Urrutia, F.-J. Keywords: America | International law | Codification | Mots clefs: Amérique | Droit international | Codification | ABSTRACT Francisco-Jose Urrutia begins his course on the codification of international law in America with a presentation of the principles of international law proclaimed by the American States since the constitution. He then presents the history of the codification of international law in America and the technique that has been used in this context. He then focuses on the Congress of A…

Ténékidès, Georges Keywords: Greece | Federalism | International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Grèce | Fédéralisme | Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT After some preliminary remarks aimed to demonstrate that there was indeed a Hellenic international law, Georges Tenekides presents the polis and the de facto relations between Cities. He then focuses on interstate legal institutions, and examines the federal communities: he presents the problem of the integration of Greek cities in the theoretical field, the specific acco…

M. W. Mouton, DR. Keywords: Science | International law | Technology | Mots clefs: Sciences | Droit international | Technologie | ABSTRACT M.W. Mouton begins his course on the Impact of Science on Private International Law by presenting the new dimensions and new domains of the issue (including the Polar Regions, the soil, seabed and its subsoil, air, and space). He focuses on new sources of energy, international rules on new devices (especially in telecommunications), the question of research, pollution, and questions about food, work, and health. M.W. Mouton commence son cours s…

Sperduti, Giuseppe Keywords: Individuals | International law | Mots clefs: Individus | Droit international | ABSTRACT Giuseppe Sperduti begins his course by recalling some general knowledge about international society and its legal order necessary for the examination of the problems relating to the condition of individuals in international law. He then examines the alleged impossibilities and logical necessities of classifying individuals as recipients of international norms. He also presents the principle of t…

De La Barra, Fr. Keywords: Alternative dispute resolution | International law | Mots clefs: Médiation | Droit international | Conciliation | ABSTRACT Fr. de la Barre presents his course on International Mediation and Conciliation in two stages. In the first part, the author presents the causes of conflicts between the States: law of conservation and law of nations, law of ambition, differences in the interpretation of conventions, absence or imprecision of a rule of law of nations or an international custom. In the s…

Golsong, H. Keywords: Human rights | International law | Mots clefs: Droits de l'homme | Droit international | ABSTRACT Heribert Golsong asks, in the introduction to his study, whether the current situation in 1963, in which international law in its traditional form - even when it refers to the protection of individuals - does not set out from its basic principle of the law concerning exclusively to inter-State relations, ignoring the rights and duties of individuals, and corresponding to the main objective of int…

Hug, Walther Keywords: Régime des paiements | International law | Exchange control | Monitoring | Mots clefs: Paiements | Droit international | Devises | Contrôle | ABSTRACT The objective of Walther Hug's course is to critically examine various new rules concerning international payments and to consider their effects on private legal relations. The new law on international payments must serve certain economic objectives as a starting point. In the first part, the author presents the bases of the Law of International Payme…

Feinberg, Nathan Keywords: Right of petition | International law | Mots clefs: Droit de pétition | Droit international | ABSTRACT Nathan Feinberg studies about the Petition in International Law, which, in 1932, is a field little explored or even completely neglected by legal science. After some introductory remarks on petitions in domestic law, the author deals with the practice followed by international Conferences and Congress. The author examines the procedure established by the permanent institutions of the int…

Verdross, A. Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT Alfred Verdross explains in the introduction to his course that one cannot understand the social facts if one do not penetrate the thoughts at the basic level. The thesis advanced by the author is that positive law of nations is obscure if one does not know its creative ideas, developed precisely by the founders of international law. The author therefore begins with a presentation of the development and structur…

François, J.-P.-A. Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT J.-P.-A. Francois begins his course on the General Rules of the Law of Peace with a presentation of the evolution of the community of international law from the law of Ancient nations to the League of Nations. The author then studies the proper character of the law of nations by focusing on the school of natural law on one hand and on the positivist school on the other hand. The author then addresses the i…

A. Cançado Trindade, A. Keywords: Human rights | Protection | International law | Mots clefs: Droits de l'homme | Protection | Droit international | ABSTRACT Mr. Cancado Trindade, Legal Adviser to the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, describes the constant and considerable development of international protection of human rights, whether at the international level or at the regional level. The development has revealed the problems of cohabitation between the different systems. The subject of the course is the coexi…

Baron Michel De Taube, Le Keywords: International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT As a starting point of his investigations on the historical role of Byzantium in the development of European International Law, Michael de Taube formulates a critical observation which will not be denied by any historian, he declares: people have a very faint historical memory. And Byzantium has fallen into oblivion. In order to come out of it, the author starts by presenting Byzantiu…

Hostie, Jean Keywords: Communications | International law | Mots clefs: Communications | Droit international | ABSTRACT Jean Hostie, in the introduction to this course, says that international law has become so complex that it is increasingly difficult, if not impossible, for a single mind to synthesize it. The author points out a number of areas in which some specialists are trying to draw general conclusions from their studies. A critical comparison of the partial syntheses by general subject matter experts w…

