre-Cam-¶ brium) permit the assumption of development in line with classical evolutionary theory (macroevolution, transcending species; evolution), disputation of which by “creationism” (microevolution within species) is theologically irrelevant because the b…

[German Version] I. Historical Development – II. Reality and the Ideal – III. Criticism and Kingship after the Monarchy I. Historical Development Kingship, traditional in Canaan, was not an institution grafted onto Israel (1 Sam 11:14). After the collapse of the cultural and political world of the Late Bronze Age, in the central Palestinian uplands the formation of Philistine city states triggered a consolidation of groups, regions (e.g. Ramah: 1 Sam 7:15–17), cities under oligarchic rule (Judg 9:6), and the Gibeo…

[German Version] (“Five City League”). The impression of a political and military league of Philistine cities acting in concert is given by 1 Sam 6, Josh 13:3, and the references to “the” Philistine rulers in Samuel. But the situation of the port cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ashkelon differed substantially from that of the inland cities of Ekron and Gath, all settled long before the arrival of the Philistines in Palestine; their different economies and interests would suggest competition rather tha…

[German Version] is the biblical Rabbath Ammon, capital city of the Ammonites and of the Persian sub-province Ammon, at the end of the 6th centurybce. After Alexander the Great it was Ptolemaic, and was raised to the status of a polis by Ptolemy Philadelphus (reigned 283–246bce), hence the name. Pompey attached thisDecapolis city to the province of Syria. After 106bce, as part of the province of Arabia, Philadelphia (27.6 hectares) was a flourishing city on the Via Nova Traiana, particularly in the 2nd and 3rd centuriesce. The upper city had a temple of Heracles; the lower city …

[German Version] overlooks the Valley of Jezreel from the south. It was fortified in EB II–III and MB II and was destroyed by Thutmoses III in 1468 bce and by Shishak c. 930 bce. The cuneiform archive at Taanach (unique in Palestine) mentions Rehov, Gur, Dothan, and Yibleam; Amanhatpa (possibly Amenhotep II) complains that the city prince does not show him sufficient respect. In the Late Bronze and Early Iron periods, Taanach was a metalworking center. Prince Yašdata fought against Labʾayu of Shechem (EA 244f., 248). Settlement…

[English Version] I. Altes TestamentPhilister (hebr. פְּלִשְׁתִּים/pelisˇti^m; LXX ϕυλιστιει´μ/phylistiei´m [12x] und α᾿λλο´ϕυλος/allo´phylos [269x]; äg. pl/rst) bewohnen nach bibl. Darstellung das »Land der Ph.« (Gen 21,32; Ex 13,17; 1Sam 30,16 u. ö.), für judäische Erzähler am konkretesten das Gebiet von Asdod über Gath und Ekron bis an den Rand Kernjudas (1Sam 5,1–12; 6,1), und werden von einer einheitlich handelnden Gruppe von fünf »Fürsten« (Jos 13,3; Ri 3,3; 16,5; 1Sam 5,8 u. ö.) bzw. Königen (Gen 26,1…

[English Version] I. Ort (Ḫirbat al-Muḫayyiṭ) am Nordrand des »Landes Madeba« (KAI 181,7f.) nördlich des Arnon im Überschneidungsgebiet, das Israel wie Moab sich zurechneten (KAI 181,10; Num 32) nahe dem Nordostrand des Toten Meeres (Num 22,1; Dtn 34,1). Omri und Ahab hatten das Land über N. hinweg bis zur Linie Atarot–Jahaz im 9.Jh. besetzt (KAI 181,4–8). Nach Ahabs Tod konnte Moabs Staatsgründer Mesa, aus dem gaditischen Dibon stammend (KAI 181,1f.10; Num 33,45f.), das von Omriden ausgebaute A…

[German Version] I. Old Testament Philistines (Heb. פְּלִשְׁתִים/ pelištîm; LXX ϕυλιστιείμ/ phylistieím [12 occurrences] and ἀλλόϕυλος/ allóphylos [269 occurrences]; Egyp. pl/rst) are represented in the Bible as living in the “Land of the Philistines” (Gen 21:32; Exod 13:17; 1 Sam 30:16 etc.); for Jewish narrators most specifically the area extending from Ashdod through Gath and Ekron to the boundary of Judea itself (1 Sam 5:1–12; 6:1). Their leaders are a group of five cooperating “princes” (Josh 13:3; Judg 3:3; …

[German Version] 1. The city. Nebo (Ḫirbat al-Muḫayyiṭ) is on the northern edge of the “land of Madaba” ( KAI 181, 7f.), north of the Arnon in the disputed region claimed by both Israel and Moab ( KAI 181. 10; Num 32), near the northeast edge of the Dead Sea (Num 22:1; Deut 34:1). In the 9th century, Omri and Ahab had occupied the land beyond Nebo to a line between Ataroth and Yahaz ( KAI 181.4–8). After Ahab’s death, Mesha, the founder of the Moabite state from the Gadite city of Dibon ( KAI 181.1f., 10; Num 33:45f.), was able to retake Ataroth, which had been extended by the Omrides, ¶ in a bloody ba…