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, the name of a family of saiyids and scholars established at Damascus in the xith—xiith (xviith—xviiith) centuries. 1. The founder of the family, Murād b. ʿAlī al-Ḥusainī al-Buk̲h̲ārī, born 1050 (1640), was the son of the naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf of Samarḳand. He travelled in his youth to India, where he was initiated into the Naḳs̲h̲bandī ṭarīḳa by S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Muḥammad Maʿṣūm al-Fārūḳī, and after extensive journeys through Persia, the Arab lands and Egypt settled in Damascus about 1081 (1670). He subsequently made several visits to Mekka and Constantinopl…

, the name given to the first Muslim dynasty of independent governors and rulers of Egypt. The founder of the dynasty, Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn [q. v.], entered Fusṭāṭ as the deputy of the fieffee of Egypt, the Turkish general Bāyakbāk, on 23rd Ramaḍān 254 (15th September 868), and in the course of the next ten years succeeded in uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule, in virtual independence of the Caliphate. He died on 10th Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 270 (10th May 884), having nominated as his successor his son Ḵh̲umārawaih [q. v.], who, after a brilliant reign of twelve years, was murdered at Damascus on 17th Ḏh̲u ’l…

, a village and district on the right bank of the Nile, fifty miles north of Ḵh̲arṭum. In the xvith century the governorship of the surrounding territory was conferred by the Fūnd̲j̲ ruler, ʿUmāra Dunḳās, on ʿAbd Allāh Ḏj̲amāʿa (d. 1554—1562) of the Arab tribe of Rufāʿa. His descendants, the ʿAbdallāb, maintained their position as a semi-independent dynasty with the title of Mānd̲j̲il or Mānd̲j̲ilak until the Egyptian conquest, but transferred their seat from Ḳerrī to Ḥalfāyat al-Mulūk after the rise of S̲h̲endī in the latter part of the xviiith century. (H. A. R. Gibb) Bibliography H. A. …

, Abū Tamīm Maʿadd b. Ismāʿīl al-Manṣūr, fourth Fāṭimid caliph, was born at Mahdīya on 11th Ramaḍān 319 (28th Sept. 931), proclaimed heir-apparent in (952—953), and succeeded to the throne in S̲h̲awwāl of the same year (March 953). His first object was to restore the Fāṭimid power, which had been reestablished in Ifrīḳiya by his father, over the remaining provinces of the Mag̲h̲rib. In 342 he led in person an army of Kitāma into the Awrās mountains and not only reduced the turbulent tribes of that region for the …

Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Aḥmad b. al-Mustanṣir, ninth Fāṭimid Caliph, born 20th Muḥarram, 467 [Sept. 16, 1074] (so in all the best sources and in al-Mustanṣir’s letter to Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Ṣulaihī, quoted in Idrīs, vii. 152), the youngest son of his father. At this time it was generally assumed in the Ismāʿīlī organization that the eldest son, Nizār (born 437), would, in accordance with custom, succeed his father in the imāmate, although no formal investiture with the wilāyat al-ʿahd appears to have been made. The influence of the all-powerful wazīr Badr al-Ḏj̲amālī, however, and of …

al-Malik al-ʿĀdil, Badr al-Dīn Anū S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʾ Mad̲j̲d al-Islām, Fāṭimid wazīr, of Armenian origin, succeeded his father Ṭalāʾiʿ [q. v.] after the latter’s assassination on 20th Ramaḍān 556 (Sept. 12, 1161), and remained in office for fifteen months. The only event of importance during this period was a Berber invasion in 557 (1162) under Ḥusain b. Nizār [see nizār b. al-mustanṣir], who was captured and put to death. Ruzzīk inherited the literary tastes of his father and is said to have governed well, but when, in the same year, he attempted to remove h…

(ʿIlm al-Taʾrīk̲h̲), Historiography, as a term of literature, embraces both annalistic and biography (but not as a rule literary history). The development of Arabic and Persian historiography is summarized below in four sections: A. From the origins to the third century of the Hid̲j̲ra; B. From the third to the sixth centuries; C. From the end of the sixth to the beginning of the tenth century; D. From the tenth to the thirteenth centuries. For the historical literature of the Ottoman Turks see the article turks (vol. iv. 947 sqq.), and for that written in Malay the article malays (vol. iii.…