Barcia Trelles, Camilo Keywords: Francisco Suárez (1548-1617) | International law | Documents | Mots clefs: Suarez (F.) | Droit international | Documents | ABSTRACT Camilo Barcia Trelles begins his course on the contribution of Francisco Suarez to the Modern School of International law with a general presentation of Suarez and international law. He then studies the vision of the law of nations which Suarez had. He also focuses on the position of Suarez on war, particularly within the framework of the notion of just war…

Arrighi, Jean-Michel Keywords: Organization of American States | Public international law | International law | Institutional law | Institutions and organs | Legal co-operation | Democracy | History | Mots clefs: Organisation des Etats américains | Droit international public | Droit international | Droit institutionnel | Institutions et organes | Coopération juridique | Démocratie | Histoire | ABSTRACT The Organization of American States (OAS), created in 1948, is just a link in a long chain of inter-American institutions that emerged from the first Am…

Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique Keywords: Public international law | International law | Universalism | Mots clefs: Droit international public | Droit international | Universalisme | ABSTRACT To reflect on the universality of international law, it is necessary to ask whether its application extends to the entire society concerned, no subject is excluded, and its objectives are achieved for the benefit of all. If the concept of sovereignty appears as a guarantee of the independence and recognition of a group, it is also a …

Zimmermann, Michel Keywords: Middle Ages | International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Moyen Age | Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT For the majority of internationalists of the second half of the XIXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century, there is no doubt that the law of nations did not exist in the Middle Ages and that it made its appearance only after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, writes Michel Zimmermann. On the contrary, for the great French writers of the first half of the XIXth century, it was contestable that a very developed international l…

Abellán Honrubia, Victoria Keywords: Individuals | International responsibility | International law | Mots clefs: Individus | Responsabilité internationale | Droit international | ABSTRACT The object of the course of Victoria Abellán Honrubia, Professor at the University of Barcelona, is to study the international responsibility of the individual according to public international law. Professor Abellán Honrubia proposes to clarify up to what point the standards for international responsibility of the individual can be…

Ranjeva, Raymond Keywords: Non-governmental organizations | International law | Mots clefs: Organisations non-gouvernementales | Droit international | ABSTRACT Raymond Ranjeva, Judge on the International Court of Justice, bases his course on non-governmental organizations and the implementation of international law on an existing contradiction between, on the one hand, the international vocation of the non-governmental organizations and on the other, the national statute of these organizations, and on the consens…

Keywords: Nullity | International law | Mots clefs: Nullités | Droit international | ABSTRACT After an introduction devoted to general considerations on the validity and invalidity of international legal acts, the author presents the different categories of irregular international legal acts. He focuses on the relative invalidity, absolute invalidity, unlawful acts, and originally valid acts annulled by way of compensation, and acts created by a previous legal regime and annulled by a subsequent legal regime.…

Henkin, Louis Keywords: International law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT In this course, Louis Henkin focuses on the assertion that sovereign nations would act as if there were no law, each doing what it considers right. This claim is largely unfounded in fact, but little effort was made for its substantiation or refutation. First, the author examines how nations behave. He next examines the contemporary influences of law compliance, and draws the consequences of the Suez case and the Cuban quarantine. Louis Henkin d'intéresse dans ce cours à l'affirmation selon …

Van Kan, J. Keywords: Peace | International law | History | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | Histoire | ABSTRACT In this course, J. van Kan does not propose to follow the development of the idea of international peace through the centuries, but to make a choice in the subject and to deal with some major detached but closely coherent chapters. The author writes that the organization of peace has proceeded through four paths: moral conviction, universalism, the supranational idea, and the international idea. T…

Cavaglieri, Arrigo Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT In this course, Arrigo Cavaglieri seeks to trace in the essential themes, as the author sees it, the system of the general law of peace. The author does not give a complete overview of the rules currently accepted, either because it could only be summary, or because the doubts about the positive nature of certain rules could only be overcome by means of a careful search, and a difficult assessment of the e…

Winiarski, Bohdan Keywords: RiveInternational law | Legal principles | Water | Mots clefs: Fleuves | Droit international | Principes de droit | ABSTRACT The international river law can be defined as the set of legal rules that determine the international position of the rivers or – which amounts to the same thing – that govern the relations between States with regard to the rivers. Bohdan Winiarski says that, as can be seen by this definition, the river law is by no means an autonomous law; it is just a branch, and ev…

Crusen, G. Keywords: Servitudes | International law | Mots clefs: Servitudes | Droit international | ABSTRACT Georg Crussen explains that international servitudes are conventional and perpetual restrictions on the territorial sovereignty of states, which represent a permanent real right. The purpose of Crussen’s study is to examine whether the analogous application of the concept of servitude in international relations is consistent with positive law of the people and to examine whether it is necessary to achie…

Slaughter, Anne-Marie Keywords: International law | International relations | Nongovernmental organizations | Mots clefs: Droit international | Relations internationales | Organisations non-gouvernementales | ABSTRACT Anne-Marie Slaughter, Professor at Harvard University, devotes her course to the relation between international law and international relations. In the first part Professor Slaughter examines the principal theories concerning international relations. Professor Slaughter examines in particular what interna…

