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[English version] (Κρόνιον). Der kiefernbestandene Hügel (123 m) oberhalb der Altis in Olympia mit einem nur lit. bezeugten Kronos-Kult (Priesterschaft der Βασίλαι/ Basílai): Xen. hell. 7,4,14; Pind. O. 1,111; 5,17; 6,64; 9,3; Paus. 5,21,2; 6,19,1; 20,1f.; Dion. Hal. ant. 1,34,3. Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] (Φολόη). Die eintönige, etwa 11 km lange und 8 km breite Konglomeratfläche nördl. des mittleren Alpheios [1], im Norden bis 798 m, im Süden 640 m hoch, gegen Osten mit Steilrand zum Erymanthos [2], nach Westen sich in niedrigeren Höhenzügen aus Mergel auflösend (Strab. 8,3,1; 3,5; 3,32; 8,3; Paus. 6,21,5; 8,24,4 ; Ptol. 3,14,35 ; Mela 2,43; Plin. nat. 4,21), h. Pholoi Oros. Die Ph. ist siedlungsleer und quellenarm, h. von Eichenwald und Ackerflächen bedeckt. Als Jagdgebiet für Gr…

(Λύκος). Mythologie und Religion: L. [1-9], Historische Personen: L. [10-13], Flüsse: L. [14-19]. [English version] [1] Sohn des Poseidon und der Pleiade Kelaino Sohn des Poseidon und der Pleiade Kelaino [1] (Ps.-Eratosth. katasterismoi 23), nur Apollod. 3,111 erwähnt seine Entrückung auf die Inseln der Seligen, vielleicht, um ihn von L. [6], mit dem er von Hyg. fab. 31, 76 und 157 trotz der Abstammung von Poseidon zusammengebracht wird, zu differenzieren. Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Sohn des Prometheus und der Kelaino Sohn des Prometheus und der Kelaino…

[English version] Erdrelief und Klima bestimmen Größe und Richtung von Flußläufen. Die größeren Flußtäler der Oikumene bestimmten ihrerseits Handel und Wandel der Gesellschaften, deren Gebiete sie durchzogen; denn sie boten diesen sowohl infrastrukturelle als auch wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Selten stellten sie für den Verkehr unüberwindliche Hindernisse dar, sie lenkten vielmehr die Verkehrsströme in verschiedener Stärke in bestimmten Bahnen (Furten, Brücken). Die wirtschaftliche Nutzbarkeit von Fl…

[English version] Fluß in Aquitania, h. Allier, entspringt in 1430 m Höhe am Mont Lozère und mündet nach einem Lauf von 375 km unterhalb von Noviodunum von links in den Liger (Caes. Gall. 7,34,2; 35,1). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

(Φύσκος). [English version] [1] Karische Stadt der rhodischen Peraia Karische Stadt der rhodischen Peraia (Strab. 14,2,4; 29; 5,22; Ptol. 5,2,11: Φοῦσκα; Stadiasmus maris magni 272), Demos der Polis Lindos auf Rhodos [1. 792; 2. Nr. 51]. Ant. Überreste einer klass. und hell. Befestigung liegen auf dem Asar Tepe 2 km nordwestl. von Marmaris über einem vorzüglichen Naturhafen an der Bucht. Inschr.: [1. 2-5; 2. Nr. 1-7, 57]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 P.M. Fraser, G.E. Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, 1954 2 C. Blinkenberg, K.F. Kinch, Lindos, Bd. 2,1,…

(Πτελεόν). [English version] [1] Ortschaft am Nordende der Bucht von Erythrai Befestigte Ortschaft am Nordende der Bucht von Erythrai [2], nicht sicher lokalisierbar (Plin. nat. 5,117; Steph. Byz. s. v. Π.). Als Mitglied im Attisch-Delischen Seebund (ATL 1,390 f.; 486; 2,82) war P. zeitweise selbständig, grundsätzlich aber abhängig von Erythrai. Von Thuk. (8,24,2; 8,31,2) wird P. im Zusammenhang mit dem Seekrieg in den Gewässern um Miletos [2] und Chios im Winter 412/1 v. Chr. erwähnt (Peloponnesischer Krieg). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Sauer, Vera (Stuttgart) Bibliography J…

(Ὀλβία). [English version] [1] Milesische Kolonie Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Apollon | Handel | Hellenistische Staatenwelt | Kolonisation | Regnum Bosporanum | Regnum Bosporanum | Roma | Roma | Schwarzmeergebiet | Skythen | Thrakes, Thrake, Thraci | Wein Milesische Kolonie (Kolonisation) südl. vom h. Parutino (Ukraine) am Zusammenfluß von Hypanis und Borysthenes (Ps.-Skymn. 808f.), daher auch Borysthenes (Βορυσθένης) genannt (Hdt. 4,24; 78), gegr. Anf. des 6. Jh.v.Chr. (Hdt. 4,18,5: Ὀλβιοπολῖται; Ps.-Skymn. 813f.)…

[English version] (Nordsee). Dieses Schelf-Meer, ein Randmeer des Atlantik (Okeanos), besitzt seine h. Gestalt seit dem Jura; im Westen ist es gegen den Atlantik durch die Meerenge von Dover, im NW durch die Linie der Orkney- und Shetland-Inseln, gegen die Ostsee ( mare Suebicum ) im Osten durch das Skagerrak abgeschlossen, wenige begrenzende Inselgruppen befinden sich in NW und SO. Das m.G. hat h. eine Fläche von 0,58 Mio km2, eine Wassermenge von 0,054 km3, die mittlere Tiefe liegt bei 94 m, die größte Tiefe 725 m bei Arendal in der Norwegischen Rinne. Es liegt im…

[English version] (Ἀρκαθίας). Sohn Mithradates' VI. (verschieden von Ariarathes IX. [1; 2; 3]), führte in die Eröffnungsschlacht der Mithradatischen Kriege (Herbst 89 v.Chr.) am Amnias 10000 kleinarmen. Reiter gegen Nikomedes IV.; er zog mit einem pontischen Heer 88/87 v.Chr. durch Makedonia und organisierte die gewonnenen Gebiete als Satrapien. Beim Tisaion auf Magnesia erkrankte er und starb (App. Mithr. 63-65; 137; 156). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 Magie, 1105 Anm. 41 2 B.C. McGing, The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus, 1986, 124, 173 2…

[English version] (Δάοι). Nomadenstamm in der Persis, wie die Mardoi, Dropikoi und Sagartioi von Hdt. (1,125) mit der Erhebung des Kyros II. 550 v.Chr. gegen Astyages in Verbindung gebracht. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] (Πήδασον). Kleine Ortschaft (πολίχνιον/ políchnion) auf dem Territorium von Stratonikeia in Karia (Strab. 13,1,59), deren genauere Lokalisierung bisher nicht gelungen ist [1]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 W. Ruge, s.v. Pedasa (2), RE 19, 27.