, the name of a family of scholars and jurists established at Damascus in the xth—xith (xvith—xviith) centuries, the descendants of Muḥibb al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Abū Bakr, originally of Ḥamā (949—1016 = 1542—1608). The most famous member of the family was his great-grandson, Muḥammad Amīn b. Faḍl Allāh, born at Damascus in 1061 (1651). After completing his studies in Constantinople, he returned to Damascus in 1092 (1681) and engaged in teaching and literary work there until his death in 1111 (1699), except for a short interval during which he served as nāʾib to the ḳāḍī of Mekka…

, Fāṭimid claimant, born 10th Rabīʿ I 437 (Sept. 26, 1045). On the death of his father, having been displaced by his youngest brother al-Mustaʿlī [q. v.], Nizār fled to Alexandria, took the title of al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh, and rose in revolt early in 488(1095) with the assistance of the governor, Naṣr al-Dawla Aftakīn, who was jealous of al-Afḍal, and the population of the city. He was at first successful in driving back al-Afḍal and advanced as far as the outskirts of Cairo, supported by Arab auxi…

(properly Suʿūd) b. Muḥammad of the Muḳrin clan of ʿAnaza, the founder of the Wahhābī dynasty of the Āl-Saʿūd in Nad̲j̲d [see the article ibn saʿūd], succeeded his father as amīr of Darʿīya in 1137 (1724) or 1140 (1727). His association with the reformer Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb [cf. wahhābīya] began in 1157 (1744). Thereafter until his death (end of Rabīʿ I, 1179 = Sept. 1765) the history of his reign consists of an unceasing and on the whole indecisive struggle against the neighbouring settlements and tribes and his former suzerains, the B…

Abū ʿUbaid Allāh, son of Abu ’l-Sād̲j̲ Dīwdād, an Eastern Iranian (not Turkish) noble from Us̲h̲rūsana in Mā-warāʾ al-Nahr (see Barthold, Turkestan, G. M.S., p. 169). For his early career see the article sād̲j̲ids. After his rupture with Ḵh̲umārawaih he returned to Bag̲h̲dād (276 = 889) and appears to have remained there (cf. Ṭabarī, iii. 2122) until his appointment as governor of Ād̲h̲arbāid̲j̲ān in 279 (892). Though on his arrival he had entertained friendly relations with the Bagratid king of Armenia, Sembat (ace. 891), afte…

, Abū ʿUbayd Allāh, fils d’Abū l-Sād̲j̲ Dīwdād, noble iranien (non turc) oriental de la région d’Us̲h̲rūsana, en Transoxiane. En ce qui concerne le début de sa carrière, voir l’article Sād̲j̲ides. Après sa rupture avec le Ṭūlūnide Ḵh̲umārawayh, il retourna à Bag̲h̲dād (276/889) et il semble y être demeuré (cf. al-Ṭabarī, III, 2122) jusqu’à sa nomination comme gouverneur de l’Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān en 279/892. Bien qu’il eût, à son arrivée, entretenu des relations amicales avec le roi bagratide d’Arménie, Sembat (monté sur le trône…

, famille de lettrés égyptiens, d’origine palestinienne, dont l’ancêtre, Ṣāliḥ, s’établit à Bulḳīna dans la G̲h̲arbiyya. 1. ʿUmar b. Raslān b. Naṣīr b. Ṣāliḥ, Sirād̲j̲ al-dīn Abū Ḥafṣ al-Kinānī, né le 12 s̲h̲aʿbān 724/4 août 1324, mort le 10 d̲h̲ū l-ḳaʿda 805/1er juin 1403. Il étudia au Caire sous la direction des plus célèbres lettrés de l’époque, y compris Ibn ʿAḳīl [ q.v.] dont il épousa la fille; il fut nāʾib durant la brève judicature d’Ibn ʿAkīl en 759/1358. Nommé muftī à la Dār al-ʿadl en 765/1363, il devint le juriste le plus célèbre de son temps (cf. Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, Muḳaddima, ch. 6, § …

founder of a line of governors of Baṣra (Āl Afrāsiyāb). He was an officer of unknown racial origin, who purchased the government of Baṣra from the local pas̲h̲a about 1021/1612. Afrāsiyāb was succeeded by his son ʿAlī in 1034/1624-5, during an attack on Baṣra by Persian forces, which failed in face of ʿAlī’s resistance. A second Persian attempt in 1038/1629 was equally unsuccessful. During the Turco-Persian struggle for Bag̲h̲dād, ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a took neither part and continued to govern his provin…

