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, daughter of the caliph Abū Bakr by his wife Ḳutayla bint ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā of ʿĀmir b. Luʾayy. She was the elder half-sister of ʿĀʾis̲h̲a, and one of the early converts to Islam in Mecca. At the time of Muḥammad’s flight from Mecca with Abū Bakr, she tore her girdle in two to serve for the Prophet’s provision-bag and the strap of his water-skin; this is the traditional explanation of her nickname Ḏh̲āt al-Niṭāḳayn , "She of the Two Girdles". After the Hid̲j̲ra she was married to al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.], and their son ʿAbd Allāh was reputedly the first child born in the Muslim com…

, properly āḳā ḵh̲ān , title applied to the Imāms of the Nizārī [ q.v.] Ismāʿīlīs. It was originally an honorary title at the court of the Ḳād̲j̲ār S̲h̲āhs of Persia, borne by Ḥasan ʿAlī S̲h̲āh, who, after the murder of his father Ḵh̲alīl Allāh in 1817, gained the favour of Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh and received the hand of one of his daughters in marriage. ¶ In consequence of intrigues at the court under the reign of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, Ḥasan ʿAlī S̲h̲āh revolted in 1838 in Kirmān, but was defeated and fled in 1840 to Sind, where he rendered valuable services to Sir Ch.…

al-Sulamī , governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. On the first expedition of ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir [ q.v.] into Ḵh̲urāsān in 31/651-2, Ibn Ḵh̲āzim commanded the advance-guard which occupied Sarak̲h̲s. According to some accounts, he put down a rebellion led by Ḳārin in 33/653-4 and was-rewarded with the governorship of the province, but this is probably an anticipation of the events of 42/662. During Ibn ʿĀmir’s second governorship of Baṣra (41/661), Ḳays b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Sulamī was appointed to Ḵh̲urāsān, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḵ…

, S̲h̲iʿite rebel. Said to have been a donkey-driver, and afterwards a bandit, he entered the service of Yazīd b. Mazyad al-S̲h̲aybānī in Armenia, and was engaged against the Ḵh̲urramiyya [ q.v.]. Later he commanded Yazīd’s vanguard against Hart̲h̲ama in the civil war between al-Amīn and al-Maʾmūn, but subsequently changed sides and joined Hart̲h̲ama. Obtaining permission to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, he openly revolted, and after defeating the troops sent against him went to al-Raḳḳa. Here he met the ʿAlid Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. Ṭabāṭabā [ q.v.], whom he persuaded to go to Kūfa, …

, of the family of Balḥārit̲h̲, of the Ḳuras̲h̲ite tribe of Fihr, one of the early Meccan converts to Islām, and one of the ten Believers to whom Paradise was promised (see al-ʿAs̲h̲ara al-Mubas̲h̲s̲h̲ara ). He took part in the emigration to Abyssinia, and is said to have been distinguished for courage and unselfishness and to have been given the title of amīn by Muḥammad for that reason. He was 41 years of age at the battle of Badr, and took part in the later campaigns, distinguishing himself at Uḥud, and as the commander of severai …

, governor of Baṣra, was born in Mecca in 4/626. He belonged to the Ḳurays̲h̲ite clan of ʿAbd S̲h̲ams and was a maternal cousin of the caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān. In 29/649-50 he was appointed by ʿUt̲h̲mān to the governorship of Baṣra, in succession to Abū Mūsā al-As̲h̲ʿarī, and immediately took the field in Fārs, completing the conquest of that province by the capture of Iṣṭak̲h̲r, Darābd̲j̲ird and Ḏj̲ūr (Fīrūzābād). In 30-31/651 he advanced into Ḵh̲urāsān, defeated the Ephthalites, and occupied the whol…

, the name of a family of sayyids and scholars established at Damascus in the 11th-12th/17-18th centuries. 1. The founder of the family, murād b. ʿalī al-ḥusaynī al-buk̲h̲ārī , born 1050/1640, was the son of the naḳīb al-as̲h̲rāf of Samarḳand. He travelled in his youth to India, where he was initiated into the Naḳs̲h̲bandī ṭarīḳa by S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Muḥammad Maʿṣūm al-Fārūḳī, and after extensive journeys through Persia, the Arab lands and Egypt settled in Damascus about 1081/1670. He subsequently made several visits to Mecca and Ist…

b. asad al-ḳasrī (of the Ḳasr sept of Bad̲j̲īla; not al-Ḳus̲h̲ayrī, as sometimes printed in error), governor of Ḵh̲urāsān, 106-9/724-7 and 117-20/735-8, under his brother Ḵh̲ālid b. ʿAbd Allāh [ q.v.], governor of al-ʿIrāq and the East, in the reign of His̲h̲ām b. ʿAbd al-Malik. His first period of governorship coincided with increasing pressure by Turkish forces against the Arabs in Transoxiana, which he was unable to counter effectively, although he conducted successful raids into the fringes of the Parapomisus. In 107/726…