[English version] (Ἀργινοῦσ(σ)αι). Name von 3 kleinen Inseln am südl. Eingang in den Sund von Lesbos an der aiol. Küste (Hauptinsel h. Garip Adası), bekannt durch den Seesieg der Athener über die Spartaner unter ihrem Strategen Kallikratidas, an den sich der “Arginusen-Prozeß” anschloß (406 v. Chr.). Darin verurteilten die Athener die verantwortlichen Strategen en bloc, weil diese es unterlassen hatten, die Gefallenen und Schiffbrüchigen aus dem Sturm im Anschluß an die Seeschlacht zu retten. Sokr…

[English version] (Γαίσων). Flüßchen am Südhang des Mykale-Gebirges (Samsun Dağı), vgl. Hdt. 9,97; Mela 1,87 ( Gaesus); Plin. nat. 5,113 ( Gessus). Am G. lag Skolopoeis (Σκολοπόεις) mit einem Tempel der Eleusinischen Demeter; hier fand die Schlacht zw. Griechen und Persern 479 v.Chr. statt (Hdt. 9,97). Ein nach G. benannter See (Γαισωνὶς λίμνη, Athen. 7,311e) ist ebenfalls in der Nähe zu lokalisieren. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[English version] (Μότυκα, Μότουκα). Stadt der Siculi im SO von Sicilia (Ptol. 3,4,14), h. Módica südl. von Ragusa. Funde schon aus prähistor. Zeit. Ant. Inschr. aus der Umgebung (IG XIV 243-253). Der ager Mutycensis war ager decumanus der röm. Prov. Sicilia (Cic. Verr. 2,3,101; 120), die Mutycenses waren stipendiarii (Plin. nat. 3,91). Falco, Giulia (Athen) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography K. Ziegler, s.v. M., RE 16, 407  BTCGI 10, 169-177  Morgantina Studies, 5 Bde., 1981-1996.

[English version] (Προποντίς). Das Meer zw. dem Pontos Euxeinos (Schwarzes Meer) im NO (Bosporos [1]) und dem Aigaion Pelagos (Ägäis) im SW (Hellespontos), zw. Thrakia im Norden und Mysia im Süden, größte L (von Kallipolis bis Nikomedeia) 252 km, größte Br 74 km, h. Marmara Denizi, das Marmarameer. Die P. ist durch einen frühquartären Grabenbruch entstanden. Den größten Teil der Meeresgrundfläche (ca. 11 500 km2) bildet die auf 200 m abgesenkte Landoberfläche, auf der die Inseln aufsitzen (vgl. die Liste der Inseln bei Plin. nat. 5,151; Prokonnesos, Ophiu…

(Γλαύκη). [English version] [1] Nereide Nereide (Hom. Il. 18,39; Hes. theog. 244; Hyg. praef. 8), deren Name die blauglänzende sowie vergleichbare Farbschattierungen des Meeres bezeichnet (Hom. Il. 16,34; Hes. theog. 440) und zu der Glaukos die männliche Entsprechung ist. G. wird an verschiedenen Orten auch als eine Nymphe dargestellt (Paus. 8,47,2f.; Tzetz. Theogonie 100-102). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [English version] [2] Quellnymphe, Braut des Iason Quellnymphe in Korinth, von einigen Autoren mit der Tochter des dortigen Königs Kreon gleichgesetzt, …

[English version] Ligurisch-kelt. Volksstamm (Liv. 5,35,2; Liv. per. 60 f.; 73: S.; Strab. 4,1,3; 4,1,5 f.; 4,1,9; 4,1,11 f.; 4,6,3 f.: Σάλυες; Plin. nat. 3,36: S.; 3,47; 124: Sallui; Flor. epit. 1,19,5: S.; App. Celt. 12,1; Avien. 701: Salyes; Ptol. 2,10,15: Σάλυες; Obseq. 90; 92: Sallyes; Amm. 15,11,15: S.) im Hinterland von Massalia zw. Rhodanus (h. Rhône) und Alpes Maritimae. Ihr zentrales oppidum wurde bei Entremont ergraben; hier gab es wohl einen Kult im Zusammenhang mit den têtes coupées (vgl. die kephalophoren Steine im Museum von Aix-en-Provence); für die zahlreichen oppida…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaioi, Achaia (Ὤλενος). Stadt in Achaia zw. Dyme [1] und Patrai (Plin. nat. 4,13; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὠ.), in deren Gebiet der Peiros in den Korinthischen Golf mündete (vgl. Paus. 7,6,1; 7,18,1f.; 7,22,1), in der Küstenebene bei den h. Dörfern Kaminia oder Tsoukalaika zu vermuten (vgl. die Entfernungsangaben bei Strab. 8,7,4; Paus. l.c.). O. war eine der zwölf in myk. Zeit entstandenen Städte von Achaia und Mitglied im alten Achaiischen Bund…

[English version] [1] Fisch Der Fisch (griech. ἰχθῦς, lat. piscis) war in Griechenland und Rom ein Volksnahrungsmittel, bestimmte Fische in Rom auch ausgesprochene Luxusnahrung. Das erklärt das griech. Interesse an Nachbarkulturen wie der ägypt. oder syrischen, wo auffallende Speiseverbote festgestellt und oft verallgemeinert wurden (Priester in Ägypten: Hdt. 2,37; Plut. Is. 7, 353b; Plut. symp. 8,8,2; Syrien: Ov. fast. 2,473f.; Porph. De abstinentia 2,61 usw.) und wo oft die Fischverehrung damit zusamme…

[English version] (Ῥίον). Flacher Küstenvorsprung in Achaia, ca. 8 km nordöstl. von h. Patras [1. 226-227; 2. 199 f.], h. Rhio, der über den ca. 2 km breiten Sund (auch Rh. genannt: vgl. Pol. 4,64,2; Liv. 27,29,9; Mela 2,52) mit dem nördl. gegenüberliegenden Antirrhion (oder ebenfalls Rh. bzw. Ῥ. τὸ Μολυκρικόν/ Rh. to Molykrikón nach Molykreion; h. Antirhio) die westl. Einfahrt in den Korinthischen Golf bildet (Thuk. 2,86,3; Ps.-Skyl. 35; 42; Skymn. 478; Strab. 8,2,3, hier wie bei Ptol. 3,15,5 fälschlich mit Drepanon [2] gleichgesetzt; Plin. n…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Athleten | Bildung | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Makedonia, Makedones | Mykenische Kultur und Archäologie | Orakel | Punische Kriege (Ὀλυμπία, lat. Olympia). I. Geschichte [English version] A. Vorgeschichte O. lag in der Pisatis (östl. Peloponnesos), also im Territorium von Pisa, eines Ortes, dessen Existenz bzw. Lage schon in der Ant. umstritten war. Doch ist Pisa ein wichtiges Element im Mythos von der Entstehung des Heiligtums von O. und der hier gefeierten Spiele (Oinom…

(Ἐρυθραί). [English version] [1] Boiot. Stadt Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Boiotia, Boiotoi Schon bei Hom. Il. 2,499 gen. boiot. Stadt (Plin. nat. 4,26; Steph. Byz. s.v. E.) am Nordhang des Kithairon östl. von Plataiai und Hysiai. Weitere Belegstellen: Eur. Bacch. 751; Thuk. 3,24,2; Xen. hell. 5,4,49; Paus. 9,2,1. Nach Strab. 9,2,12 Mutterstadt des ion. E. [2]. Vor der Schlacht bei Plataiai (479 v.Chr.) erstreckte sich das pers. Feldlager entlang des Asopos von E. über Hysiai bis Plataiai, …