, Abū ʿUbayd Allāh , son of Abu ’l-Sad̲j̲ Dīwdād, an Eastern Iranian (not Turkish) noble from the region of Us̲h̲rūsana [ q.v.] in Transoxania. For his early career, see the article sād̲j̲ids . After his rupture with the Ṭūlūnid K̲h̲umārawayh, he returned to Bag̲h̲dād (276/889) and appears to have remained there (cf. al-Ṭabarī, iii, 2122) until his appointment as governor of Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān in 279/892. Though on his arrival he had entertained friendly relations with the Bagratid king of Armenia, Sembat (succeeded 891), after se…

, anti-Caliph, son of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.], of the ʿAbd al-ʿUzza clan of Ḳurays̲h̲, and Asmāʾ [ q.v.], daughter of Abū Bakr and sister of ʿĀʾis̲h̲a. He was born at Medina twenty months after the hid̲j̲ra (c. Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 2/May 624), and killed in battle against the Syrian troops under al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, 17 Ḏj̲umādā I or II, 73/4 Oct. or 3 Nov., 692. Some sources (Ibn Ḳutayba, Maʿārif , 116; Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥabbar , 275; etc.) state that he was the first child born to the Muhād̲j̲irīn at Medina. The close kinship which linked him to the f…

, ḥasan b. muḥammad , Egyptian scholar of Mag̲h̲ribine origin, born in Cairo after 1180/1766. He studied at al-Azhar, and was one of the few ʿulamāʾ who, after the occupation of Egypt by Bonaparte, entered into relations with the French scholars and took an active interest in the new learning. He then spent many years in Syria and Turkey, and on his return to Egypt was employed as editor of the Official Journal ( al-Waḳāʾiʿ al-Miṣriyya ) founded by Muḥammad ʿAlī (1244/1828). In 1245/1830 he was installed as S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Azhar by Muḥammad ʿAlī, wit…

b. badr b. al-ḏj̲ahm al-sāmī , Arab poet, of Banū Sāmā b. Luʾayy, a tribe from Baḥrayn, whose claim to descent from Ḳurays̲h̲ was disputed. His father al-Ḏj̲ahm moved from Ḵh̲urāsān to Bag̲h̲dād and was appointed to various offices under al-Maʾmūn and al-Wāt̲h̲ik; the poet’s brothers also were prominent in official and literary circles. ʿAlī was born probably c. 188/804, and received his education in Bag̲h̲dād. Under al-Muʿtaṣim (218-27/833-42) he held maẓālim jurisdiction in Ḥulwān, but, perhaps because of his support of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal in op…

, or fāmiya , the Seleucid city of Apamea on the right bank of the Orontes (ʿĀṣī), at its northward bend 25 m. N.W. of Ḥamāt. During the Syrian campaign of the Sāsānid Ḵh̲usraw I (540) it was captured and laid waste. After the Arab conquest of Syria it was colonized by tribesmen of ʿUd̲h̲ra and Baḥrāʾ. It regained importance as a fortified outpost of Aleppo only in the Ḥamdānid period and during the early Crusades. After the disintegration of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ power in Syria, Afām…

Lūṭ b. Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd b. Mik̲h̲naf al-Azdī , one of the earliest Arabic traditionists and historians, d. 157/774. He is credited in the Fihrist with 32 monographs on diverse episodes of Arab history, relating mainly to ʿIrāḳ, much of the contents of which is preserved in the chronicles of al-Balād̲h̲urī and al-Ṭabarī. The separate works which have come down to us under his name are later pseudographs. His great-grandfather Mik̲h̲naf was the leader of the ʿIrāḳī Azd on the side of ‘Alī (for him see Ibn Saʿd, vi, 22 and Naṣr b. Muzāḥim, Waḳʿat Ṣiffīn (Cairo 1365), inde…