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‘Al-Koranum Mahumedanum: that is / the Turks‘ religion / law / and blasphemous doctrine’ Salomon Schweiger, Schweicker, Schweigker, Schweikard, Schweucker, Schweyger, Schweygger, Sweicker, Swigger, Salomo Schweigker, Solomo Schweicker, Solomon Schweigkerus Sultzensis, Salomon Sveigger Allamagno Date: 1659 Original Language: German Description Towards the middle of the 17th century, a hitherto unidentified author revisited Schweigger’s edition of the Qur’an. After reworking and greatly expanding it, they republished it in 1659, 37 years aft…

‘A new description of a journey from Germany to Constantinople and Jerusalem’ Salomon Schweiger, Schweicker, Schweigker, Schweikard, Schweucker, Schweyger, Schweygger, Sweicker, Swigger, Salomo Schweigker, Solomo Schweicker, Solomon Schweigkerus Sultzensis, Salomon Sveigger Allamagno Date: 1608 Original Language: German Description Based on the notes that he brought home from his sojourn in Istanbul, Schweigger completed his 340-page travelogue more than 25 years after his return. Consequently, the book is not merely an itinerary or…

Salomon Schweiger, Schweicker, Schweigker, Schweikard, Schweucker, Schweyger, Schweygger, Sweicker, Swigger, Salomo Schweigker, Solomo Schweicker, Solomon Schweigkerus Sultzensis, Salomon Sveigger Allamagno Date of Birth: 30 January 1551 Place of Birth: Haigerloch (Hohenzollern) Date of Death: 21 June 1622 Place of Death: Nürnberg Biography Born the son of a Protestant public notary, Salomon Schweigger began to study theology in Tübingen in 1572. He abandoned his studies before obtaining his diploma, and looked for employment that would…

‘Alcoranus Mahometicus, which is: the Turks’ Alcoran’ Salomon Schweiger, Schweicker, Schweigker, Schweikard, Schweucker, Schweyger, Schweygger, Sweicker, Swigger, Salomo Schweigker, Solomo Schweicker, Solomon Schweigkerus Sultzensis, Salomon Sveigger Allamagno Date: 1616 Original Language: German Description In the ‘Vorrede’ (Preface) to his Alcoranus Mahometicus (lvs. 1-5), Schweigger summarises the history of Western Christian studies of Islam in general, and the Qur’an in particular from the Middle Ages to his own time, and lays o…

[German Version] (acronym: ReMA' or ReMU'; 1525 or 1530, Cracow – 1572, Cracow). In addition to traditional Jewish studies, Isserles also studied philosophy, astronomy, and history in Cracow and Lublin. From 1550, he was rabbi in Cracow and a member of the local rabbinical court ( bet din). In 1553, he initiated the construction of the still existing synagogue named after him and established a yeshivah from which produced many later famous scholars. Already during his lifetime, Isserles was known and honored far beyond his native town on acc…

[German Version] (Dec 17, 1889, Podolia – Oct 9, 1963, Jerusalem) studied in Odessa, Petrograd (St. Petersburg), and Bern; in Berlin from 1919, he emigrated to Palestine in 1928, where he worked as a teacher in Haifa, and was professor of biblical studies in Jerusalem from 1949 until his death. Kaufmann began with works on Jewish social history ( Gola venekhar, 2 vols., 1929–1932), but soon turned to biblical scholarship. In his main publication ( Toledot Ha-Emunah Ha-Yisraʾelit, 4 vols., 1937–1956, 41960: ET: The Religion of Israel: From its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile, vols. I–…

[German Version] I. Hebrew Bible and Judaism – II. Christianity I. Hebrew Bible and Judaism According to 1 Kgs 7:49, the furnishings of the First Temple (II) included, in addition to gold and silver candlesticks that belonged the temple treasury but were not otherwise used (1 Chr 28:12, 18; Jer 52:19), “ten candlesticks of pure gold” of which five stood respectively on each side of the holy of holies. Following rabbinic tradition ( b. Men. 28b), the menorah, i.e. the seven-branched (or seven-armed) candelabrum that Moses ¶ had made (Exod 25:31; 37:17) after being shown a mo…

[German Version] I. Old Testament and Early Judaism – II. New Testament I. Old Testament and Early Judaism Concerning Melchizedek – the “perfect king,” since according to Gen 14:18 he was king of Salem (Jerusalem; cf. Ps 76:3) and priest ( Gen. R. XLIII, 6: high priest) of the Most High God in the person of, and so as the prototype of, a future “priestly king” (Ps 110:4) – the Bible says only that after Abraham's victory over the four kings he fed him with bread and wine and blessed him. The fact that the blessing of Abraham precedes …

[German Version] I. Terminology All the major concepts in soteriology have biblical roots. Of central importance today is the notion of reconciliation (II), which bridges the theological and secular realms. The original Greek word καταλλαγή/ katallagḗ involves the notion of exchange, which was early taken to imply that Christ takes the place of the sinner before God, so realizing atonement (at-one-ment) and making expiation. Associated ideas include substitution and representation, which conceive Christ as standing in for the sinner before God. Particular theolo…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. New Testament – IV. History of Dogma – V. Dogmatics – VI. Ethics – VII. Philosophy of Religion – VIII. Judaism – IX. Islam (cf. Present and Future Eschatology, Consistent Eschatology) I. Religious Studies 1. The Problem of Terminology Eschatology (“discourse” or “doctrine” [Gk λόγος/ lógos] concerning the “last things” [Gk ἔσχατα/ éschata]) is a neologism that was introduced in the late 18th century in the con- text of the definition of the “last things,” i.e. of the novissima of medieval theology (death, …

[German Version] I. Religious Studies 1. General Suffering is a concept that needs to be approached constructively in comparative religious study as it takes fundamental negative human experiences to a comparative level. On this interpretive level, suffering is understood as one of the fundamental experiences of human life. What people experience as suffering depends on their particular interpretation of the world and hence on their religious system for interpreting the world. The point at which religi…