E. Charlier, R. Keywords: Nuclear energy | International law | Mots clefs: Energie nucléaire | Droit international | ABSTRACT Can and should atomic law be autonomous? asks R. E. Charlier in the introduction to his course. Or will the questions it raises, the solutions it calls for, have nothing specifically atomic about it? And are they revolutionary? "A new world of thinking has become necessary if we want to survive" (Einstein), is it also true about law? Some authors believe that every new fact calls for a new …

Barcia Trelles, Camilo Keywords: Francisco de Vitoria (1492-1546) | International law | Doctrines | Mots clefs: Vitoria (F. de) | Droit international | Doctrines | ABSTRACT Camilo Barcia Trelles explains in the introduction of his course that it takes the coincidence of two factors for Vitoria to be able to bequeath to posterity its "immortal doctrines": the appearance of new problems arising from recent realities (discovery and conquest of America), and the existence of an objective and a cultivated spirit ready to addr…

Bourquin, Maurice Keywords: International law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT For Maurice Bourquin, law appears as a conservation force. It meets the requirement of order and stability. But this stability has nothing immobile. Stability on one hand, movement on the other hand: a legal system, whatever it is, should consider these two requirements. They are simultaneously binding on it, and it may be affirmed that its efficiency depends, to a large extent, on the manner it succeeds in harmonizin…

Ladreit de Lacharrière, Guy Keywords: Economic development | International law | Mots clefs: Développement économique | Droit international | ABSTRACT In this course, Guy Ladreit de Lacharriere does not speak of the influence of the inequality of power between the States, but the influence of the inequality of development between them. When analyzing the influence that this inequality may have on international law, according to the author, it would be quite inappropriate not to analyze the action of the two groups …

J.-P, Karaquillo, Keywords: Sports | International Sports Federations | Lex sportiva | Court of Arbitration for Sport | Droit international | | Mots clefs: Sport | Fédérations internationales sportives | Lex sportiva | Tribunal arbitral du sport | International law | ABSTRACT J.-P. Karaquillo, Professor at the University of Limoges, takes as his starting point the idea that sport is marked by "legal pluralism"; a mixture of "Sports law" and "State law". There is no such thing as a body of international rules, assembled by co-operating S…

Foyer, Jean Keywords: Intellectual property | Patents | International law | Mots clefs: Propriété intellectuelle | Brevets d invention | Droit international | ABSTRACT Jean Foyer begins his course on Contemporary International Issues of Patents by presenting, on one hand, national patent systems and, on the other hand, the international patent system. He then examines the unionist system of patents in relation to the heterogenization of international society. He then focuses on the issue of the internationalization of …

Rousseau, Charles Keywords: Independence | International law | Mots clefs: Indépendance | Droit international | ABSTRACT The purpose of Charles Rousseau’s course is to determine the characteristics of the State in the international order, that is, to identify, from the point of view of the law of nations, the essential characteristics by which a political community is or not recognized as a State. After a presentation of the concept of sovereignty and the traditional criterion of distinction between the State a…

Boegner, Marc Keywords: Religious missions | International law | Protestantism | Mots clefs: Missions religieuses | Droit international | Protestantisme | ABSTRACT At first glance, it may seem strange to unite the terms of missions and international law highlighted in the introduction to the course of Marc Boegner in 1929. Certainly, he continues, the missions pursuing an essentially religious goal. Nevertheless, through the development of individual and collective Christian life, they are obliged to organize communi…

A. Finch, George Keywords: Sources of law | International law | Mots clefs: Sources | Droit international | ABSTRACT George A. Finch starts his course on the Modern Sources of International Law by presenting the factors of formation of international law in modern period. He then studies “natural law” as source of international law, and then the custom, and the treaties. Finally, he studies the position of international law before the courts. George A. Finch commence son cours sur les sources modernes du droit international par une présentation des facteurs de la for…

Francisco Rezek, José Keywords: Nationality | International law | Mots clefs: Nationalité | Droit international | ABSTRACT This course aims to analyze the role and position of law of nationality law in international law. It begins by describing the concept of nationality, addressing issues such as the relationship between the individual and the State, the distinction between nationals of origin and those who have acquired the nationality, as well as the associated concepts of diplomatic protection and functional…

le Baron Descamps, M. Keywords: Renunciation of war | International law | Mots clefs: Renonciation à la guerre | Droit international | ABSTRACT Baron Descamps devotes his course to a new international law. To embody the progressive claims of the law, to strive to give them, with this luminous essence that defies contradiction, a voice that dominates the clamor of instincts, passions, interests: this is the highest function of the Jurisconsult, according to the author. It is in this perspective that, after the presenta…

Salvioli, Gabriele Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT Gabriele Salvioli begins his course on the General Rules of Peace with a presentation of the rules of international law and their characteristics. He then addresses the question of the subjects of the international law (and consequently the States and their recognition in international law). He focuses on international bodies, international responsibility, and finally the procedure. Gabriele Salvioli commence son cours sur les règles générales de la paix par un…