[English version] [1] Meerenge zw. Chalkis auf Euboia und Boiotia (Εὔριπος ὁ Χαλκιδικός). Diese 9 km lange Meerenge zw. Chalkis auf Euboia und Boiotia mit drei Engstellen teilt die Wasserstraße zw. Euboia und dem griech. Festland (Anon. bei GGM 1,105 § 29: ἡ τῶν Εὐβοέων θάλατττα) ungefähr mittig. Urspr. durchzogen die nördlichste engste Stelle bei Chalkis zwei Rinnen, eine am westl. Ufer, 0,5 m tief und 15 m breit, seeseits von einem Riff abgeschlossen, und eine schiffbare am östl. Ufer, etwa 5 m tief und…

(Ἀρχέλαος). [English version] [1] Maked. König (ca. 413-399 v. Chr.) Sohn des Perdikkas, König von Makedonien ca. 413-399 v. Chr., nach Platons gehässiger Darstellung (Gorg. 471) Sohn einer Sklavin und durch Mord auf den Thron gekommen; doch erscheint er um 415 in einem Vertrag mit Athen nach Perdikkas und dessen Bruder Alketas an dritter Stelle, also als legitim (IG I3 89,60). Die Ermordung anderer Thronanwärter ist bei den Argeadai, die kein festes Nachfolgerecht kannten, nicht ungewöhnlich. Mit den Athenern stand er auf gutem Fuß, lieferte ihnen Holz…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Xenophon (Πέλται). Bereits E. des 5. Jh.v.Chr. bestehende Siedlung (vgl. Xen. an. 1,2,10), nachmals seleukidische Militärkolonie (Mz.: HN 682: ΠΕΛΤΗΝΩΝ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ) in Phrygia (Strab. 12,8,13; 13,4,13: τὸ Πελτηνὸν πεδίον; Ptol. 5,2,25; Steph. Byz. s.v. Π.; Hesych. s.v. Βέλτη, evtl. verschrieben für Π., vgl. [1. 120 § 145]; Pelteni, Plin. nat. 95; 106) am Oberlauf des Maiandros [2] (vgl. die Mz. HN 682: ΜΑΙΑΝΔΡΟΣ), südl. von Çevril vermutet. In spätant. Zeit Bischofssitz (vgl. Not. episc. 1,356; 3,311). Olshausen…

[English version] (ἡ διόπτρα). Visiergerät der Feldmesser zur Bestimmung von Winkeln und Entfernungen oder lateralen Breiten ferner Objekte (z.B. der scheinbaren Entfernung von Sternen voneinander, der Höhe von Mauern und Bergen). Anwendungsbereiche waren u.a. die Anlage von Wasserleitungen, der Hausbau oder die Feuer-Telegraphie (vgl. Pol. 8,37,2; 9,19,8f.). Am Anf. seines D. betitelten Werks über Theorie und Praxis des Vermessungswesens (πραγματεία διοπτρική) hat Heron von Alexandreia (1. Jh.n.Chr.?) Konstruktion und Funktionsweise dieses Meß…

[English version] (Νέδων). Nach dem Pamisos größter Strom in Messenia, der im Taygetos entspringt, die quellenreiche Denthaliatis (Denthalioi) in südwestl. Richtung durchzieht (vgl. Tac. ann. 4,43; Steph. Byz. s.v. Δενθάλιοι) und bei Pherai in die Messenische Bucht mündet (Strab. 8,3,29; 4,4; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ν.). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten 3, 406.

(Ἀριστίων). [English version] [1] epik. Philosoph, 88-86 v. Chr. »Tyrann« von Athen Epikureischer Philosoph, der in Athen mit Hilfe Mithradates' VI. 88 v. Chr. großen Einfluß gewann (“Tyrann”). Um die Griechen für Mithradates einzunehmen, unterstützte A. Archelaos, so im Kampf gegen den Proquaestor Q. Braetius Sura bei Chaironeia. Im Frühjahr 87 v. Chr. zog er sich vor Sulla nach Athen zurück. Die Stadt fiel am 1.3.86 v. Chr.; A. konnte sich noch kurz auf der Akropolis halten, gab dann auf und wurde auf Su…

[English version] [1] P. Gadeirides Die Meerenge von Gibraltar (Πύλαι Γαδειρίδες). Die Meerenge von Gibraltar, der an der engsten Stelle 13 km breite, etwa 60 km lange Sund (Satteltiefe 286 m) zw. Mittelmeer ( mare nostrum ) im Osten und Okeanos im Westen bzw. der Südspitze der spanischen Halbinsel und dem afrikanischen Kontinent. Die ant. Bezeichnungen des Sundes orientieren sich an Gades (Plin. nat. 3,3; 5; 74; 4,93: Gaditanum fretum; Plut. Sertorius 8,1: Γαδειραῖος πορθμός), am Herakles-Tempel in Gades (“Säulen” bzw. besser “Tafeln des Herakles”, vgl. dazu …

(Νεμέα). [English version] [1] Nymphe, Eponymin von Nemea Nymphe, Eponymin von N. [2,3], Tochter des Flußgottes Asopos und der Metope (Paus. 2,15,3; schol. Pind. O. 6,144 Dr.) oder des Zeus und der Selene (Hypothesis c zu Pind. N.); Mutter des Opheltes (Aischyl. TrGF 3 F *149a). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [English version] [2] Bezeichnung für Fluß, Talkessel und hl. Hain Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Athleten | Bildung (Νεμέα; etym. Bed. “Weideland”; andere Etym. etwa nach einer Nymphe N. bei Paus. 2,15,3). So wurde genannt: 1) Ein h. nur im Winter wa…

[English version] [1] Heiligtum des Apollon Klarios Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Orakel (Κλᾶρος). Ion. Heiligtum des Apollon Klarios (aus protogeom. Zeit, 10. Jh.v.Chr.) mit Orakelstätte (Blütezeit 2. Jh.n.Chr.) auf dem Territorium von Kolophon, in der Küstenebene von Ahmetbeyli. Lit. und inschr. gut bezeugt (vgl. Hom. h. ad Apollinem 1,40; Hom. h. ad Dianam 5; Thuk. 3,33; Strab. 14,1,27; Paus. 7,3; Iambl. de myst. 3,11; Aristeid. 3,317 Jebb; Tac. ann. 2,54,2f.: Germanicus 18 n.Chr. in K.).…

[English version] (Πόντος Εὔξεινος), das h. Schwarze Meer. Die ant. Bez. dürfte auf die Iranier zurückgehen, die das Meer als achshaenas, “dunkel”, bezeichneten; durch Transkription ins Griech. entstand daraus áxeinos “ungastlich” (vgl. Ov. trist. 4,4,55), eine Bezeichnung, die von den Seeleuten euphemistisch zu eúxeinos, “gastfreundlich” umgedeutet wurde; als “Schwarzes Meer” war den Griechen der P. E. ebenfalls bekannt (Eur. Iph. T. 107: πόντος μέλας). Der P. E., ein Nebenmeer des Mittelmeeres (Mare Nostrum), erstreckt sich, unter Eins…

