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(Περσεύς). [1] Sohn der Danae und des Zeus, argiv. Heros [English version] I. Mythologie Sohn der Danaë und des Zeus, der sie in Form eines Goldregens schwängert; Enkel des Akrisios, des Königs von Argos, und der Eurydike. Aufgrund eines Orakels, daß der Sohn seiner Tochter ihn töten werde, setzt Akrisios Danaë und P. in einem Kästchen auf dem Meer aus. In Seriphos angespült, werden Mutter und Sohn von Diktys [1] gefunden und aufgenommen. Als Polydektes, der Bruder des Diktys und König von Seriphos, Danaë geg…

(Ἡράκλειτος). [English version] [1] H. von Ephesos ionischer Philosoph, um 500 v. Chr. Sohn des Bloson, herausragende Persönlichkeit der ion. Philosophie. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [English version] A. Zur Person H.' Hauptschaffenszeit ist um 500-503 v.Chr. anzusetzen (Diog. Laert. 9,1). Seine Familie hatte im öffentl. Leben von Ephesos eine führende Position. Die doxographische Überl. verzeichnet zahlreiche Anekdoten über H.' Arroganz und Verachtung seiner Mitbürger wie der Menschheit im allg., die meist auf den Fragmenten des H. selbst beruhen. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) …

(Ποσειδῶν, dor. Ποτειδάν, neben weiteren Namenformen). I. Mythos und Kult [English version] A. Allgemeines P. war der griech. “Gott des Meeres, der Erdbeben und der Pferde” (Paus. 7,21,7). Er gehört in die älteren Schichten der griech. Rel., da sein Name schon in myk. Zeit bezeugt ist: Verehrt wurde P. sowohl in Knosos als auch in Pylos [2], wo er auch ein Heiligtum (das Posidaion), eine Kultvereinigung (die Posidaiewes) und wahrscheinlich sogar eine Gattin, “Frau P.” ( Posidaeja) hatte [1. 181-185]; seine lokale Bed. spiegelt sich noch in dem Opfer wider, das der Pylie…

(Ὀδυσσεύς, lat. Ulixes, etr. utuze). [English version] I. Mythologie Sohn des Laërtes und der Antikleia, Gatte der Penelope, Vater des Telemachos. Eine der zentralen Figuren der griech. Myth., in Homers ‘Odyssee Mittelpunkt eines archa. Großepos. Schon diese Tatsache weist auf die Bed. der O.- Gestalt hin, die sich durch die Betonung bes. intellektueller Fähigkeiten von den anderen Figuren des griech. Heroenmythos abhebt. Damit repräsentiert sie einen Archetypen der europäischen Geistesgesch.; entsprechend umfangreich ist ihr Nachleben in Lit. und Kunst nicht nur in der Ant. Vi…

[German version] (Ἐκφαντίδης; Ekphantídēs). Early playwright of the Old Comedy [1. test. 4]. After 458 BC, he won four times in the Dionysia [1. test. 1]. Two titles of his plays are known: Peírai and Sátyroi. An unknown play is the origin of fr. 3Ekphantides fr. 3, in which E. criticizes the Megarian Comedy. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 126-129.

Demandt, Alexander (Berlin RWG) I. Ancient History (CT) [German version] A. Definitions and Scope (CT) By Altertum ('Antiquity'“)”, Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, newly revised since 1890 by Georg Wissowa, understands the culture of the 'Classical' peoples of the Greeks and Romans, with the additions of the Ancient Orient, inclusive of Egypt, insofar as it has connecting links to the former; of the ancient peripheral cultures (Arabs, Germanic tribes, Jews, Carthaginians, Celts, Numidia…

[German version] Writer of the Old Comedy, victorious at the Dionysia at the earliest in 411 BC [1. test. 1]; ridiculed in Aristoph. Ran. 12-15 [1. test. 2] because of his bad jokes. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1PCG V, 1986, 615.

(Στράτων; Strátōn). [German version] [1] Attic comedy writer, 4th cent. BC Attic comedy writer of the 4th cent. BC, according to the Suda belonging to the Middle Comedy [1. test. 1], but on the basis of fr. 1,43 (mentioning Philitas [1] of Cos) certainly to the New Comedy [2.62 f.]. At the Dionysia of 302, S. attained the fourth place [1. test. 2]. Of the comedy Phoinikídes (fr. 1 PCG) a rhesis survives on papyrus (fr. 1,4-8; 11; 13-15; 17-21; 23-25; 34-50; cf. [3]) and in a divergent version in Athenaeus (fr. 1,1-47; cf. [1.621 f.]); the spe…

(Διοσκουρίδης; Dioskourídēs). [German version] [1] Son of Polemaeus, naval commander in 314-313 BC Son of Polemaeus, nephew of  Antigonus [1] Monophthalmus. Led the fleet to a few victories as naval commander in 314-13 BC. Nothing further is known about his life. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography R. A. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed, 1990, 381f. [German version] [2] Polyhistor of the 4th and 3rd cents. BC Polyhistor of the 4th and 3rd cents. BC, pupil of Isocrates (Ath. 1,18,11 A). Of his works, the following titles are known (cf. FGrH 3 B 594): 1. Apomnēmoneúmata (‘Memorabil…