Sosniak, Mieczyslaw Keywords: Socialist countries | Civil law | International law | Treaties | Family law | Private international law | Mots clefs: Pays socialistes | Droit civil | Droit international | Traités | Droit de la famille | Droit international privé | ABSTRACT Since the objective of the Socialist States is to correlate and harmonize the principles of their legal relations, they have not, however, decided to harmonize all the principles in all the concerned countries, even though, on the ground of the Socialist bloc, many agreem…

Stein, Eric Keywords: Arms | Technology | International law | Nuclear weapons | Biological and chemical weapons | Mots clefs: Armes et munitions | Technologie | Droit international | Armes atomiques | Armes biologiques et chimiques | ABSTRACT Eric Stein, starting from the observation that modern technology contains an inherent contradiction since it can be both beneficial and malefic, dedicates his course to the impact of new armament technologies on international law. He particularly focuses on discussions related to disarmament, t…

Ehrlich, Ludwik Keywords: International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT Ludwik Ehrlich explains that the science of international law is a positive science, which means that it deals with facts and not with inferences drawn from a priori accepted principle. The phenomena studied by the science of international law are the facts related to the establishment and application of the rules of international law. The author presents the science of international law by …

T. Oliver, Covey Keywords: International law | Legal history | Law of treaties | Mots clefs: Droit international | Histoire du droit | Droit des traités | ABSTRACT Covey T. Oliver begins his course on the Contemporary Problems of the Treaty Law with a presentation of the treaties and the law of treaties in public international law as it appeared in 1955. He then studies the contemporary problems of the treaty law in relation to national law and international law. He then examines the effects of the treaties on developments…

Goyau, Georges Keywords: Holy See | International law | Catholicism | Mots clefs: Saint-Siège | Droit international | Catholicisme | ABSTRACT In this course, Georges Goyau studies the relations between the Catholic Church and international law. After a first chapter devoted to the primitive Church, the evangelical counsels of non-resistance to evil, and the Augustinian doctrine of just war, the author presents the initiatives of the medieval Church in the field of war. The author then focuses on the international ro…

A. Fatouros, Arghyrios Keywords: Energy | Legal regime | International law | State contracts | Energy Charter Treaty (Lisbon, 17 December 1994) | Mots clefs: Energie | Régime juridique | Droit international | Contrats d'Etat | Traité de la charte de l'énergie (Lisbonne, 17 décembre 1994) | ABSTRACT Arghyrios A. Fatouros, Professor Emeritus of the University of Athens, presents his course on the international legal framework for energy as an experiment. He aims to determine whether and to what extent it is possible to account in terms of law, …

Dr. A. Verdross, le Keywords: Aliens | International law | Mots clefs: Etrangers | Droit international | ABSTRACT After a presentation of the sources and the system of the international law of foreigners, the author examines the issue of the entry of foreigners. The author then presents the general rules on the treatment of foreigners who have entered the territory of the State, and analyzes the special rules on the treatment of foreigners in the economic field. Après une présentation des sources et du système du droit international des étrangers, l'auteur étudie la ques…

Scelle, Georges Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT Georges Scelle begins his systematic course on the General Rules of the Law of Peace with a methodological introduction devoted to the postulates of classical international law and to the objections addressed to the postulates of classical international law by realistic criticism. The first part of the course is devoted to the elements of the international legal order: international society, subject of law, a…

Higgins, Rosalyn Keywords: Expropriation | International law | Mots clefs: Expropriation et nationalisation | Droit international | ABSTRACT In this course, Rosalyn Higgins explores recent developments (during writing of the course) in international law with respect to expropriation by the State. In the previous several years, there have been important debates on the issue of compensation for foreign owners. After an examination of the legal concepts concerned by expropriation by the State (particularly the conce…

Thirlway, Hugh Keywords: International law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT Professor Thirlway, Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol, examines in this course how and why it is that international law is different from all other national systems of law. Professor Thirlway starts by describing the reality of international law, and then focuses on the concept of the sources of international law (treaties, customs, and general principles of law). The author then lists some major concepts o…

Landheer, B. Keywords: Sociology | International law | Mots clefs: Sociologie | Droit international | ABSTRACT After a few remarks on the fundamental concepts of sociology, B. Landheer studies the evolution of sociological thinking related to international society and international law. He then focuses on the relations between formal and non-formal structure in international society. He discusses the impact of social change on international society. Finally, the author discusses the likely evolution of group fo…

Simma, Bruno Keywords: Bilateralism | International obligations | International law | United Nations | Charter | International community | Constitutionalism | Mots clefs: Bilatéralisme | Obligations internationales | Droit international | Nations Unies | Charte | Communauté internationale | Constitutionnalisme | ABSTRACT Earlier, traditional international law was left entirely in the hands of sovereign States, predicated on their bilateral legal relations. However, now, community interest has permeated the body of international law. In …

Brierly, James-Leslie Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT International law, writes James-Leslie Brierly in his introduction to this course, is based on the negation of the idea that the State is the highest form of human society, and states that States are the associates of a higher community, the Civitas maxima. The author begins his course with a presentation of this international community. He then focuses on the state in the international order, on the legal organization of the international comm…

Djuvara, Mircea Keywords: International law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT Mircea Djuvara, in his course given in 1938, notes that the problem of foundation of international positive legal order has always been a dominant problem of the science of international law, but it is back in the news at a point where force seems to direct international life again. The author thus successively studies international positive legal order, the theory of natural law, scientific positivism, critical positiv…