(Λύκαστος). [English version] [1] Stadt auf Kreta Stadt auf Kreta (Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.; Plin. nat. 4,59; Mela 2,113), ca. 11 km südl. von Knosos, h. Kanli Kastelli. Bei Hom. Il. 2,647 Teilnehmer am Troianischen Krieg. Phasenweise autonom, meist aber von Knosos abhängig und zu dessen Territorium gehörig. 184 v.Chr. von Gortyn erobert (Pol. 22,19), was durch einen röm. Schiedspruch revidiert wurde [1]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996, 281-285, Nr. 40. I.F. Sanders, Roman Crete, 1992, 154. …

[English version] (Νεβρώδη ὄρη). Waldreiches Gebirge, das “sich der Aitne gegenüber, zwar niedriger, aber breiter, erhebt” (Strab. 6,2,9); die h. Monti Nébrodi und Monti Madoníe in NW-Sicilia (nordwestl. vom Aetna), wo nach Sil. 14,236f. die beiden als Himeras bekannten Flüsse entsprangen. Wohl nach nebrós/νεβρός, “Hirsch” benannt (Solin. 5,12). Falco, Giulia (Athen) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography K. Ziegler, s.v. N., RE 16, 2157.

[English version] Ortschaft in Histria beim h. Vizac̆e, ca. 8 km nordnordöstl. vom h. Pula/Kroatien (Plin. nat. 3,129). Vorort der Histri an einer Anhöhe mit einem auf 1000 v.Chr. datierten Heiligtum; von den Römern 177 v.Chr. erobert (Liv. 41,11,1: oppidum Nesattium). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography K. Mihovilić, Rezultati sondanog istraivanja u sjevernoj bazilici u Nezakciju (1977 godine), in: Histria Archaeologica 15/6, 1984/5, 5-29  M. Zaninović, Apsorus, Crexa e Nesactium. Badò sulla rotta marittima adriatica, in: Quaderni dell' Antiquità di…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ῥύπες/ Rhýpes). Town in Achaea (Achaeans, Achaea [1], with map), probably to be identified with the few ancient remains (including traces of Mycenaean settlement [2. 123-127; 3. 35]) on the plateau of Trapeza at Koumaris, c. 6 km southwest of Aegium. The find sites on the fortified hill on the left bank of the Phoenix, c. 8 km northwest of Aegium [1. 193, 417-418] and on the right bank of the Tholopotamus, 5.2 km north west of Aegium, have also been suggested. With eleven other ci…

(Ἐνιπεύς; Enipeús). [German version] [1] Tributary to the right of the Alpheius [1] in Elis A tributary to the right of the  Alpheius [1] in Elis, also Βαρνίχιος ( Barníchios, ‘River of Lambs’) [1], modern Lestenitsa west of Olympia (Str. 8,3,32; Hom. Od. 11,238ff.). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Lienau, Cay (Münster) Bibliography 1 E. Curtius, Peloponnesos 2, 1852, 71f. [German version] [2] Main river of the West Thessalian plain Main river of the West Thessalian plain, modern Tsanarlis. Its source is in the Othrys range near Melitaea under the name Elipeus (IG IX 2, 205 and add.…

[German version] Island between Pharus [2] and Corcyra [2] Melaina off the Dalmatian coast (Tab. Peut. 6,4), modern Šćedro (in Croatia). Caesar's legate P. Vatinius [I 2] was victorious at T. over the fleet of Pompey's party in 47 BC (Bell. Alex. 45,1,2). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography M. Kozlic̆ić, Historical Geography of the Eastern Adriatic, 1990, 300.

[German version] (Πλημ(μ)ύριον/ Plēm(m)ýrion). The north cape of the peninsula of Maddalena to the south of Syracusae, today Punta della Maddalena (cf. [1. 13, 95f., 10223]. Together with the southern tip of the island of Ortygia to the north, the P. formed the entrance into the great harbour (στόμα τοῦ λιμένος/ stóma toû liménos) of Syracuse (Thuc. 7,4,4). A necropolis containing 53 graves from the Mycenaean Period attests to a coastal base; there was a village settlement here during the Greek period (grave group of the 5th cent. BC). During the…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Marble (Δοκίμειον; Dokímeion). Town in Phrygia maior (Steph. Byz. s.v. Δ.; Str. 12,8,14: Δοκιμία κώμη; Ptol. 5,2,24: Δοκίμαιον; Hierocles [8], Synecdemus 677: Δοκίμιον;  Asia Minor III E.) on the road from Apamea [2] to Amorion (modern Hisar Köyü) near modern İscehisar. On the broken marble at D. cf.  Syn(n)ada.  Marble (with map) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Belke/Mersich, 237f.

(Νικόπολις; Nikópolis). [German version] [1] Town on the upper Nestus river This item can be found on the following maps: | Moesi, Moesia Town on the upper Nestus river on the road from Philippopolis to the Aegean coast (Ptol. 3,11,13: Ν. ἡ περὶ Νέσσον; 8,11,7; Hierocles, Synekdemos 636,5), near modern Goce Delčev (Bulgaria), founded in AD 106 by Traianus. From the 2nd to 4th cents. AD, N. reached a high economic and cultural level (minting from Commodus to Caracalla: HN 287; thermal baths, peristyle buildings, sculpt…

[German version] [1] Son of Amphictyon (Μᾶλος; Mâlos). Son of Amphictyon, eponym of the Malieis and of their city Malieus (Androtion in Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαλιεύς; Malieús). In the poems of Isyllus of Epidaurus (CollAlex 132-135 = [1. 380-383 no. 40]) M. is an Epidaurian king who introduces the cult of Apollo Maleatas. Therefore, M. is probably an Epidaurian etymology to explain the name Maleatas. In Isyllus, M. - through the mediation of Zeus - marries the Muse Erato and becomes the father of Cleophema, hence the grandfather of Aegle [5] and the great-grandfather of Asclepius. von Stuckrad,…

[German version] (Φρύγες/ Phrýges, Φρυγία/ Phrygía). An Indo-European people who emigrated from Thracia, and an area on the Anatolian plateau in central Anatolia. Previously, scholars believed that the P. were identical with the Muški known from cuneiform sources, and that the Muški king Mita attested for the 8th cent. BC was identical with the Phrygian king Midas - on the assumption that the P. initially moved eastwards from Anatolia via the Euphrates [2] before they were stopped by Tiglath-Pileser …

[German version] In its meeting of 13 January 27 BC, the Senate resolved to set up A. as a senatorial province (Cass. Dio 53,12; Str. 17,3,25), comprising central Greece and the  Peloponnese together with  Epirus, Acarnania ( Acarnanians) including the Ionian islands, also  Aetolia,  Thessaly,  Sporades,  Cyclades excluding Astypalaea and Amorgus, but with  Euboea. A. was to be governed by a   proconsul pro praetore (residing in the Roman colony of Laus Iulia Corinthus), alongside a   legatus Augusti pro praetore and a   quaestor ; several procuratores looked after the imperial i…