Dīwdād ( Dēwdād̲h̲ ) b. Dīwdast , founder of the Sād̲j̲id dynasty, descended from a noble Iranian family of Ushrūsana related to its ruler, the Afs̲h̲īn [ q.v.] Ḥaydar (Ḵh̲ayd̲h̲ar) b. Kāʾus, under whose command he served in the expedition against Bābak (221-2/836-7). In 224/839 he led an expedition against the Afs̲h̲īn’s rebellious deputy Mankad̲j̲ūr in Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān. In 242/856 or 244/858 (see al-Ṭabarī, iii, 1436) he was appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil to the command of the Mecca Road, which he held until the …

Maʿmar b. al-Mut̲h̲annā , Arabic philologist, born 110/728 in Baṣra, d. 209/824-5 (other dates also in Taʾrīk̲h̲ Bag̲h̲dād and later works). He was born a mawlā of the Ḳurays̲h̲ite clan of Taym, in the family of ʿUbayd Allāh Maʿmar (cf. Ibn Ḥazm, Ḏj̲amharat Ansāb al-ʿArab , Cairo 1948, 130); his father or grandfather came originally from Bād̲j̲arwān (near al-Raḳḳa in Mesopotamia, less probably the village of the same name in S̲h̲irwān) and was said, on dubious authority, to have been Jewish. He studied under the leadi…

, fifth Caliph of the Umayyad line, reigned 65-86/685-705. According to general report he was born in the year 26/646-7, the son of Marwān b. al-Ḥakam [ q.v.], his mother being ʿĀʾis̲h̲a bint Muʿāwiya b. al-Mug̲h̲īra. As a boy of ten he was an eye-witness of the storming of ʿUt̲h̲mān’s house, and, at the age of sixteen Muʿāwiya appointed him to command the Madinian troops against the Byzantines. He remained at Medina until the outbreak of the rebellion against Yazīd I (62-3/682-3). When the Umayyads were expelled by the rebels, he left the town with his ¶ father, but on meeting the Syrian …

al-Ḥamdānī , poetic cognomen of al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. Abi ’l-ʿAlāʾ Saʿīd b. Ḥamdān al-Tag̲h̲libī , Arab poet, born in 320/932, probably in ʿIrāḳ. Saʿīd, himself a poet, was killed by his nephew Nāṣir al-Dawla Ḥasan on attempting to occupy Mawṣil in 323/935, The mother of Abū Firās, a Greek umm walad, moved with her son to Aleppo after its occupation by the poet’s cousin Sayf al-Dawla in 333/944, and there he was trained under the eye of Sayf al-Dawla, who also married his sister. In 336/947-8 he was appointed to the governorship of Manbid̲j̲ (and lat…

, the traditional name for the site of a battle fought in Ḏj̲umādā I or II, 13/July-August 634, between the Muslim Arab invaders and the Greek defenders of Palestine. Although located by the literary sources between Ramla and Bayt Ḏj̲ibrīn, no place of this name is attested by the geographers. On topographical grounds, the site of the battle was located by Miednikoff on the Wādī al-Ṣamt in the vicinity of the two villages of al-Ḏj̲annāba (G̲h̲arbiyya and S̲h̲arḳiyya), 34° 5…

al-Rāsibī , Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ite leader, a tābiʿī of the Bad̲j̲īla tribe, noted for his bravery and piety and surnamed d̲h̲u ’l-t̲h̲afināt , "the man with the callosities", on account of the callosities on his forehead etc. resulting from his many prostrations. He fought under Ṣaʿd b. Abī Waḳḳāṣ in ʿIrāḳ and under ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn, but broke with him over the decision to arbitrate and joined the dissidents at Ḥarūraʾ. Shortly before their final departure from Kūfa in S̲h̲awwāl 37/March 658, the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ites elected ʿAbd Allāh as their commander ( amīr , not k̲h̲alīfa , as…