Truyol y Serra, Antonio Keywords: History | International law | Mots clefs: Histoire | Droit international | ABSTRACT To designate the objective of the course, Antonio Truyol Y Serra refers to a concept borrowed from biology: mutation, which he applies here to the international society. The mutation involves the transition from a plurality of international, specific, or regional societies to a single international society on a global scale. After a presentation of the "European System of States", the author exami…

Merle, Marcel Keywords: Public opinion | International law | Mots clefs: Opinion publique | Droit international | ABSTRACT Marcel Merle, Professor at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University, examines, in this course, what influence public opinion actually has on international law. After a study of the mechanisms by which public opinion influences international law (diversity of expression of public opinion and the objectives of pressure exerted by public opinion), the author examines the results (areas influenced and effectiveness of the intervention). Marcel Merle, professeur à…

Stein, Oswald Keywords: Insurances | International law | Social security | Mots clefs: Assurances | Droit international | Sécurité sociale | ABSTRACT People and communities are driven by a desire for safety. Oswald Stein explains that the desire has never been stronger than this day (1927). Humanity has never seemed more anxious to perceive the dangers, to assure its future. As an indication of civilization or a symptom of decadence, what is this fear of the future; this party to escape the blind play of the laws of …

Piero Sereni, Angelo Keywords: Agency | International law | Mots clefs: Représentation | Droit international | ABSTRACT Angelo Piero Serini begins his course with a presentation of the concept of representation and its application in international law. He then presents the constitutive elements of representation in international law and provides some examples. The author also addresses the issue of the legal nature of the representation in international law, its functioning, and its termination. He also focuses on management of affairs in international law. Angelo Pietro Serin…

Quéneudec, Jean-Pierre Keywords: States | Interested party | International law | Mots clefs: Etats | Intéressé | Droit international | ABSTRACT Jean-Pierre Queneudec, Professor at the University of Paris I, notes in the introduction of his course that the concept of a concerned State, which according to the author needs to be demonstrated empirically, is a concept that allows "to revisit" many aspects of contemporary international law. Whether it concerns international organisations law, interstate relations law, tr…

Cross Dillard, Hardy Keywords: International disputes | Diplomacy | International law | Mots clefs: Différends internationaux | Diplomatie | Droit international | ABSTRACT The objective of Hardy Cross Dillard's course on Some Aspects of Law and Diplomacy is to make an inquiry and to elicit more questions than answers. This survey focuses on the role of law and diplomacy in conflict management. The author is induced to make this inquiry by the decision of the United States Supreme Court on racial discrimination. Le cours de Hardy Cross Dillard sur certains aspects du droit et …

Comte Giorgio Balladore Pallieri, le Keywords: Arbitration | International law | Mots clefs: Arbitrage | Droit international | ABSTRACT Giorgio Balladore Pallieri explains in the introduction to his course that practice in recent times (1934) has marked a very pronounced penchant for arbitration, which it prefers in a growing number of cases to the procedure instituted by the State and taking place before ordinary judges. After presentation of general theories relating to international arbitration, the author focuses on private arbitration in international conventions. Giorgio…

Brüe, Erik Keywords: Denmark | Straits | International law | Great Belt | Mots clefs: Danemark | Détroits | Droit international | Grand-Belt | ABSTRACT Erik Brüel begins his study on the topography, the geographical function, and the political history of the straits. He presents the legal regime of the straits before the First World War, and then the position of the Danish Straits during the same war. The author then presents a few features of the development of fact and law in the post-war period, which may have an influence on the regime of straits. Erik Brüel commence son étude par une …

Puente Egido, J. Keywords: Extradition | International law | Political offenses | Mots clefs: Extradition | Droit international | Délits politiques | ABSTRACT In his course on Extradition in International law, J. Puente Egido, Professor at the National University "Distance Education" in Madrid, starts from the observation of considering the fact being fundamental: the exercise of jus puniendi by States essentially adjusts to the competences they possess like territorial sovereignties. The author defines this essential fact as a juxtaposition of coexis…

Le Fur, Louis Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT The course of Louis Le Fur on General Rules of the Law of Peace begins with the first part devoted to doctrines on the basis of international law. The author thus presents ten different theories, the last one, to which the author agrees, being a realistic and synthetic theory. The second part of the course is devoted to the study of several selected problems, such as custom and general principles of law, the revision of treaties, or the domain for the exclusive competence of the State. Le cours d…

Hobza, Antoine Keywords: Religion | International law | Freedom of thought, conscience and religion | Religious minorities | Mots clefs: Religions | Droit international | Liberté de pensée, de conscience et de religion | Minorités religieuses | ABSTRACT Antoine Hobza outlines in this course a systematic review of religious issues in their relations with public international law in view of the situation prevailing in 1924. All religious issues in the legal sense affecting international law directly or indirectly can be divided into t…

