Search

, Abū ʿAḳīl , Arab poet of the muk̲h̲aḍram . He belonged to the family of Banū D̲j̲aʿfar, a branch of the Kilāb, who belonged to the Banū ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa (see Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Tab. 93 and Register, ii, 374-5). According to Ibn Saʿd, vi, 21, he died in 40/660-1 in the night on which Muʿāwiya arrived in al-Nuk̲h̲ayla to conclude peace with al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī. Others, like Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar, iii, 657, whom Nöldeke ( Fünf Moʿallaqât , ii, 51) thinks ought to be followed, give 41 A.H., others again 42. He is said to have reached an unusually great age (al-Sid̲j̲istānī, K. al-Muʿammarīn …

muḥammad b. al-ḳāsim (properly ibn al-anbārī ), traditionist and philologian, son of Abū Muḥammad [cf. al-anbārī, abū muḥamad ]; b. 11 Rad̲j̲ab 231/3 Jan. 885, d. Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 328/Oct. 940. He was a disciple of his father and of T̲h̲aʿlab, lectured in his father’s lifetime in the same mosque, and was famous for his phenomenal memory and his abstemiousness. The following of his works are extant: al-Aḍdād , ed. M. Th. Houtsma, Leiden 1881; al-Zāhir ; al-Īḍāḥ fi ’ l-Waḳf wa ’l-Ibtidaʾ ; on the passages in the Ḳurʾān where tāʾ is written instead of hāʾ , probably an extract from al-Hāʾāt fī …

, Abū ʿUmar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad , Andalusian writer and poet, born at Cordova on 10 Ramaḍān 246/29 November 860, died in the same city on 18 D̲j̲umādā I 328/3 March 940. A mawlā of His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, he was one of the official panegyrists of the Marwānid dynasty from the reign of Muḥammad I (d. 273/886) to the middle of that of al-Nāṣir (300/912-350/961). He was mediocre in his laudatory poetry, but showed more originality in the erotic verses which he wrote in his youth and to which in his old age he added ascetic poems in the same rhyme and metre called mumaḥḥiṣāt (“w…

, “clothes-seller”, a name given to a number of people, of whom the following are of note: 1.) Aḥmad b. ʿUmar , a mathematician. The date of his death is unknown. Among those of his works which have been lost, a commentary on the translation of Euclid was especially celebrated. The one work of his which is still extant is K. Misāḥat al-ḥalaḳ . which is preserved in Oxford (Bodleian Lib., Mss. Or. i, no. 913) and in Cairo ( Fihrist al-kutub al-ʿarabiyya fī ’l-kutubk̲h̲āna al-k̲h̲adīwiyya , v, 204); see Fihrist, 265, 1. 25, 282, 1. 3; Ibn al-Ḳiftī, Taʾrīk̲h̲ al-ḥukamāʾ , Cairo 1326, 57, 1. 5. 2.) Abū ʿA…

, title of an Indian mirror for princes, formed by the corruption of the Sanskrit names of the two principal characters, two jackals, Karaṭaka and Damanaka (in the old Syriac translation the forms are still Kalīlag and Damnag). It was translated from Sanskrit into Pahlavi and thence into Arabic, and became widely known in Muslim as well as Christian literatures. 1. The original work. The Indian original was composed by an unknown Vis̲h̲nuite Brahman, according to Hertel probably about the year 300 A.D. in Kas̲h̲mīr; the main argument for this, the transcription of denarius by dīnāra …

, Abu ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb , S̲h̲āfiʿi faḳīh , was born in Baṣra in 364/974 and died in Bag̲h̲dād on 30 Rabīʿ I 450/27 May 1058, aged 86 years. After completing his studies in Baṣra and in Bag̲h̲dād, he became a teacher. The renown which he acquired, owing to the extent and the variety of his knowledge, drew to him the attention of the authorities; he was appointed ḳāḍī and fulfilled the responsibilities of this post in various towns, in particular at Ustuwā, near Nis̲h̲āpūr, before being entrusted with the role in Bag̲h̲dād itself. In 429/1038, he was awarded the honorific surname ( l…