, Abu ’l-Kāsim Aḥmad b. al-Mustanṣir , ninth Fāṭimid caliph, born 20 Muḥarram 467/16 September 1074 (so in all the best sources and in al-Mustanṣir’s letter to Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Ṣulayḥī, quoted in Idrīs, vii, 152), the youngest son of his father. At this time it was generally assumed in the Ismāʿīlī organisation that the eldest son, Nizār (born 437/1045-6), would, in accordance with custom, succeed his father in the imāmate, although no formal investiture with the wilāyat al-ʿahd appears to have been made. The influence of the all-powerful wazīr …

b. ṣalāḥ al-dīn , in full al-malik al-afḍal abu ’l-ḥasan ʿalī nūr al-dīn , the eldest son of Saladin (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, [ q.v.]), b. 565/1169-70, d. at Sumaysāṭ 622/1225. On Saladin’s death he was recognized as ruler of Damascus and head of the Ayyūbid family, but owing to his incapacity and self-indulgence he lost successively Damascus, Egypt, and all his Syrian fiefs, and ended as a dependent of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ sultan of Rūm. See ayyūbids . (H.A.R. Gibb) Bibliography Ibn Ḵh̲allikān, no. 459 Abū S̲h̲āma, Ḏh̲ayl al-Rawḍatayn, 145 Ibn Tag̲h̲rībīrdī, Nud̲j̲ūm, vi, index Maḳrīzī, Sulūk, i, index.

, “White Falcon”, the name of many Turkish officers, of whom the following are the most important: 1. āḳ sunḳur b. ʿabd allāh ḳasīm al-dawla , known as al-ḥād̲j̲ib , mamlūk of Malik-s̲h̲āh [ q.v.], who appointed him to the government of Aleppo in 480/1087. He at first supported the efforts of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ prince Tutus̲h̲ [ q.v.] to establish himself in Syria, but after Malik-s̲h̲āh’s death he, with the other governors in northern Syria and the Ḏj̲azīra, declared for Barkiyāruḳ, and was defeated and executed by Tutus̲h̲ near Aleppo in Ḏj̲umādā I, 487/May 1094. He was the father of Zankī [ q.v.],…

, Ismāʿīl b. ( al-Afḍal ) ʿAlī b. ( al-Muẓaffar ) Maḥmūd b. ( al-Manṣūr ) Muḥammad b. Taḳī al-Dīn ʿUmar b. S̲h̲āhans̲h̲āh b. Ayyūb , al-Malik al-Muʾayyad ʿImād al-Dīn , Syrian prince, historian, and geographer, of the family of the Ayyūbids [ q.v.], born in Damascus, Ḏj̲um. i, 672/Nov. 1273. At the age of 12, in the company of his father and his cousin al-Muẓaffar Maḥmūd II, prince of Ḥamāh, he was present at the siege and capture of Marḳab (Margat) (684/1285). He took part also in the later campaigns against the Crusaders. On the suppre…

, family of Egyptian scholars of Palestinian origin, whose ancestor Ṣāliḥ settled at Bulḳīna in al-G̲h̲arbiyya. (1) ʿumar b. raslān b. naṣīr b. ṣāliḥ , sirād̲j̲ al-dīn abū ḥafṣ al-kinānī , born 12 S̲h̲aʿbān 724/4 August 1324, died 10 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 805/1 June 1403. He studied at Cairo under the most farnous scholars of the day, including Ibn ʿAḳīl [ q.v.], whose daughter he married, and served as nāʾib during Ibn ʿAḳīl’s brief tenure as Grand Ḳāḍī in 759/1358. Appointed Muftī in the Dar al-ʿAdl in 765/1363, he became the most celebrated jurist of his age (cf. Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn, Muḳaddima …

b. al-Walīd al-mak̲h̲zūmī , the only surviving son of the famous Arab general. At the age of eighteen he commanded a squadron at the battle of the Yarmūk. Muʿāwiya subsequently appointed him governor of Ḥimṣ and he commanded several of the later Syrian expeditions ¶ into Anatolia. During the civil war, after successfully opposing an ʿIrāḳī expedition into the Ḏj̲azīra. he joined Muʿāwiya at Ṣiffīn and was made standard-bearer. According to the received tradition, Muʿāwiya, fearing that ʿAbd al-Raḥmān might be a rival of Yazīd for the succ…