Spiropoulos, J. Keywords: Individuals | International law | Mots clefs: Individus | Droit international | ABSTRACT Jean Spiropoulos emphasizes the problem of the position of an individual in international legal life is one of the most discussed problems of international law at the time of the publication of his course (1929). Some of its aspects, such as, for example, the right of individuals to take action before international bodies, the issue of the protection of minorities and the international recognition …

Boegner, Marc Keywords: Legal history | International law | Reform | Development of international law | Mots clefs: Histoire du droit | Droit international | Réforme | Développement du droit international | ABSTRACT In this study, Marc Boegner intends to explore the ways in which such a considerable religious movement has influenced the development of international law, and what effects it has had in the history of law of nations. The author thus successively focuses on the relations of the reform with law of nations, natural l…

de Visscher, Charles Keywords: Codification | International law | Mots clefs: Codification | Droit international | ABSTRACT In the introduction to his course on the Codification of International Law, Charles De Visscher presents the characteristics of the Codification of International Law as it occurred in 1925. The author devotes the first part of his course to an analysis of the fundamental concepts, the foundation, and formal sources of international law. In the second part to deal entirely with the codificat…

Dupuis, Charles Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT Charles Dupuis writes in his course that it is certainly easier to outlaw the war on paper than to ban it from reality. The Kellog Pact, the author continues, assumes that the first means of safeguarding peace, namely that all powers are and will always be peaceful, is sufficient for everything; that, therefore, the second means, the intimidation of the belligerent by the preponderance of the forces of the pa…

Hanqin, Xue Keywords: China | Public international law | International law | Sovereignty | International obligations | Human rights | Sustainable development | Multilateralism | Regionalism | Mots clefs: Chine | Droit international public | Droit international | Souveraineté | Obligations internationales | Droits de l'homme | Développement durable | Multilatéralisme | Régionalisme | ABSTRACT This class, given in 2012, starts with an introspection of the attitude of China towards international law in the last 60 years. The attention of the lecturer i…

Baron S. Korff, le Keywords: International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT The Introduction to the History of International Law constitutes the introduction to the course given by Baron Korff in 1923. Death prevented him from giving his course a definitive form. The author first focuses on the ancient world, then on Greece and ancient Rome, and finally on the Middle Ages. Cette Introduction à l'histoire du droit international constitue l'introduction du cours donné par le Baron Korff en 1923. La mort l'a empêché de don…

Heilborn, Paul Keywords: International law | Sources of law | Mots clefs: Droit international | Sources | ABSTRACT Paul Heilborn observes only custom and agreement as sources of international law, that is to say, as modes of the formation of the law. After a presentation of general concepts related to the element of public international law and the sources of law, the author examines the element of the sources of international law (customary law and agreement), the potency of these sources, the field of internati…

Decaux, Emmanuel Keywords: Slavery | Abolition | International law | Human trafficking | Forced labour | Crimes against humanity | International responsibility | Mots clefs: Esclavage | Droit international | Travail force | Crimes contre l'humanité | Responsabilité internationale | ABSTRACT The course of Emmanuel Decaux, Professor at the University of Paris II, focuses on public international law relating to slavery, which does not constitute a historical review of the issue of slavery. The abolition of slavery has not only been linked…

Pearce Higgins, A. Keywords: Great Britain | Jurisconsults | International law | Mots clefs: Grande-Bretagne | Juristes | Droit international | ABSTRACT It is a recognized fact that lawyers cannot make international law, but they have played and continue to play an important role in helping to develop its rules, by Pearce Higgins in the introduction to his course. The author successively presents the contributions of James Lorimer, John Westlake, William Edward Hall, and Sir Thomas Eskine Holland to international law. C'est un fait reconnu, écrit A. Pearce Higgins en introdu…

W. Briggs, Herbert Keywords: Codification | International law | International Law Commission | Mots clefs: Codification | Droit international | Commission du droit international | ABSTRACT In his course on the Codification of International Law by the International Law Commission and by Other Agencies, Herbert Briggs opted for an approach to carefully examine at the actual behavior of a codification body when confronted with a particular substantive problem. The author addresses in the form of case studies the question of…

Taube, le Baron Michel Keywords: Eastern Europe | International law | Legal history | Mots clefs: Europe orientale | Droit international | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT Michel Taube defines Eastern Europe, in the introduction to his course, as the Greco-Slavic world in contrast to the Roman-Germanic world, Byzantium, with the group of secondary states which came under de facto or de jure, the States of the Caucasus, the states of the Balkans, Russia, and its neighbors. The author begins with a presentation of Byzantium and…

Castberg, Frede Keywords: International law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT Frede Cateberg devotes the presentation, given in the context of the fiftieth anniversary of the Academy, to the mitigation of the boundary that theoretically separates public international law from domestic law. Frede Cateberg consacre cette intervention, donnée dans le cadre du cinquantième anniversaire de l'Académie, à l'atténuation de la limite qui sépare en théorie le droit international public du droit interne. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE [p2] Frede Castberg, born 4 July 1893. Cand. juri…

Fawcett, J. Keywords: International trade | Finances | International law | Régime des paiements | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | International Monetary Fund | Mots clefs: Commerce international | Finances | Droit international | Paiements | Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce | Fonds monétaire international | ABSTRACT The course of J. Fawcett aims at identifying certain general legal concepts involved in the area of international trade and international finance, and at describing the manner in which they contribute to …