, Abuʾ l-Muẓaffar Muḥammad b. Aḥmad , Arab poet and genealogist, a descendant of ʿAnbasa b. Abī Sufyān (of the Umayyad lineage of the younger Muʿāwiya). He was born in Abīward (Ḵh̲urāsān), or more exactly in the village of Kawfan (not Kūḳan) near Abīward (he is therefore sometimes called al-Kawfanī), and died from poison in Iṣfahān in 507/1113 (not 557/1161-2). His philological and historico-genealogical works, notably a history of Abīward and a book on the different and identical names of the Arab tribes, are lost; but al-Kaysarānī extensively used the latter work. Of his dīwān …

b. abī bakr al-idrīsī al-mag̲h̲ribī Moroccan mystic of Berber (though pretended ʿAlid) origin, born about 854/1450. In his youth he is said to have been the amīr of a ḳabīla of the Banū Rās̲h̲id in the Ḏj̲abal G̲h̲umāra, but to have relinquished that position because he was unable to enforce among his people the prohibition on wine-drinking. In 901/1495-6 he left Fez, visited Damascus, Mecca, Aleppo, and Brusa, and finally settled at Damascus where he died in 917/1511. His mysticism was of a moderate character: in his Bayān G̲h̲urbat al-Islām bi-Wāsiṭat Ṣinfay al-Mutafaḳḳiha wa ’l-Mutafa…

, muḥammad b. ʿabd al-raḥmān al-ṣiddīḳī al-s̲h̲āfiʿī al-as̲h̲ʿarī abū ’l-makārim s̲h̲ams al-dīn , Arab poet and mystic, born 898/1492, lived a year alternately in Cairo and a year in Mecca, and died in 952/1545. Besides his Dīwān (Bibl. Nat, Paris, Catalogue des mss. ar. by de Slane, no. 3229-3233; Descriptive Catalogue of the Arabic, Pers . and Turk . Mss. in the Library of Trinity College , Cambridge, 1870, no. 55-7), a collection of mystical poems entitled Tard̲j̲umān al-Asrār (Vollers, Katalog der islam . usw. Hass. der Universitätsbiblioth. zu Leipzig , no. 573; Derenbourg, Les mss.…

, Abū Bakr (or Abu ’l-Maḥāsin ) Taḳī ’l-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥamawī al-Ḳādirī al-Ḥanafī al-Azrārī , one of the most famous poets and prose-writers of the Mamlūk period. Born in 767/1366 at Ḥamāt, he first practised the trade of a button-maker ( azrārī ), then applied himself to study, travelling for this purpose to Damascus, Mosul and Cairo. On his return from Egypt in 791/1389, he witnessed the great burning of Damascus during the siege by Barḳūḳ [ q.v.], which gave him the theme for his first literary work, an epistle to Ibn Makānis (MS Berlin no. 9784). Thanks to …

, a purely and typically Arabic literary genre. The word is generally translated as “assembly” or “session” (Fr. “séance”), but this is an approximation which does not convey exactly the complex nature of the term. ¶ Semantic evolution of the term. The semantic study of this vocable for the period previous to the creation of the genre is complicated by the fact that the plural maḳāmāt , which is frequently used, is common to two nouns, maḳāma and maḳām [ q.v.]. Both are derived from the radical ḳ-w-m , which implies the idea of “to rise, to stand in order to p…

b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ al-Ḥusayni al-Zabīdī al-Ḥanafī , Abu ’l-Fayḍ, Arabic scholar and specialist in lexicography. He was born in 1145/1732 in Bilgrām in Kanawd̲j̲ [ q.v.] in northwestern India, and settled, after travelling for many years in pursuit of knowledge, in Cairo on 9 Ṣafar 1167/7 December 1753. There he succeeded in reviving an interest in the study of Tradition by giving lectures to specially invited companies. In Upper Egypt, also, he was always a welcome guest with the Arab S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Humām…

, ("nyctalope" or "devoid of eyelashes"), cognomen of a number of grammarians listed by al-Suyūṭī ( Muzhir , Cairo, undated, ii, 282-3), viz.: Abu ’l-Ḵh̲aṭṭāb, Saʿīd b. Masʿada and ʿAlī b. Sulaymān, see below; ʿAbd. Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Bag̲h̲dādī, pupil of al-Aṣmaʿī; Aḥmad b. ʿImrān b. Salāma al-Alhānī, died before 250/863, author of a G̲h̲arīb al-Muwaṭṭaʾ , grammarian, lexicographer and poet (see Ben Cheneb, Classes des savants de l’ Ifrīqiya , 34); Hārūn b. Mūsā b. S̲h̲arīk, d. 271/884-5; Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Mawṣilī, tutor of Ibn Ḏj̲innī;…

, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. ʿArabī al-D̲j̲āwī , an Arabic writer of Malay origin, born in Tanāra (Banten), the son of a village judge ( pangalu ), after concluding his studies made the pilgrimage to Mecca and settled there permanently in about 1855, after making a short visit to his native land. After he had studied further and completed his education with the teachers of the holy city, he set up as a teacher himself and gained great influence over his fellow countrymen and their kinsmen. From 1870 he devoted half his time to authorship. He was still alive in 1888. He wrote a large number of comment…

