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Protestantism
(7,917 words)
[German Version]
I. Church History
1. Germany and Europe.
Protestantism is a synoptic term for all the Christian churches and groups with roots in the 16th-century Reformation. The term embraces the Lutheran and Reformed confessional churches (Lutheranism, Reformed churches) that emerged directly from the Reformation as well as the Anabaptist movements, the Anglican Church (with some qualifications), and the churches and Free churches associated indirectly with the Reformation that came into being later …
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Religion Past and Present
Voluntary Work and Associations
(4,301 words)
[German Version]
I. Importance in Europe A voluntary association (Ger.
ehrenamtliche Vereinigung)serves the common interest of its members. Voluntarism has to do with the freedom of the will (
voluntas; Free will), and when individuals work together of their own free will in order to accomplish a task, this leads to the creation of a voluntary association. Membership in it is neither compulsory nor acquired by birth, and its activities do not contribute to the livelihood of its members. Since human beings have a natural dis…
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Religion Past and Present
Reformed Churches
(9,343 words)
[German Version]
I. History and Theology
1. Terminology. For programmatic theological reasons, the Reformed churches rejected the exonym
Calvinist churches. They referred to themselves as Reformed churches because they did not think of themselves as new churchdoms alongside the one holy church but as a part of that church, albeit as part of it renewed according to God’s Word in Holy Scripture. In speaking of themselves, therefore, they eschewed references to a theological founder or a particular place of origin. The 17th-century formula
ecclesia reformata semper reformanda means …
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Religion Past and Present
Clergy and Laity
(3,439 words)
[German Version] I. European Christian Churches – II. Churches Worldwide – III. Islam
I. European Christian Churches
1. Catholic Church A division of the church into clergy and laity does not coincide with New Testament evidence. The designation “laity” derives from
laikós, the adjective form of λαός/
laós, “people.” In the Septuagint (LXX), this term describes the people of Israel in contrast to the (pagan) nations. In all important passages in the NT, it describes the people of God consisting of believers and dis…
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Religion Past and Present
World Council of Churches
(2,923 words)
[German Version]
I. History and Programs The modern missionary movement generated a growing concern for church cooperation and unity, for which the term “ecumenical” (Ecumene) began to be used in the 19th century. The World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh (1910) gave expression to these concerns and spawned the initiatives that have coalesced in the course of the 20th century as the “Ecumenical movement” (II). Both the Faith and Order and the Life and Work movements established patterns of ecumenic…
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Religion Past and Present
Evangelism
(4,028 words)
[German Version] I. Fundamentals – II. History – III. Missiology and Practical Theology
I. Fundamentals The term Evangelism is derived from the Greek verb εὐαγγελíζεσϑαι/
euangelízesthai, which means to proclaim the “good news” to outsiders. Jesus' proclamation in Luke 4:18 can already be understood as evangelism, since it aims to preach the gospel to the poor. The first disciples, according to Matt 28:19–2…
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Religion Past and Present
Laity
(5,415 words)
[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Church History – III. Dogmatics – IV. Practical Theology – V. North America – VI. Missiology
I. Religious Studies Generally spea…
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Religion Past and Present
World Student Christian Federation
(390 words)
[German Version] Moved by a desire to secure the growth of missions to students in Europe and North America in the 19th century, J.R. Mott conceived the idea of a worldwide federation of Christian student movements; it was inaugurated in Vadstena, Sweden, in August of 1895 under his leadership. The organization’s goals were: (1) to bring together worldwide Christian student movements; (2) to centralize information about the situation of students; (3) to train students to become disciples of Jesus Christ, the only God and Savior, to deepen their spiritual lives, and to engage them in evangelism for the worldwide spread of his kingdom. From the beginning, the federation was not tied to any particular confessional or denominational allegiance. Mott’s strategy of “evangelizing the world in this generation” concentrated on students at the universities founded in the course of the modern missionary movement. Mott became the first secretary general of the federation. During his travels throughout the world, he evangelized among students. He founded and shaped local and regional Christian student groups, integrated in the World Christian Student Federation. The work of the federation was supported by its own …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Ökumenischer Rat der Kirchen
(2,684 words)
[English Version]
I. Geschichte und Programme Die moderne Missionsbewegung erzeugte ein wachsendes Interesse an Kirchenzusammenarbeit und Einheit; der Begriff »ökum.« (Ökumene) wurde dafür seit dem 19.Jh. verwendet. Die Weltmissionskonferenz in Edinburgh (1910) verlieh diesem Interesse Nachdruck und brachte die Initiativen hervor, die im Laufe des 20.Jh. zur »ökumenischen Bewegung« (: II.) verschmolzen. Die Bewegung für Glauben und Kirchenverfassung (Faith and Order) und die Bewegung für praktisches Christentum (Life and Work) waren maßgeblich an der ökum. Konversation und Kooperation beteiligt, die 1937 zur Entscheidung, einen ökum. Rat der Kirchen (ÖRK) zu gründen, führte. Durch den 2. Weltkrieg wurde die offizielle Gründung aufgeschoben, doch durch provisorische Zusammenarbeit wurde der Weg hierzu (August 1948) geebnet. 147 Kirchen aus 44 Ländern (und damit praktisch alle Konfessionsfamilien der Christenheit mit Ausnahme der röm.-kath. Kirche) einigten sich bei einer Konferenz in Amsterdam auf die Bildung einer »Gemeinschaft von Kirchen, die den Herrn Jesus Christus (gemäß der Hl.Schrift [ergänzt Nairobi, 1975]) als Gott und Heiland bekennen«. Der Geist der Gründung spiegelt sich in einer weiteren Aussage wider: »Wir haben den festen Willen, beieinander zu bleiben«. Von Beginn an lehnte der ÖRK jegliches Bestreben ab, eine »Über-Kirche« zu werden. Seinen Mitgliedern gegenüber hat er keine legislative Macht, doch unterstützt er die Zusammenarbeit zur Förderung der Gemeinschaft und Partnerschaft d…
Protestantismus
(7,514 words)
[English Version]
I. Kirchengeschichtlich
1.
Deutschland und Europa P. ist zusammenfassender Begriff für die Gesamtheit der christl. Kirchen und Gruppen, deren Ursprünge auf die Reformation des 16.Jh. zurückgehen. Der Begriff P. umgreift …
Reformierte Kirchen
(8,355 words)
[English Version]
I. Geschichtlich und konfessionskundlich
1.
Begriff Aus programmatischen theol. Gründen lehnten die ref. K. die Fremdbez. »calvinistische Kirchen« ab. Sie bezeichneten sich selbst als ref. K., weil sie sich nicht als neue Kirchentümer neben der einen, hl. Kirche verstanden, sondern als deren Glied, aber als Glied einer nach dem Gotteswort der Hl. Schrift erneuerten Kirche. Darum vermieden sie in ihrer Selbstbez. Bezüge auf einen theol. Stifter oder einen bestimmten Entstehungsort. Di…