John Fischer Williams K. C., Sir Keywords: External debts | State contracts | International law | Claims | Mots clefs: Dettes étrangères | Contrats d Etat | Droit international | Réclamations | ABSTRACT The study of John Williams deals with the issues related to the States’ external financial obligations, or, in other words, the States’ financial commitments to other States or to nationals of other countries. After a presentation of the two categories of debt, the author focuses on Lord Palmerston’s doctrine, Drago’s doctrine, …

Ago, Roberto Keywords: Legal science | International law | Mots clefs: Sciences juridiques | Droit international | ABSTRACT Roberto Ago emphasizes in the introduction to his course that the existence of the law of a society such as the international community has always been a source of difficulty for legal science. As a result, jurists and philosophers have sometimes been led to attribute to the legal system of the international community characteristics, which is not present in reality and are specific to the l…

B. Whitton, John Keywords: Propaganda | International law | Mots clefs: Propagande | Droit international | ABSTRACT Whitton notes that mutual understanding between nations is only possible as long as there is freedom to write, to speak, to exchange ideas, and to listen. Mutual understanding is impossible in the case of hostile propaganda. After a historical overview, the author presents the existing law with regard to propaganda, the efforts to control the propaganda, and the remedies that are available against the propaganda. La compréhension mutuelle entre les nations n'est…

Giorgio Del Vecchio, M. Keywords: League of Nations | Covenant | International law | Mots clefs: Société des Nations | Pacte | Droit international | ABSTRACT After a presentation of the legal problem of the unity of the mankind and the idea of the universal empire as the first solution to the problem, Georgio Del Vecchio presents an idea of a federation or League of Nations as the second solution. He successively presents the questions of a basis for the validity of an international agreement. He also examines the Covena…

A. Mann, F. Keywords: Jurisdiction | International law | Rights and duties of States | Legislation | Mots clefs: Juridiction | Droit international | Droits et devoirs des Etats | Législation | ABSTRACT Frederick devotes his course to the doctrine of jurisdiction in international law. After a first chapter devoted to the definition of the concept of jurisdiction, the author examines the doctrine of legislative jurisdiction from a general point of view and then from a special point of view. He examines the enforcement jurisdiction. Frederick consacre son cours à la doctrine de la …

Michael Reisman, W. Keywords: International law | International regime | Development of international law | Decision-making | Sovereignty | Human rights | Subjects of international law | Individuals | Use of force | Mots clefs: Droit international | Régime international | Développement du droit international | Prise de décisions | Souveraineté | Droits de l'homme | Sujets du droit international | Individus | Force | ABSTRACT The point of these lectures, given in 2012, is to elaborate a framework to understand the place of practitioners, and others affected by …

Wolfrum, Rüdiger Keywords: Environmental protection | International law | Mots clefs: Protection de la nature et de l environnement | Droit international | ABSTRACT Rüdiger Wolfrum, director of the Max-Planck Institute Comparative Public Law and International Law, splits his course on the means of ensuring compliance with and enforcement of international law into seven chapters. After an introductory chapter, Rüdiger Wolfrum describes the régimes that have been designed to ensure that the obligations to provide for the…

N. Jayatilleke, K. Keywords: Buddhism | International law | Mots clefs: Bouddhisme | Droit international | ABSTRACT K.N. Jayatilleke, in the introduction, claims that historically there exists a Buddhist law, composed of monastic rules, and also secular legal texts established by the Burmese monks and adopted by the State. The author studies the principles of international law in the light of Buddhist doctrine by successively studying the origins of Buddhism and the pertinence of Buddhist epistemiology with rega…

Keywords: Sociology | International law | Mots clefs: Sociologie | Droit international | ABSTRACT Dietrich Schindler explains in the introduction to his course that legal experience indicates that the international law, as it exists, and the improvement of the arbitral procedure are powerless to create on their own an atmosphere of peace, which would be the condition of a real peace. The author says it is necessary to ask the question what is the role of the law of the people in international relations and ho…

Y. Jennings, R. Keywords: International law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT R. Y. Jennings selects, for his Course on Public International Law, certain aspects of contemporary law (in 1967) that seems to be most interesting to him. The author says that the list of subjects may seem old-fashioned, but it is intentional: continuity is the essence of the law, and the novelty appears only from what is old. He incorporates his course within the framework of the classical scheme of private internation…

Lebée, Edmond Keywords: Cartels and monopolies | International law | Mots clefs: Cartels et monopoles | Droit international | ABSTRACT The aim of Edmond Lebee’s study is to examine certain aspects of the massive concentration of economic forces, from an international point of view, and by trying to rule out the abstract hypothesis and reasoning. After a presentation of the importance of economic factors in international political life, the author examines the concentration of industrial forces and their extension i…

Iriye, Keishiro Keywords: Confucianism | Doctrines | China | International law | Mots clefs: Confucius | Doctrines | Chine | Droit international | ABSTRACT Keisho Iriye dedicates his course to the Principles of International Law in the Light of Confucian Doctrine. After an introduction dedicated to interstate relations in the Chou period (around 1122-256 BC) during when Confucius lived (here, the author particularly presents the notion of Li, that needs to be distinguished from law), he successively studies the issues …