Muḥammed b. al-Ḳāsim b. Ḵh̲allād b. Yāsir b. Sulaimān al-Hās̲h̲ihī , an Arabian littérateur and poet. He was born about the year 190/805 in al-Ahwāz (his family came from al-Yamāma) and grew up in Baṣra, where he received instruction from the most famous philologists, Abū ʿUbaida, al-Aṣmaʿī, Abū Zayd al-Anṣārī and others. He was renowned amongst his contemporaries not only for his linguistic attainments, but also for his quickness at repartee. Ibn Abī Ṭāhir collected anecdotes concerning him in a special work entitled Ak̲h̲bār Abi ’l-ʿAynāʾ , many of which are to be found in the al-Ag̲h̲ān…

, Abū ʿUmar Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, écrivain et poète andalou, né à Cordoue le 10 ramadan 246/2S novembre 860, mort dans la même ville le 18 d̲j̲umādā I 328/1er mars 940. Mawlā de His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, il fut, du règne de Muḥammad Ier (m. 273/886) au milieu de celui d’al-Nāṣir (300-50/912-61), l’un des panégyristes officiels de la dynastie marwānide. Médiocre dans sa poésie laudative, il fait preuve de plus d’originalité dans ses vers erotiques datant de sa jeunesse et auxquels il ajouta dans sa vieillesse des poèmes ascétiques sur la même rime et le même mètre appelés mumaḥḥiṣāt (effaçant …

, Abū ʿAḳīl, poète arabe muk̲h̲aḍram, qui est l’auteur de l’une des Muʿallaḳāt [ q.v.]. Il appartenait aux Banū Ḏj̲aʿfar b. Kilāb, des ʿĀmir b. Ṣaʿṣaʿa (voir Ibn al-Kalbī-Caskel, Tab. 93 et Register, II, 374-5). D’après Ibn Saʿd (VI, 21), il mourut en 40/660-1, la nuit où Muʿāwiya arriva à al-Nuk̲h̲ayla pour conclure la paix avec Ḥasan b. ʿAlī. D’autres, comme Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar (III, 657, que Nöldeke, Fünf Moʿallaqāt, II, 51 croit devoir suivre), citent comme date de sa mort l’année 41, d’autres encore, l’année 42. Il serait, dit-on, mort extrêmement vieux (al-Sid̲j̲istānī, K. al-Mucammarīn, …

, Abū Isḥāḳ Ibrāhīm b. Abī l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, a composé, en 632/1234, un florilège des œuvres de stylistes et poètes espagnols des Ve et VIe/XIe-XIIe siècles sous le titre Kanz al-Kuttāb wa-muntak̲h̲ab al-ādāb (voir H. Krafft, Die ar., pers. und türk. Hass. der k. k. orient. Akademie zu Wien, Vienne 1842, n° 147). (C. Brockelmann)

, grammairien et lexicographe arabe de l’école de Baṣra. Il était originaire de la tribu médinoise des Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲. Élève d’Abū ʿAmr b. al-ʿAlāʾ [ q.v.], il fut un des rares Baṣriens à se rendre à Kūfa, où il recueillit, auprès d’al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī [ q.v.], la majeure partie des documents poétiques mis en œuvre dans son K. al-Nawādir. Il fut invité par al-Mahdī à se rendre à Bag̲h̲dād, et mourut en 214 ou 215/830-31. Contemporain d’Abū ʿUbayda et Aṣmaʿī, il est considéré comme supérieur à eux en grammaire, mais parmi ses nombreux traités, deux seulement ont survécu: le K. al-Maṭar, recueil…

, Sulaymān b. Mihrān, Abū Muḥammad, traditionniste et «lecteur» du Coran. Né en 60/679-680 ou le 10 muḥarram 61/10 octobre 681, d’un père iranien, il vécut à al-Kūfa et mourut probablement en rabīʿ I 148/mai 765. Il recueillit des traditions auprès d’al-Zuhrī et d’Anas b. Mālik, eut pour maîtres en ḳirāʾa: Mud̲j̲āhid, al-Nak̲h̲aʿī, Yaḥyā b. Wat̲h̲t̲h̲āb, ʿĀṣim, et pour disciple, Ḥamza. Sa «lecture», qui suit la tradition d’Ibn Masʿūd et d’Ubayy, figure dans la liste des «quatorze». Grand admirateur de ʿAlī, il passe pour avoir fourni au poète al-Sayyid al-Ḥimyarī [ q.v.] la matière de…