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(Περικλῆς; Periklês). [German version] [1] Athenian Politician Athenian politician. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) [German version] A. Descent and early career P. was probably born between 495 and 490 as the son of Agariste [2] (according to Hdt. 6,131, she dreamt that she would bear a lion), a member of the Alcmaeonid family, and Xanthippus. P. had two sons (Xanthippus and Paralus [1]) from his first marriage and a third son P. from his union with the Milesian Aspasia [2]. Later tradition numbered Anaxagoras [2], Zeno of …

(Εὐαγόρας; Euagóras). [German version] [1] E. I. City king of Salamis on Cyprus since approximately 411 BC ( c. 435-374/3 BC), from c. 411 Greek king of Salamis in Cyprus. Apart from Greeks, Salamis was from the 9th/8th cents. also inhabited by Phoenicians. Other cities were even ruled by Phoenician kings, such as Citium, Amathus and Soli. However, there were no ethnic tensions. The cultural differences themselves began to blur in the early 4th cent. BC. Both Greek and Phoenician kings were equally receptive to the …

(Κροῖσος; Kroîsos, Latin Croesus). [German version] A. Historic person Lydian king ( c. 560-547 BC), last of the Mermnad dynasty ( Mermnadae). The most important source remains  Herodotus' Lydian Logos (Hdt. 1,6-94), even though he preserved little that is Ancient Anatolian. C.'s mother was Carian ( Caria), that of his brother Pantaleon Ionian (Hdt. 1,92). A queen is never mentioned. As prince Croesus was the mercenary captain and governor in  Adramyttium (FGrH 90 F 65), later perhaps co-regent at the side of his father  Alyattes and finally his succes…

(Ἡρακλείδης; Hērakleídēs). Famous persons: the politician and writer H. [19] Lembus, the philosopher H. [16] Ponticus the Younger, the doctor H. [27] of Tarentum. I. Political figures [German version] [1] Spokesman on behalf of Athens at the Persian court, end of 5th cent. BC H. of Clazomenae (cf. Pl. Ion 541d) was in the service of the Persians and probably called basileús for that reason. Thus, he was able to perform valuable services for Athens at the Persian court in 423 BC for which he received Attic citizenship soon after moving there (after 400, Syll.3 118). To move the Athenians …

(Ἅρπαγος; Hárpagos). [German version] [1] Marshal under Cyrus, about 550 BC Median who, from c. 550 BC, fought as a field marshal in Cyrus' service against the Lydians, Ionians, Carians and Lycians (Hdt. 1,80; 162-169; 171-176). Against the Ionian cities, he built earth walls (Hdt. 1,162) and employed the first catapults in history during their conquest; this is documented for Phocaea. Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Persian field marshal, beginning 5th cent. BC Persian field marshal who, during the  Ionian Revolt (499-497 BC), captured Histiaeus in Mi…

[German version] (Δαμασίθυμος; Damasíthymos). Dynast of Calynda in Caria. His father, Candaules, bore a name attested for Lydia. In 480 BC as taxiarch of a Carian fleet contingent, D. took part in Xerxes' campaign against Greece (Hdt. 7,98). He died in the sea battle of Salamis when Artemisia [1] of Halicarnassus sank his ship in order to avoid being pursued by an Athenian ship (Hdt. 8,87; Polyaenus, Strat. 8,53,2). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography J. Melber, in: Jahrbuch für Philologische Studien 14, 1885, 480-484.

[German version] (Πύθιος/ Pýthios). Rich Lydian, son of Atys, probably from an old-Lydian dynastic family. According to Herodotus' version, P. invited Xerxes [1] to be his guest in Celaenae (in Phrygia) and mentioned the sum value of his wealth with the intention of giving it to him. Xerxes refused it, increasing instead P.' wealth to a round sum. When P. asked for his eldest son to be released from military service, Xerxes had the son cut in two and the two halves laid to the left and the right of…