[German version] Tribe in south-western Gaul on the middle Garumna (Caes. B Gall. 7,7,2; 46,5; Str. 4,2,2; Ptol. 2,7,14: Νιτιόβριγες/ Nitióbriges; Tab. Peut. 2,4f.; Sid. Apoll. Epist. 2,11,1: Nisiobroges) where they settled during the 4th cent. BC. Their neighbours to the north were the Bituriges Vivisci and the Cadurci, to the east were the Cadurci and Ruteni, to the south the Volcae Tectosages and the Ausci (to the river Tarnis, CIL XIII p. 117; Plin. HN 4,109) and to the west there were the Vasates. The capital of the N. was Aginnum (modern Agen). Originally amici populi Romani (‘friends…

[German version] (Νότου κέρας; Nótou kéras). Modern Ras Guardafui or Ras el-Kheil in East Africa [2]. Artemidorus [3] (1st half of the 1st cent. BC) followed geographical knowledge of the time when he called the eastern point of Africa ‘the horn of the south’, that is the southern end of the known world. Ptolemaeus (Ptol. 4,7,11) acted accordingly in the 2nd cent. AD, obviously referring to modern Ras el-Kheil by NK after terms like Ἀρωμάτων ἀκρωτήριον ( Arōmátōn akrōtḗrion) or the like had come into use for the former NK [2]. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 J. Desanges, Reche…

[German version] (Δρῖλαι; Drîlai). Tribe in the north Anatolian mountains south of  Trapezus; the Greeks with Xenophon were unable to capture their mountain refuge in 400 BC (Xen. An. 5,2,1-27; cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. D.), identified with the Sanni by Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 15. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

(Ζεφύριον/ Zephýrion). Name used especially in the eastern Mediterranean region for foothills and the cities near them that are exposed to the west wind (Zephyrus). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) [German version] [1] Cape on the north eastern coast of Crete Cape on the north-eastern coast of Crete (Ptol. 3,17,5), probably modern Cape Agios Ioannis at the north-eastern end of the Gulf of Mirabello. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] [2] Cape on the south western coast of Cyprus (or Ζεφυρία/ Zephyría). Cape on the south-western coast of Cyprus. According to Ptol. 5…

(ἡ Πελοπόννησος/ hē Pelopónnēsos, Doric Πελοπόννασος/ Pelopónnasos). [German version] I. Geography Peninsula in southern Greece (21,439 km²), connected to the mainland (Attica, Boeotia) by the Isthmus of Corinth. It is predominantly mountainous (cf. Cyllene [1], Erymanthus [1], Lycaeum, western Messenian massif with Ithome [1], Taygetus, Parnon) and highly fragmented (cf. the numerous small rivers, particularly in Achaea, e.g. Alpheus [1], Pamisus, Eurotas, Inachus [2]; also the many small coastal plains a…

(Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς/ Megálē Hellás, ‘Great Greece’). I. Geography and history [German version] A. Definition From a geographical point of view, the concept of Magna Graecia (MG) is superimposed on Italia without being identical with it. In the 5th cent. BC, it referred to the outermost part of Italia, surrounded by the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas from Laus [2] to Metapontium. Later MG was used for the whole part of Southern Italy that had been settled by Greeks, from Taras to Cyme [2]. The term Megálē Hellás was already widespread around the middle of the 5th cent. BC. There seem to be…

[German version] The world inhabited by Graeco-Roman Antiquity was essentially determined by its geographical centre, the Mare Nostrum and the large adjacent seas, the Ionios Kolpos, the Aigaion Pelagos, and the Pontos Euxeinos; the peripheral seas - Mare Germanicum, Mare Suebicum, Caspian Sea, Erythra Thalatta and the adjacent seas Arabios Kolpos (the modern Red Sea), the Persian Gulf, and the Oceanus - formed fundamentally different worlds (particularly the Persian Gulf at the time of the Near E…

[German version] (Εὐρώτας; Eyrṓtas, ‘the abundantly-flowing’). The 82 km-long river (mythological derivation from king E. in Paus. 3,1,1f.) rises with its source-streams on the flat valley-watershed of the Alpheius between Mt. Parnon and Mt. Taygetus on the Asea plain, and in the north-western foothills of the Arcadian Mt. Parnon (the presumption of subterranean links in the region of its source between the E. and Lake Taka, made in Paus. 8,44,4, is improbable), and, following a tectonic depression (‘the E. trough’), enters the 18 km-long and c. 10 km-wide Laconian basin north o…

(Φιλαδέλφεια/ Philadélpheia). [German version] [1] Lydian town founded by Seleucus I This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Education / Culture Lydian town founded by Seleucus I (cf. SEG 35, 1985, 1170 [2. 180139; 3. no. 20]) or by Attalus [5] II Philadelphos (who definitely gave the town its name). It lay at the northeast foot of Mt. Tmolus in the fertile valley of the river Cogamis (cf. the coins in HN 655, present-day Alaşehir Çayı), a southern tributary of the Hermus, in southern Catacecaumene [1] on the …

[German version] I. General In the religious and administrative theory of the land surveyors, the Latin word limes denoted the path marking the boundary between two pieces of land, while in military and political usage (Tac. Ann. 1,50; Frontin. Str. 1,3,10) it meant the border between Roman and non-Roman territory (SHA Hadr. 12). Over recent years, research has led the military connotation of the term limes, which has been used almost exclusively from the 19th cent., to be expanded to comprehend also the historico-geographical and socio-economic fields. Where the limites were origin…

[German version] (Νέητον, Νεαίτιον/ Néēton, Neaítion; Latin Netum). City of the Siculi in the southeastern part of Sicilia (Plin. HN 3,91: Netini; Ptol. 3,4,13), modern-day Noto Antica, located on the upper course of the Asinaro on a steep, heart-shaped bluff (420 m high), 16 km to the northwest of Noto. At the beginning of the 1st Punic War in 263 BC N. was awarded by Rome to the kingdom of Syracuse (Diod. 23,4,1: Νεαιτῖνοι; StV 3, No. 479). As part of the Roman province, N. was one of the favoured municipalities ( civitates foederatae) and expressly exempted from providing grain shipments ( cu…

(Πύργοι/ Pýrgoi). [German version] [1] Port of Caere This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Phoenicians, Poeni (Πύργοι/ Pýrgoi). Probably the most frequented port of ancient Caere, near modern Santa Severa. Literary evidence points to a sanctuary to Eileithyia (Str. 5,2,8) or Leucothea (Ps.-Aristot. Lin. insec. 2,1349b;  Ael. VH 1,20;  Polyaenus, Strat. 5,2,21) there, possibly identical to the remains excavated mid 20th cent. near a bay on the Tyrrhenian coast: a témenos (holy district) with two archaic temples (single cel…