(Ἡράκλειτος; Hērákleitos). [German version] [1] H. of Ephesus Ionian philosopher, c. 500 BC Son of Bloson, outstanding personality within Ionian philosophy. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] A. The person H.'s main period of activity is estimated to have been about 503-500 BC (Diog. Laert. 9,1). He belonged to a leading family in the public life of Ephesus. The doxographic tradition records several anecdotes of H.'s arrogance and contempt for his fellow citizens and humanity in general, which are mostly based on fragments of H. Betegh, Gábor (Budapest) [German version] B. La…

(Στράττις/ Stráttis). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Chios, 6th cent. BC Tyrant of Chios, who took part in the Scythian campaign in 513 BC as an adviser of Darius [1] (Hdt. 4,138). It can not be determined whether he was deposed at the beginning of the Ionian Revolt. Nevertheless, he was able to resume his reign after the Persians' victory (in 493/2 BC). In 479 he was able to elude a conspiracy (Hdt. 8,132). At the liberation of Ionia after the battle of Mycale in 479 S. may also have been toppled. Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) [German version] [2] Attic comic poet, 5th/4th cents. BC Attic comi…

[German version] (Νικοχάρης; Nikochárēs). Comic poet of the 5th/4th cents. BC, from the Attic Cydathenaeum demos. Son of the comedian Philonides [1. test. 1 and 2]. 28 fragments and 9 titles are preserved, of which 7 are mythological (Ἀγαμέμνων, Ἀμυμώνη ὴ Πέλοψ, Γαλάτεια, Ἡρακλῆς γαμῶν, Ἡρακλῆς χορηγός, Λάκωνες, Λήμνιαι). With the Λάκωνες, he competed against Aristophanes' [3] second Πλοῦτος in 388; his Γαλάτεια dates from the same period [2. 203]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG 7, 1989, 39-49 2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die attische Mittlere Komödie, 1990.

[German version] [1] Poet of the Old Comedy Poet of the Old Comedy, one-time winner at the Dionysia of the 91st Olympiad (415-412 BC) [1.test.1.2]. 61 fragments and six titles are extant, amongst them an Amphitryon and a Plutos. Rhinon and ‘Fishes’ ( Ichthyes) -- portraying a fish state (cf. Aristophanes' state of birds) in conflict with the Athenians -- were probably written after 403 BC. Occasionally, four plays by Aristophanes were also attributed to A. [1.test.4]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 538-557. [German version] [2] Pythagoraean Pythagorean who, acc…

[German version] (Στράταγος; Strátagos). Greek comic poet of the 3rd cent. BC, known only from an honorary inscription by Dionysus technitai found in Ptolemais in Egypt ( c. 273-246 BC). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography PCG VII, 1989, 616.

[German version] Writer of New Comedy known to us only through inscriptions; winner of the Lenaea festival in the 3rd cent. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG IV, 12.

(Περσεύς; Perseús). [1] Son of Danae and Zeus, Argive hero [German version] I. Mythology Son of Danae and Zeus, who impregnates her in the form of a shower of gold; grandson of Acrisius, the king of Argos, and Eurydice. Because of an oracle predicting that the son of his daughter will kill him, Acrisius sets Danae and P. adrift at sea in a chest. Mother and son are washed ashore in Seriphus and found and taken in by Dictys [1]. When Polydectes, the brother of Dictys and king of Seriphus, wishes to marry Danae…

(Θεόπομπος/ Theópompos). [German version] [1] Spartan king, around 700 BC Among the early Spartan kings, the Eurypontid T. (Eurypontids), son of Nicander [1] (Hdt. 8,131), is the only one securely identified in a contemporary source: Tyrtaeus (fr. 2 Gentili/Prato) names him as a victorious king in the 1st Messenian War ( c. 700/690-680/70 BC). He was probably the colleague of the Agiad Polydorus [6] (Paus. 4,7,7), appears to have played a role in Spartan-Argive conflicts around Cynuria [1] (Paus. 3,7,5) and in disputes between Spartans and Arcad…

[German version] (Λαίνης; Laínēs). Comic poet of the 2nd cent. BC, attested only in inscriptions; he won three victories at the Dionysia (1. test. 2), one of which is dated to 185 BC (1. test. 1). Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG V, 1986, 609.

[German version] Poet of the New Comedy, from whom four fragments and two titles ( Diamartanon, Thesauros, where a cook speaks) are extant. Worthy of note is his attack on the politician  Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes [1 test.2 and fr. 4]. A. could be identical with the anagrapheus of the year 320/19 and may have been politically active as ally of the Macedonian royal administrator  Antipater [2]. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 PCG II, 533-536 2 Chr. Habicht, The comic poet A., in: Hesperia 62, 1993, 253-256.

(Ὀδυσσεύς, Latin Ulixes, Etruscan utuze). [German version] I. Mythology Son of Laertes and Anticlea, husband of Penelope, father of Telemachus. One of the central figures of Greek mythology; in Homer's Odyssey, the focus of a major Archaic epic. This fact alone indicates the significance of the figure of  O., which contrasts with the other figures of Greek heroic myth through the emphasis on special intellectual abilities. Thus, he represents an archetype in the history of European thought; his presence in later literature a…