[German version] Prince regent of Karchemish, at the beginning of the 8th cent. BC, tutor of Kamani, the son of Astiruwa. Pictorial representation of J. with Kamani: CARCAMIS bk. 7. In his inscription in Luwian hieroglyphs (CARCAMIS A 6,2-3) ( Hieroglyphic scripts (Asia Minor)), he boasts of being well known in foreign countries: in Egypt, Urartu, among the Lydians, Phrygians and Phoenicians, countries in which J. probably travelled. For in his second inscription (CARCAMIS A 15b, 4), in which he maintains that he can write four scripts ( SCRIBA-lalija): hieroglyphic Luvian, Phoeni…

(Σπιθριδάτης/ Spithridátēs, 'granted by heaven'). [German version] [1] Persian commander, 5th cent. BC Persian commander from a highly prominent family (Xen. Hell. 4,1,6 f.). In 420 BC, he fought against the rebellious Pissuthnes, and under Pharnabazus [2] against the Ten Thousand, joined Agesilaus [2] in 396 and returned to the Persians in 395/394 (Ctes. FGrH 688 F 15,53; Xen. An. 6,5,7; Xen. Hell. 3,4,10; 4,1,20 ff.; Xen. Ages. 3,3). Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) Bibliography Briant, Index s. v. S. [German version] [2] Satrap of Lydia, 4th cent. BC Satrap of Lydia and Ionia who …

[German version] (Λαβύνητος; Labýnētos; Hellenized form of Akkadian Nabû-na'id/Nabonid). The Hellenized form of the name occurs only in Herodotus [1]. By L., he is probably referring to the kings of the Neo-Babylonian Dynasty (625-539 BC)in general. Two Neo-Babylonian kings play a part in Herodotus: Nebuchadnezzar [2] II (604-562), together with a Cilician ruler ( Syennesis), he negotiated the truce of 585 BC between the Lydians and the Medes (Hdt. 1,74). Nabonid (555-539), was a confederate of Croes…

[German version] (Ἑκατόμνως; Hekatómnōs). Carian dynast from Mylasa (Syll.3 167; 168). Son of Hyssaldomos. Appointed satrap of the newly founded satrapy of Caria by Artaxerxes II in 392/1 BC (Diod. 14,98,3). H. was supposed to lead the war against the renegade  Evagoras [1] I of Salamis on Cyprus together with the satrap Autophradates of Lydia (115 Theopompus FGrH F 103). The war at sea started unsuccessfully in 391 because H. secretly supported Evagoras with money (Diod. Sic. 14,98,3 with 15,2,3). H. p…

[German version] (Μαδάτης, Μαδέτης; Madátēs, Madétēs). Sheik of the Uxians ( Uxii) who roamed the mountain range between Susiane and Persis and controlled the road to Persepolis that leads over a pass. They were not subjects of the Persians, and supposedly even used to collect a road toll from them. Nevertheless, M. held a kind of office (in Curtius: praefectus) in the name of the Achaemenid imperial government. When M. refused in 330 BC to allow Alexander [4] to march through, he was defeated by him but allowed to continue in his official post. M. had …

[German version] ('he who is superior in knowledge', Hittite Warballawa, Assyrian Urballa). Luwian ruler of Tuwana (Greek Tyana), formerly Assyrian Tabal (in Cappadocia). Son of Muwaharanis (İVRIZ 2, [1. 327 f.]). W. was a contemporary of Tiglatpileser [2] III and Sargon [3] II of Assyria (second half of the 8th cent. BC). In the BOR inscription (Bor Stela, [1. 291, 294]) he describes himself as hantawati-, 'king' (Lycian xñtawati = βασιλεύς/ basileús ). W. was a worshipper of the weather god Tarhunza, and planted a vineyard and set up a stela…

(Ἄτυς; Átys). [German version] [1] Lydian proto-king Lydian proto-king, son of Manes and brother of Cotys. His sons are Lydus and Tyrsenus, the eponyms of the Lydians and Etruscans (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,27, cf. Hdt. 1,7; 94). A. is related to the god  Attis of Asia Minor, just as Cotys is with the Thracian goddess Cotys (Kotytto). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Son of the Lydian king Croesus Son of the Lydian king  Croesus. His violent death in the boar hunt on Mysian Olympus is stylized according to the manner of the Attis myth. Hdt. 1,34-45, ho…