(Πολίχνη; Políchnē). [German version] [1] Settlement in the Olympieum in the SW of Syracusae Settlement in the Olympieum, a sanctuary of Zeus on the right bank of the Anapus in the south west of Syracusae, where in 414 BC Gylippus stationed part of his cavalry to hamper the Athenians on the Plemmyrium from foraging in the Syracusan hinterland (Thuc. 7,4,7; Diod. Sic. 13,7,5; cf. [1. 41, 4110]). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 H.-P. Drögemüller, Syrakus (Gymnasium Beiheft 6), 1969. [German version] [2] Town in NW Crete This item can be found on the following maps: Crete Town …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Alexander (Προφθασία/ Prophthasía, Str. 11,8,9; 15,2,8; Ptol. 6,19,4; 8,25,8 N.; Isidorus of Charax, Stathmoí Parthikoí 16 = GGM 1,253: Φρά/ Phrá in Ἀναύων χώρα/ Anaúōn chṓra that is otherwise unknown; Plin. HN 6,61: P.). Possibly the city of Φράδα/ Phráda (Charax of Pergamum FGrH 103 F 20) renamed in this way by Alexander [4] the Great probably in 330 BC in the region of Drangiana, generally identified with modern Farāh in Afghanistan. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Bibliography H. Treidler, s. …

[German version] Station on the Pontic coast road (Arr. Per. p. E. 21: Ζάγωρα/ Zágōra; Tab. Peut. 10,1; Geogr. Rav. 2,17: Agoria; 5,10: Z.; Guido, Geographica 101) from Sinope to Trapezus between Gurzubathon (modern Kurzuvet) and Zaliches (at modern Alaçam), presumably at modern Çayağzı at the mouth of the Aksu. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (Καικῖνος; Kaikînos). According to Paus. 6,6,4, the C. is the border river between  Locri and Rhegium, where the Athenians under  Laches [1] defeated the Locrians under Proxenus (Thuc. 3,103,3) in what is today Amendolea/Sicily. The Locrian fist fighter Euthymus was worshipped at a hero-shrine and regarded as the son of the river god C. (Ael. VH 8,18). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 955.

[German version] Ligurian (Liv. 5,25,2; Plin. HN 3,124) or Celtic (Cato in Plin. l.c.; Λάοι, Pol. 2,17,4) tribe which founded the city of Ticinum (modern Pavia), together with the Matrici; Ticinum later fell under the rule of the Insubres (Ptol. 3,1,33). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Nissen 2, 179.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae (modern Teggiano). City in Lucania (Lucani) on the left bank of the Tanager (modern Tanagro) on the via Popilia from Consentia to Aquilonia [1] (Plin. HN 3,98: Tergilani = Tegianenses?; Liber Coloniarum 209). Municipium , which under Nero [1] was elevated to a colonia, tribus Pomptina. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography V. Bracco, Nuove scoperte archeologiche in Lucania, in: RAL 20, 1965, 283 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Xenophon | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Patricius (Κοτύωρα; Kotýōra). Port town on the south coast of  Pontus Euxinus, assumed to be near Ordu, where remains of an ancient harbour pier are located. The ‘Ten Thousand’ of  Xenophon rested there for 45 days before they took to the sea in the west. Under Pharnaces I (185-160/154 BC), C. was united in a synoikismós with Cerasus in Pharnacaea and declined to a small town (πολίχνη, Str. 12,3,17) (Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 24; Peripl. m. Eux. 34). Olshausen, Eckart (S…

[German version] (Ξιμήνη; Ximḗnē). Region in the territory of Amasea, which in the south of Diacopene and Pimolisene "reaches as far as the river Halys... In X. there are salt mines, from which the Halys, it is surmised, took its name" (Str. 12,3,39). According to the sequence of mentions in  Str. loc.cit. the X. is to be looked for in the area between Çorum and the River Kızılırmak. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Olshausen/Biller/Wagner, 174 (with map A 3).

[German version] (Ἴστρος; Ístros). Island documented by Steph. Byz. s.v. I. with homonymous city at the promontory of Triopium (modern Deveboynu Burnu or Kıriyo Burnu) near Cnidus. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

(Κλεψύδρα; Klepsýdra). [German version] [1] Spring near Messene Spring from which the well named after Arsinoe, the mother of Asclepius, in the agora in Messene was fed (Paus. 4,31,6; 33,1), possibly corresponds to the village spring in Mavromati or a spring below Ithome peak ( Ithome [1]). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. Messene, RE Suppl. 15, 142ff. D. Musti, M. Torelli, Pausania. Guida della Grecia 4, 1991, 252ff. [German version] [2] Spring of the Acropolis of Athens Since the Neolithic period the most important spring of the Acropolis of …

[German version] (Τῆμνος/ Têmnos, Aeolic Τᾶμνος/ Tâmnos). Aeolian city to the southeast of Dumanlı Hill on the right bank of the Hermus [2], where in Antiquity the river flowed into the Aegean (Plin. HN 5,119); its ruins (fortress of Nemrut) are at modern Görece. Although not a member of the Delian League, in the 5th and 4th cents. BC T. was able to preserve its independence of the Persian Great King (Xen. Hell. 4,8,15). Apparently, by the end of the 3rd cent. BC T. was under the rule of the Attalids (Attalus; cf. the isopoliteía treaty between T. and Pergamum StV 2, 5…

[German version] Terrestrial relief and climate determine the size and direction of river courses; and for their part, the major river valleys of the inhabited world determined the trade and commerce of those societies through whose regions they passed, offering them both infrastructural and economic advantages. They seldom represented insurmountable obstacles to traffic. Rather, in varying degree they directed traffic flow over particular routes (fords, bridges). The economic usefulness of river …

(Ὄλυμπος/Ólympos). Geography: [1-13]. People: [14-15]. [German version] [1] Home of the ›Olympian‹ gods, highest mountain in Greece (Latin Olympus) (Latin Olympus). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) [German version] I. Geography The highest mountain in Greece, regarded as the home of the 'Olympian' gods (twelve (Olympian) gods). Its altitude, overlooking all of its surroundings, creates a powerful impression, as do its massive size and density and its dramatic ascent, especially at the east and west, which …

[German version] (Πελωριάς; Pelōriás). Northeastern cape of Sicily (Pol. 1,11,6; 42,5; Diod. Sic. 4,23,1; 5,2,2; 23,1,3; Diod. 4,85,5; 14,56,3; 6; 57,2: Πελωρίς/Pelōrís), modern Capo Peloro or Capo di Faro; in a narrower sense a narrow easterly tongue of land, in a broader sense the whole mountainous promontory running northeast. According to myth, Orion [1] constructed the tongue of land and built a temple to Poseidon there (Hes. fr. 183). According to erroneous ancient ideas about the orientation…

[German version] (Μότυκα, Μότουκα; Mótyka, Mόtouka). City of the Siculi in the southeast of Sicily (Ptol. 3,4,14), modern Módica to the south of Ragusa. Finds from as early as the prehistorical period. Ancient inscriptions from the area (IG XIV 243-253). The ager Mutycensis was the ager decumanus of the Roman province of Sicilia (Cic. Verr. 2,3,101; 120), the Mutycenses were stipendiarii (Plin. HN 3,91). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Falco, Giulia (Athens) Bibliography K. Ziegler, s.v. M., RE 16, 407  BTCGI 10, 169-177  Morgantina Studies, 5 vols., 1981-1996.

