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[German Version] I. Philosophy – II. Fundamental Theology I. Philosophy “Grammar” is derived from Gk γραμματική (τέχνη)/ grammatiké ( téchnē), which originally meant the completion of reading. In Hellenism the term generally referred to philology in the special sense of the linguistic examination of word and sentence formation. Today grammar is generally taken to mean (1) the linguistic examination of word and sentence formation, and (2) the regularities of word and sentence formation in language itself. For philosophy grammar is relevant in several respects. (1) Grammars that are developed through …

[German Version] Cosmology and Kingdom of God I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament –III. New Testament – IV. Church History – V. Dogmatics – VI. Contemporary Art I. Religious Studies 1. To a vision that has not been tamed by scientific theory, heaven is a realm of the beyond (Hereafter, Concepts of the). Like the netherworld, it invades the human world as air or earth and sea, but it is beyond the experience of mortals; it is concrete, but cannot be entered. Observation of the concrete phenomena confirms the symbol …

[German Version] (Gk ὀρϑότης/ orthótēs; Lat. rectitudo). Plato employed ὀρϑότης in the sense of correctness in epistemological (cf. Rep. 515 d), philological (cf. Kratylos, 384 b-d) and ethical (cf. Gorg. 506 d) mean- ing. Anselm of Canterbury gave correctness (rectitude) a fundamental role by defining truth and justice with the common superordinate concept of rectitudo. ¶ Thus, Anselm defines truth as “correctness comprehensible with the intellect alone” ( veritas est rectitudo mente sola perceptibilis – cf. De veritate, ch. 11). Anselm's discussion of correctness presumes the idea of a universal order in which what is correct is that which is, and happens, in correspondence with the highest truth, which is identical with God. In modern philosophy, the concept of truth replaces Anselm's concept of correctness, while correctness only qualifies perception u…

[German Version] I. Terminology and Problem ¶ The meaning of the word truth – Greek ἀλήϑεια/ alḗtheia, ἀληϑής/ alēthḗs; Hebrew אֱמֶת/ ʾĕmet; Latin …

[German Version] I. Philosophy Realism in a given area B means the ontological thesis that names or terms used in a theory of B refer to things that exist independently of human thought. For example, in natural realism the existence of stones, trees, and …