[German version] (Πιξώδαρος/ Pixṓdaros). Hecatomnid, brother of Maussolus and the ruling dynast Ada, whom he deposed. According to the trilingual inscription of Xanthus, he was satrap of Caria and, in the Aramaic version, also of Lycia (341-336 BC). From 336 until his death in 335, he ruled jointly with the Persian Orontopates, whom Darius [3] III had sent as satrap. Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography S. Ruzicka, Politics of a Persian Dynasty, 1992  P. Briant, Histoire de l'empire Perse, 1996, 727-729.

(Μύρσος; Mýrsos). [German version] [1] King from the dynasty of Heraclidae of Sardis King from the dynasty of Heraclidae of Sardis ; who is only of genealogical significance. However his name is of linguistic interest. Like that of his son and heir Myrsilus (Maeonian, i.e. Lydian: Candaules), it can probably be traced back to a Hattian *Mursil, cf. Mursili, the name of the Hittite king (Hdt. 1,7, but also Nicolaus FGrH 90 F 46f.). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Envoy of the Persian satrap, Oroetes, in Magnesia, c. 525 BC Lydian at the court of the Persian satrap Oroet…

(Ἀρτεμισία; Artemisía) [German version] [1] Female ruler of Halicarnassus (around 480 BC) Daughter of Lygdamis; prior to 480 BC, took over the rulership of her city of birth,  Halicarnassus, and of a few islands; in 480 joined her ships to the fleet of Xerxes (Hdt. 7.99). Herodotus was related to her. He praised her courage in the battle of Salamis and emphasized her influence on Xerxes (Hdt. 8,68-69). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Queen of Greater Caria (353-351 BC) Sister and wife of  Maussollus and after his death, queen of the satrapal kingdom of Great…

(Νικοκλῆς). [English version] [1] König von Salamis auf Kypros, seit 374/3 v.Chr. König von Salamis auf Kypros, Sohn und seit 374/3 v.Chr. Nachfolger des Euagoras [1] I. (Diod. 15,47,8). N. fand den Tod wohl zusammen mit Straton von Sidon im sog. Satrapenaufstand (Hauptphase ca. 362-360 v.Chr.). N. führte die philhellenische Politik (Philhellenismus) seines Vaters zwar fort, aber es kündigten sich bei N. bereits hell. Herrschafts- und Lebensformen an. Isokrates und die pólis-Griechen scheinen sein Griechentum jedenfalls als “orientalisch entartet” empfunden zu habe…

(Ἄρδυς). [English version] [1] Lyd. König aus der Heraklidendynastie Lyd. König aus der Heraklidendynastie. Die Heraklidenliste bei Herodot (1,7) und FGrH 90 Nikolaos (aus Xanthos) ist ein Konstrukt der Kroisoszeit, als man den Beistand Spartas suchte. A. soll zeitweise Wagenbauer und Chef einer Karawanserei ( kapeleion) in Kyme gewesen sein (FGrH 90 F 44). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [English version] [2] Lyd. König (2.H. 7. Jh. v. Chr.) Lyd. König von ca. 645 v. Chr. Sohn und Nachfolger des Gyges, des Begründers der Mermnadendynastie. Die Raubzüge der Kimmerie…

(Γύγης). [English version] [1] Lyd. König, 7. Jh. v.Chr. Lyd. König (ca. 680-644 v.Chr.) und Begründer der Mermnaden-Dynastie, soll nach Herodot (1,12) die Frau des von ihm ermordeten Vorgängers Kandaules geheiratet und (so) die Herrschaft in Sardeis errungen haben. Woher die Lyd. sprechenden Mermnaden stammten, ist ungewiß (aus Maionien/Mysien?). Jedenfalls dürften sie erst im 1.Jt. in Sardeis sein. Ihr Verhältnis zu den luwisch-sprachigen ([1. 384,10] Luwisch, Lydisch) Vorbewohnern (Herakleidai?, Hdt. …