(Σεβαστόπολις; Sebastópolis). [German version] [1] City in Caria City in the mountainous country of southeastern Caria between Tabae and Themisonium on the road from Heraclea [6] and Apollonia Salbace to Cibyra, at modern Kızılca. The original place name is unknown; in the Imperial period the city was renamed S. and is recorded in inscriptions and on coins (HN 624; [1. 150 f.]). In literature it is first mentioned in the early Byzantine period (Hierocles, Synékdēmos 689). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 F. Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Münzen, 1901/2. L. Bürchner,…

[German version] River flowing into the Pontos Euxeinos to the east of Ordu, modern Melet Irmağı (Plin. HN 6,11). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (ἡ διόπτρα; hē dióptra). Surveyor's instrument for measuring angles and distances or the lateral width of distant objects (e.g. the apparent distance of stars from one another and the height of walls and mountains). The applications included the construction of aqueducts, house-building or fire-telegraphy (cf. Pol. 8,37,2; 9,19,8f.). At the beginning of his work entitled D., which covers the theory and practice of surveying and mapping (πραγματεία διοπτρική), Hero of Alexandria (1st cent. AD?) documented in detail the construction and…

[German version] (Βουφάγος; Bouphágos). Right-hand tributary of the Alpheius [1], rising in the north of Buphagium (city wall and other remains near Paliokastro; its source marked the border between Heraea and Megalopolis. The eponymous hero B., son of the Titan  Iapetus, was killed by Artemis in the Pholoe region (Paus. 5,7,1; 8,26,8; 8,27,17). Buthoinas appears, meaning the same as B., as an approximation of Hercules in Lindus (cf. Anth. Plan. 123). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Meyer, Peloponnesische Wanderungen, 1939, 103ff.

(Ὀλβία/ Olbίa). [German version] [1] Milesian colony This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Scythae | Thraci, Thracia | Wine | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Colonization | Apollo | Patricius | Patricius | Rome | Rome Milesian colony (Colonisation) south of modern Parutino (Ukraine) at the confluence of the Hypanis and Borysthenes (Ps.-Scymn. 808f.), and for that reason also known as Borysthenes (Βορυσθένης; Hdt. 4,24; 78); founded at the beginning of the 6th cent. BC (Hdt. 4,18,5: Ὀλβιοπολῖται; Ps.-Skymn. 813f…

(Ἀριστίων; Aristíōn). [German version] [1] Epicurean philosopher, ' Tyrant' of Athens (88-86 BC) Epicurean philosopher, who, in 88 BC, became very influential in Athens with the help of  Mithridates VI (‘Tyrant’). In order to win the Greeks over to Mithridates, A. supported  Archelaus, e.g. in the battle against the proquaestor Q. Braetius Sura at  Chaeronea. In the spring of 87 BC, he retreated from  Sulla back to Athens. The city fell on 1 March 86 BC; A. managed to hold out on the Acropolis for a short w…

[German version] River in Aquitania, modern-day Dordogne; rises at 1680 m. on the Puy de Sancy (Mont-Dore), and after a course of 490 km flows into the Atlantic with the Garumna to its left (Auson. Mos. 464; Geogr. Rav. 4,40). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

(Πλούταρχος/ Ploútarchos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Eretria, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of Eretria [1]. As the guest-friend of Meidias [2], the rich opponent of Demosthenes (Dem. Or. 21,110; 21,200), he turned to Athens for help in 349 BC when the exiled Cleitarchus [1] and Callias [9] of Chalcis, supported by Phalaecus of Phocis and Philippus [4] II, threatened his position (Aeschin. In Ctes. 86-88 with schol.). Phocion led the inglorious and expensive expedition in early 348 BC (Dem. Or. 5,5 with schol.; …

[German version] (Ὀρκιστός/ Orkistós). Originally probably a polis in Galatia, south of modern Ortaköy (formerly Alikel Yayla), added to Nacolea (Phrygia) at the end of the 3rd cent. AD, but Constantine [1] the Great undid this before 331 AD (MAMA 7, 69-75). The small town of Malcaeteni [1. 2020] was part of the territory of O. Attested as a see from the 5th cent. (Domnus at the Council of Ephesus in 431, Longinus at the Council of Chalcedon in 451: Acta Conciliorum Oecumenocorum 1,1 no. 121; 2,1,1 no. 192). A few ancient or Byzantine remains. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography T. Dr…

(Ναύσταθμος; Naústathmos). [German version] [1] Harbour town in the south east of Sicily Harbour town in the south east of Sicily, on the coast between Syracusae and the mouth of the Helorus [2] (Plin. HN 3,89), probably at Fontane Bianche. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 58. [German version] [2] Harbour in the north eastern Cyrenaica Harbour in north eastern Cyrenaica, on the eastern side of the promontory of the same name (modern Ras el-Hilal). Sources: Ps.-Scyl. 108 (GGM 1,83); S…

(Νεμέα; Neméa). [German version] [1] Nymph after whom Nemea [2,3] was named Nymph, after whom N. [2,3] was named, daughter of the river god Asopus and Metope (Paus. 2,15,3; schol. Pind. Ol. 6,144 Dr.) or of Zeus and Selene (hypothesis c on Pind. Nem.); mother of Opheltes (Aesch. TrGF 3 F *149a). Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) [German version] [2] Name of a river, a basin and a sacred grove This item can be found on the following maps: Athletes | Education / Culture (Νεμέα; etymological meaning ‘pasture’; other etymology possibly after a nymph N. in Paus. 2,15,3). Name of: 1) a river whi…

[German version] (Φαραία, Φηραία; Pharaía, Phēraía). Settlement in north western Arcadia (Pol. 4,77,5; Str. 8,3,32), no more precisely identifiable. Possibly at the modern Lambia, or rather the ancient site at present-day Nemuta on the eastern slopes of the Oros Pholoï. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Pritchett 6, 35-37  E. Meyer, Arkadisches. Pharai - Pherai - Pharaia in Arkadien, in: MH 14, 1957, 81-88  F. Bölte, s.v. Ph. (1), RE 19, 1809f.

[German version] The narrow passage of Puerto de Morata in the Sierra de Vicor, south-west of Zaragoza, probably named after the praetor P. Manlius [I 5], who passed through there in 195 BC during the conquest of Hispania citerior under the supreme command of the consul Cato [1] (Liv. 40,39,2). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Sauer, Vera (Stuttgart) Bibliography Schulten, Landeskunde 1, 166  TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 146 f.

[German version] (Πρῖνος; Prînos). 1210 m high pass (διὰ Πρίνου καλουμένης: Paus. 8,6,4) leading from Argos [II 1] to Mantinea over Mount Artemisium [2], to the north of the main peak (modern Malevo). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography E. Meyer, s. v. P., RE 22, 2314 f.  Pritchett 3, 32-46.