De Visscher, Charles Keywords: Denial of justice | International law | Exhaustion of domestic remedies | Mots clefs: Déni de justice | Droit international | Epuisement des voies de recours internes | ABSTRACT Charles De Visscher explains in the introduction to his course that the Concept of denial of justice is both one of the oldest and one of the most improperly elucidated international laws. In order to address this situation, the author addresses the issue. He begins with a presentation of the general position of the proble…

Kaufmann, Erich Keywords: Peace | International law | Mots clefs: Paix | Droit international | ABSTRACT After a presentation of the general approach to the issue of the rules of the law of peace, the author studies the establishment of the State in an international order. He then focuses on the peculiarities of the international order, and on the idea of law in the international order. The last chapter examines the international community and international political law: the author presents the structure and or…

Sułkowski, Joseph Keywords: Currencies | Currency depreciation | International law | Mots clefs: Monnaies | Dépréciation des monnaies | Droit international | ABSTRACT Joseph Sułkowski, in the introduction to his course, notes that the problem of the influence exerted by the changes in the value of currency on legal relations is of recent origin (the author writes in 1929) and that it become a subject of studies following the fall in the value of the currency which occurred in certain countries following the First Worl…

De Leener, Georges Keywords: Communications | International law | Mots clefs: Communications | Droit international | ABSTRACT Georges De Leener begins this course with a presentation of the origins of the law of international communications, with an aim of removing the regime of international communications from the arbitrary and unilateral will of the States. The author then presents the objectives of the law of international communications, and certain specific statutes of the law of international communicatio…

Kaeckenbeeck, D.C.L., Georges Keywords: Vested interests | International law | Mots clefs: Droits acquis | Droit international | ABSTRACT Never the subject of his course has been so hot, notes Georges Kaeckenbeek in the introduction to his course (1937). He finds himself in the line of fire of legal and political battles which are taking place today, he continues. Neither has its systematic study ever been so difficult. The ideological conflicts are one of its main causes. After a presentation of the fundamental p…

Barcia Trelles, Camilo Keywords: Spain | International law | Doctrines | Legal history | Fernando Vazquez de Menchaca (1512-1569) | Mots clefs: Espagne | Droit international | Doctrines | Histoire du droit | ABSTRACT In his course, Camillo Barcia Trelles intends to study the international ideas of Fernando Vasquez de Menchaca, regarding which writes the author, there is a curious contradiction, in the sense that he was once most famous by his name and most neglected in his substance. After a presentation of the life and work of …

Liang, Yuen-Li Keywords: Codification | International law | Development of international law | Mots clefs: Codification | Droit international | Développement du droit international | ABSTRACT After a presentation of the position and role of international law in the Charter of the United Nations, Yuen-Li Liang offers a historical overview of the development of international law through conferences and the efforts made toward the codification. He focuses on the methods of encouraging the progressive development of internat…

Burdeau, Geneviève Keywords: Currencies | Monetary policy | Competence | International law | Mots clefs: Monnaies | Politique monétaire | Compétence | Droit international | ABSTRACT Geneviève Burdeau notes in the introduction of her course that the conditions for the exercise of monetary powers by the State are naturally linked not only to a certain political and economic context, but also and very largely to the historical circumstances that might affect the territory in its relationship with political power. Here, Prof…

Bourquin, Maurice Keywords: Communications | International law | Mots clefs: Communications | Droit international | ABSTRACT Maurice Bourquin notes in his introduction that there is a risk of conflict between local political sovereignty and general economic interests, and that a formula for conciliation must be chosen or found. Hence, there is a need for an international organization of communication paths. After a first part devoted to the origins of the organizational effort (the sea), the author studies its …

Morin, Jacques-Yvan Keywords: Constitutional state | Human rights | Constitutional law | Legal principles | International law | Mots clefs: Etat de droit | Droits de l'homme | Droit constitutionnel | Principes généraux du droit | Droit international | ABSTRACT Jacques-Yvon Morin, Professor at the University of Montreal, proposes in his course to measure the effectiveness of the principles of rule of law and the rules which result from it, not only within the State, but also on the international stage, where their increasing interdepen…

Bernhardt, Rudolf Keywords: International customary law | Law of the sea | Law of treaties | International law | Mots clefs: Droit coutumier international | Droit de la mer | Droit des traités | Droit international | ABSTRACT Rudolf Bernhardt, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg, notes that the combined play of custom and treaty, in the Law of the Sea, requires the consideration of general and theoretical elements and requires an attempt to link these general considerat…

De S. Exc. Ch. De Visscher, Discours Keywords: International Law | Mots clefs: Droit international | ABSTRACT Ch. de Visscher devotes the short presentation to the existing relations between the method used in international law considered as a science, and the system of international law which is the object of study of this science. Ch. de Visscher consacre ce court exposé aux rapports existants entre la méthode utilisée en droit international considérée comme une science, et le système du droit international qui est l'objet d'étude de cette science. [p74] De S…