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, Aḥmad b. Aḥmad b. Salāma , S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn , an Arab author, pupil of the celebrated S̲h̲āfiʿī faḳīh S̲h̲ams al-Dīn (al-S̲h̲ams) al-Ramlī (d. 1004/1596), was regarded in his day as an unchallenged authority and died towards the end of S̲h̲awwāl 1069/July 1659. He composed numerous works, of which 21 have survived, in the fields of fiḳh , geography, medicine, secret sciences and adab . To the 17 works mentioned by Brockelmann, II, 364, we have to add: 1. a Kitāb al-Mud̲j̲arrabāt in Göttingen (see Verzeichn. der Hss. im Preuss. Staate , I. Hannover, 3. Göttingen, iii, Berlin 1894, no. 100); 2. M…

, Abū ’l-Maʿālī ʿAbd al-Malik , son of the preceding, celebrated under his title of Imām al-Ḥaramayn, born 18 Muḥarram 419/17 February 1028 at Bus̲h̲tanikān, a village on the outskirts of Nīsābūr; after his father’s death, he continued the latter’s teaching even before he was twenty years old. He was connected with the school of ʿilm al-kalām inaugurated by Abū ’l-Ḥasan al-As̲h̲ʿarī at the beginning of the 4th/10th century. But ʿAmīd al-Mulk al-Kundurī, vizier of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Tug̲h̲rul Beg, declared himself against This “innova…

, At̲h̲īr al-Dīn Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar , philosophical writer, about whose life nothing is known; d. in 663/1264 (according to Barhebraeus in 1262). He was the author of two works on scholastic philosophy, which were much in use and often commented: (i) Hidāyat al-Ḥikma in three parts, a. Logic ( al-manṭiḳ ), b. Physics ( al-ṭabīʿyyāt ), c. theology ( al-ilāhiyyāt ). The best known commentary is that by Mīr Ḥusayn al-Maybudī, written in 880/1475). (ii) al-Isāg̲h̲ūd̲j̲ī , an adaptation of the Isagoge of ¶ Porphyry (cf. fūrfīriyūs ). Of the commentaries, that by S̲h…

abū ’l-maʿālī ʿalāʾ al-dīn al-makkī , Arabic writer who in 991/1583 composed a treatise on the eminence of the Abyssinians (after al-Suyūṭī and others), entitled al-Ṭirāz al-Manḳūs̲h̲ fī Maḥāsin al-Ḥubūs̲h̲ and existing in numerous manuscripts. The work has been translated by M. Weisweiler, Buntes Prachtgewand . . ., Hanover 1924; extracts from the text in Bibliothecae Bodleianae cod. mss. or. cat. , ii, 1363. An extract, by Nūr al-Dīn al-Ḥalabī (d. 1044/1635; see al-ḥalabī , nūr al-dīn ) was printed in Cairo, 1307. (C. Brockelmann) Bibliography Flügel, in ZDMG, v, 81, xvi, 606-709 Broc…

, a family of scholars and jurists in Damascus of the 10th-11th/16th-17th centuries, of which three members distinguished themselves in literature: 1. Muḥibb al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr b. Dāwūd b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd al-K̲h̲āliḳ b. Muḥibb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Taḳī al-Dīn al-ʿUlwānī al-Ḥamawī al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī al-Ḥanafī, born in the middle of Ramaḍān 949/Dec. 23, 1542 in Ḥamāt, studied there, in Ḥalab and Ḥimṣ, and after a journey to Istanbul obtained a post as teacher in the Madrasa al-Ḳuḍāʿiyya in Damascus. In 978/1571 he accompanied the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-islām and chief ḳā…

, Abū ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Lak̲h̲mī al-Baysānī al-ʿAsḳalānī , Mūḥyī ( Mud̲j̲īr ) al-Dīn , the famous counsellor and secretary to Saladin, was born on 15 D̲j̲umādā II 529/3 April 1135 at ʿAsḳalān [ q.v.], where his father, a native of Baysān, known as al-Ḳāḍī al-As̲h̲raf, was the judge. He was put by his father into the Dīwān al-ins̲h̲āʾ at Cairo as a trainee, about 543-4/1148-9. Already before 548/1153 he entered the service of the ḳāḍī of Alexandria, Ibn Ḥadīd, as a secretary. As the elegant reports he drafted there bro…

b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān , a Sūfī of repute, b. 833/1429, d. in Damascus S̲h̲aʿbān 919/October 1513, author of collections of prayers ( wird , ḥizb). (C. Brockelmann*) Bibliography Ibn al-ʿImād, S̲h̲ad̲h̲arāt, year 919 Brockelmann, II, 153 S II, 153.