[German version] (Πρίγκιπος/ Prínkipos). Δημόνησοι/ Dēmónēsoi (Hesych. s. v. Δημονήσιος χαλκός) or Πριγκίπιοι νῆσοι/ Prinkípioi nêsoi (Synaxiarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae 158,26 Delehaye) is the description by which an archipelago of nine islands in the northern Propontis is known in the Byzantine literature of Late Antiquity: (from north to south) Prota (modern Kınalı ada), Orea (modern Sivri ada), Panormus (later Antigone, modern Burgaz adası), Pita (modern Kaşık adası), Chalce (modern Heybeli adası),…

[German version] (Φωκαῖαι/ Phokaîai). Unidentified quarter (χωρίον/ chōríon) of the city of Leontini. Some aristocrats from Leontini, who had gone away and settled in Syracuse (Syracusae) but then left again because of  conflicts, withdrew to Ph. and the nearby fortress of Bricinniae in 422 BC. Many of the democrats previously driven out of Leontini also soon gathered here in order to take up the fight with Syracuse (Thuc. 5,4,4). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Falco, Giulia (Athens) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 218.

[German version] (Δάαι; Dáai, Δάοι; Dáoi; Latin: Dahae) The D. were a nomadic tribe in Persis; according to Strabo, they were originally one of the Scythian tribes in the region by the Caspian Sea (Str. 11,8,2; 11,9,2f.). Like the Mardi, Dropici and Sagartii, the D. are mentioned by Herodotus in connection with the revolt of Cyrus II against Astyages in 550 BC (Hdt. 1,125,4); in the Persepolis Inscription they are called Daha. The D. fought under Darius ─ and, after his death, under Spitamenes ─ against  Alexander [4] the Great (Arr. An. 3,11,3; 3,28,10; Curt. 4,12…

[German version] (Φολόη/ Pholóē). The monotonous conglomerate surface, some 11 km long and 8 km wide  to the north of the middle reaches of the Alpheius [1], up to 798 m high in the north, 640 m in the south, to the east with a steep edge merging with the Erymanthus [2] mountains, to the west with lowish ranges of marl hills (Strab. 8,3,1; 3,5; 3,32; 8,3; Paus. 6,21,5; 8,24,4 ; Ptol. 3,14,35 ; Mela 2,43; Plin. HN 4,21), modern Pholoi Oros. P. is unsettled and poor in springs, today covered with oak…

(Κυλλήνη; Kyllénḗ). [German version] [1] Mountain range in Arcadia The northernmost mountain range in Arcadia in the border area stretching to Achaea, the second highest (Ziria, 2,374 m) of the Peloponnese, a limestone ridge that ends on all sides with the surrounding chain of mountains. The ancient authors considered C. to be the highest mountain range in the Peloponnese (Str. 8,8,1; Paus. 8,17,1). C. was sacred to  Hermes Cyllenius. He is said to have been born here in a cave and to have accomplished d…

[German version] (Νάρων; Nár ōn). River in Dalmatia (Dalmates; Strab. 7,5,5; 9; Mela 2,57: Nar; Tab. Peut. 6,4 without name), modern Neretva (in Hercegovina). It rises on the Dumos Planina (1879 m high), passes through the karst mountains in a deeply incised gorge, forms - after a course of 230 km - a swampy delta and flows into the Adriatic. In antiquity the N. flowed into the sea farther to the northwest than today. In its original bed the Norino, which used to join the N. after a much shorter course furthe…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Syria | Byzantium | Caesar | Commerce | Colonization | Limes | Pompeius (Ἀμισός; Amisós). Harbour town on the Pontic Black Sea coast, on the Kara Samsun peninsula (north-western suburb of the modern Samsun), not yet systematically excavated (prohibited military zone). Just like  Trapezus, A. was located at the northern end of an old trade route, which led, at a height of only 900m, across the northern Pontic mountains to  Amasea and on to  Cap…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Oracles (Ζέλεια; Zéleia). City in the valley of the Aesepus (Hom. Il. 2,824f.; 4,91; 4,103; 4,121; Str. 12,4,6; 12,8,11) in the territory of Cyzicus in Mysia, near modern Sarıköy. Homer (loc. cit.) describes Z. as the home city of Pandarus [1] and the latter as belonging to the Lycii; for this reason ancient commentators (cf. schol. Hom. Il. 2,826f.) assumed two regions with the name Lycia – one in the southwest of Asia Minor (Lycii, Lycia), the …

[German version] Region around the Etruscan town of Caletra, ruins near Marsiliana d'Albegna north of Orbetello (cf. Plin. HN 3,52; Liv. 39,55). Foundation of the colonia Saturnia in 183 BC. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

[German version] (περιηγήτης/ perihēg ḗtēs, ‘ guide to strangers’). The periegetes was primarily a tourist institution, an insight into whose activities is provided by Plutarch (Plut. Mor. 395a; 396c; 397d; 400d; 400f; 401e). This gave rise to the antiquarian genre of peri(h)ḗgēsis, particularly popular during the Hellenistic period, in which the guiding of strangers by a periegetes took on a literary form in prose or verse; closely related to this was the travel story, i.e. the account of an actual journey, which could be used by others as a travel guide (e.g. Pe…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Xenophon | Commerce | Colonization | Limes | Patricius (Κερασοῦς; Kerasoûs). Harbour town on the river of the same name on the south coast of the Black Sea ( Pontus Euxinus), a colony of Sinope, to be located three days' march west of Trapezus (Xen. An. 5,3,2; Diod. Sic. 14,30,5) and east of Vakfıkebir; to be differentiated from the C. west of Sinope (Scylax 89: Karaköy on the Karasu?), and also from the town which under Pharnaces I (185-160/54 BC) was joined in a synoikismós with Cotyora and renamed Pharnacaea…

[German version] (Δενθάλιοι; Denthálioi). Laconian border region near Messenia on the western slope of the northern Taygetus around the source of the Nedon, with a sanctuary of Artemis Limnatis, contested by Sparta and Messenia and finally granted to Messenia by Tiberius (Steph. Byz. s.v. D.; Tac. Ann. 4,43; Paus. 4,4,2; 31,3). Inscription: IG V 1 p. 260f. no. 1371-1378. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Lienau, Cay (Münster) Bibliography L. Roß, Reisen im Peloponnes, 1841, 1ff. F. Bölte, s.v. D., RE 3A, 1312, 67ff. N. Valmin, Études topographiques sur la Messénie ancienne, 19…

[German version] (Χάβακτα; Chábakta on coins, HN 498; Χάβακα; Chábaka Str. 12,3,16). Pontic fortress, whose name appears on pseudo-autonomous coins of  Mithridates VI; likely fortress structures identified near Kaleköy/Ünye on the coast of northern Turkey (tomb and two staircases cut into the rock). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Olshausen/Biller/Wagner, 120 W. H. Waddington, E. Babelon, Th. Reinach, Recueil général des monnaies grecques d'Asie Mineure 1,1, 21925, 104f.

[German version] Celtic tribe in modern Brittany (Not. Dign. Occ. 42,36; Notitia Galliarum 3,3; Ptol. 2,8,2: Ῥήδονες ἢ Ῥηΐδονες/ Rhḗdones ḕ Rhēḯdones; Plin. HN 4,107: Rhiedones; CIL XIII 3151). Caesar (B Gall. 2,34; 7,75,4) mentions the R. among the civitates maritimae or Aremoricae. Their capital was Condate (modern Rennes; Breton: Roazhon). In late Antiquity, they were part of the Provincia Lugdunensis III. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography G. Lerroux, A. Provost, Ille-et-Vilaine (Carte archéologique de la Gaule 35), 1990  L. Pape, La Bretagn…