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḳuras̲h̲ī al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī , Arab mystic, compiled in about 714/1314 a collection of edifying anecdotes entitled Tuffāḥ al-arwāḥ , wa-miftāḥ al-arbāḥ which formed part of his lost work Tas̲h̲wīḥ al-arwāḥ wa ’l-ḳulūb ilā d̲h̲ikr ʿallām al-g̲h̲uyūb (see Ahlwardt, Verzeichnis der ar. Hdss. von Berlin , no. 8794). (C. Brockelmann)

b. aḥmad b. muḥammad maʿṣüm b. ibrāhīm ṣadr al-dīn al-ḥusaynī al-madanī , author of biographical works and a book of travels, b. 15 Ḏj̲umādā I 1052/12 August 1642 in Medina; he was a descendant of G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn al-S̲h̲īrāzī. His father was since 1055/1644 in the service of the prince S̲h̲āhins̲h̲āh ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad Ḳuṭb S̲h̲āh. ʿAli joined him in Ḥaydarābād in 1068/1657. His father died in 1083/1672, a year after the death ¶ of his patron, S̲h̲āhins̲h̲āh ʿAbd Allāh, and ʿAli himself incurred the displeasure of the ruler, Abu’l-Ḥasan. He succeeded, however,…

, abū muḥammad sulaymān b. mihrān , traditionist and Ḳurʾān "reader". Born in 60/679-680, or 10 Muḥarram 61/10 October 681, of a Persian father, he lived at al-Kūfa and died probably in Rabīʿ I 148/May 765. He received traditions from al-Zuhrī and Anas b. Mālik, and his instructors in ḳirāʾa , were: Mud̲j̲āhid, al-Nak̲h̲aʿī, Yaḥyā b. Wat̲h̲t̲h̲āb, ʿĀṣim; Ḥamza was his disciple. His "reading", which followed the tradition of Ibn Masʿūd and Ubayy, appeared in the list of "the fourteen". A great admirer of ʿAlī, he is supposed to have furnished the poet al-Sayyid al-Ḥimyarī [ q.v.] with the m…

, abū ’l-ʿabbās aḥmad b. muḥammad b. abī bakr al-k̲h̲aṭīb s̲h̲ihāb al-dīn al-s̲h̲āfiʿī , an authority on tradition and theologian, born on 12 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 851/20 January 1448 in Cairo, where he spent his life as a preacher—apart from two stays of some duration in Mecca—and died on Friday, 7 Muḥarram 923/31 January 1517. He owed his literary fame mainly to his exhaustive commentary on the Ṣaḥīḥ of al-Buk̲h̲ārī entitled Irs̲h̲ād al-Sārī fī S̲h̲arḥ al-Buk̲h̲ārī , which exists in numerous manuscripts and printed copies; of these latter, the earliest…

, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Abū ʿOmar, a Spanish Arab author, born 10th Ramaḍān 246 = 29th Nov. 860 in Cordova, a freedman of the Umaiyads ruling there, died 18th Ḏj̲umādā I 328 = 3rd March 940. His principal work is the anthology al-ʿIḳd (the addition al-farīd ¶ was made by later copyists); it is divided into 25 books, which are called after jewels; the 13th book is called al-Wāsīṭa and the corresponding pairs on either side of it are called after the same jewels, in the second part with the addition of al-t̲h̲ānīya. The matter is taken from the usual adab books, the ʿUyūn al-Ak̲h̲bār of Ibn Ḳutaiba bein…

, Abu ’l-ʿAbbās Muḥammad b. Yazīd al-T̲h̲umālī al-Azdī, an Arab philologist, born on the 10th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 210 (March 25, 826) in Baṣra, was there taught by Abū ʿOmar al-Ḏj̲armī, Abū ʿOt̲h̲mān al-Māzinī and Abu Ḥātim al-Sid̲j̲istānī, the pupil of Aṣmaʿī. In his early works, the Kitāb Masāʾil al-G̲h̲alaṭ, he criticised the Kitāb of Sībawaih, but only a small number of his criticisms were well founded and of these only a minority were original (al-Suyūṭī, al-Muzhir, 1ii. 188; 2ii. 232). Later he went to Bag̲h̲dād where he became a very busy teacher; among his pupils …

is the name, the origin of which has not yet been explained, for the Syriac alphabet adapted to suit the Arabic language. Yūsuf Daryān, Archbishop of Ṭarsūs, wrote recently on the name in the Mas̲h̲riḳ, 1904, vii. 785—790, but his suggested derivation of the name from an unknown Syriac karkūnē, diminutive of karkā, which would describe the alphabet as the “small”, “round”, is quite improbable. Just as the Jews used their alphabet to reproduce the language of the countries that afforded them hospitality, not only for the sake of secrecy but also a…

, ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf, a S̲h̲āfiʿī Faḳīh who studied with his father in Ḏj̲uwain and afterwards in Nīsābūr and Merv and settled in Nīsābūr in 407 = 1016. He received a teaching appointment there and enjoyed such a reputation that it was said of him, as in a later period of al-G̲h̲azālī, that, if there could be a prophet after Muḥammad, it would be he. Of his works there has only survived the Kitāb al-Ḏj̲amʿ wa ’l-Farḳ (see Ahlwardt, Verzeichnis der ar. Hdss, der Kgl. Bibliothek zu Berlin, N°. 4811; Fihrist al-Kutub-k̲h̲āne al-Ḵh̲edīwīye, iii. 215). (C. Brockelmann) Bibliography Ibn Ḵh̲allikān…

(bar ʿebhrāyā, Ibn al-ʿIbrī) Gregorius Abu ’l-Farad̲j̲, Arab historian and the last classic in Syriac literature, was born in 1226 at Melitene-Malaṭīya, the son of a baptised Jewish physician; he thus received the surname, not very agreeable to him, under which he has become famous; to this also was due his knowledge of Hebrew, an accomplishment so rare among his contemporaries, which enabled him for example to study a Midrash on Joseph in the original, (cf. Ethicon, ed’. Bedjan, 489). Although from the beginning destined for a priestly calling, which then was the only …

, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī Bū-d̲j̲aʿfarak, Arab philologist, born in 740 (1077), a pupil of al-Maidānī, lived in strict seclusion in his house and in the old mosque at Nīsābūr, of which he was Imām and died on the 30 Ramaḍān 544 = 31 Jan. 1150. Of his works there has been preserved his dictionary of Arabic infinitives with Persian explanations, the Tād̲j̲ al-Maṣādir, cf. Loth, A Catalogue of the Arab. Mss. in the Library of the India Office, N°. 994—996; Bibliothecae Bodleiajiae cod. mss. or. cat., i. N°. 1089. (C. Brockelmann) Bibliography Yāḳūt, The Irs̲h̲ād al-Arīb ilā Maʿrifat al-Adīb (ed. D. S. Ma…

, al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad al-Dimas̲h̲ḳī al-Ṣaffūrī Badr al-Dīn, an Arab historian and poet, born in the middle of Ramaḍān 963 = July 1556, at Ṣaffūrīya in Galilea, came when 10 years old with his father to Damascus, where he received his education at the Madrasa al-Ṣāliḥīya. After the completion of his studies, which he had to interrupt in 974 = 1567 by a four years’ stay in Jerusalem on account of famine, he lectured in various madrasas. In the year 1020= 1611 he acted as Ḳāḍī to the Syrian pilgrim caravan. He died on the 13th Ḏj̲umādā I 1024 = 11th June 1615. His chief work is the collection of…

, nisba of a family of officials of pure Arab origin, several members of which filled high offices under the Aiyūbids. The honorary title al-Ḳāḍī al-Awḥad was borne by Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, whose son Yūsuf, afterwards al-Ḳāḍī al-As̲h̲raf, was born at Ḳifṭ on Muḥarram I, 548 (March 29, 1153). He succeeded his father in the administration of his native town, but had to leave it in 572 (1176/1177) on account of the rising of a Fāṭimid pretender. After filling several offices in Upper Egypt, he was summoned in 583 (1187), after the …

Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAlī b. al-Ṭāhir Ḏh̲i ’l-Manāḳib Abī Aḥmad al-Ḥusain b. Mūsā b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. Mūsā al-Kāhẓim b. Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ b. Muḥammad al-Bāḳir b. ʿAlī Zain al-ʿĀbidīn b. al-Ḥusain b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, ʿAlam al-Hudā, Arab author born in 355 (966), died in 436 (1044) as Naḳīb of the ʿAlids in Bag̲h̲dād. Of his works, which are detailed in Ahlwardt, Verzeichnis der Hdss. in Berlin, N°. 16, we still have the following: 1. His principal work G̲h̲urar al-Fawāʾid wa-Durar al-Ḳalāʾid bi ’l-Muḥāḍarāt, usually called briefly al-Durar wa ’l-G̲h̲urar, which he finished on the 22nd Ḏj̲um…