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1. James’s Life and Burial According to the NT, James the Elder, son of Zebedee, was a member of the intimate circle of apostles (see Matt. 10:1–4; 17:1–8; 26:36–37; Mark 5:35–42; 13:3). In about the year 44 he was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I (41–44; Acts 12:2). Although early witnesses allude to James’s mission activity, especially in Palestine, they provide no concrete information about where he was buried. Only in the seventh century, through the Breviarum apostolorum, a Latin version of the Greco-Byzantine apocryphal work Acts of the Apostles, was James associated with missiona…

[English Version] Paschalis I., Papst, Wahl 24.1.817, Weihe 25.1. (gest.11.2.824?), hl. – Der Römer und vormalige Abt von St.Stephan (St.Peter) suchte als Papst den Kontakt mit dem westlichen Kaisertum (amicitia und Ludovicianum [MGH. Cap 1,352–355], 817; Zweitkrönung Lothars I. zum Kaiser, 823 [Kaisertum und Papsttum]). Als zwei frankenfreundliche Würdenträger wie »Majestätsverbrecher« hingerichtet wurden, reinigte sich P. durch Eid (vgl. Constitutio Romana von 824). P. bestellte Erzbf. Ebo von Re…

[English Version] . Der Aufstieg der Stadt S. ist eng mit dem Kult des Apostel Jakobus verbunden, dem seit dem 7./8.Jh. eine Predigttätigkeit auf der Iberischen Halbinsel zugeschrieben und dessen angebliches Grab im 9.Jh. »entdeckt« wurde. Die Festigung des Apostelkultes förderte Entstehung und Entwicklung von Stadt und Bistum. Im Umfeld der über der Grabstätte errichteten Kirchen siedelte sich eine Mönchsgemeinschaft an, später folgte die Gründung eines Dorfes, das schon ab 915 als villa burgensi…

[English Version] I. Allgemein In der Antike diente die Bez. Hispania für die gesamte Iberische Halbinsel (teilweise unter Einschluß der Tingitana); erst seit dem ausgehenden MA wurde Portugal allmählich ausgegrenzt. In allg. polit. und kirchengesch. Hinsicht zeichnet sich die Gesch. S. durch mehrere Faktoren aus: zum ersten durch die Lage an der Peripherie des Kontinentes Europa mit der Folge von teilweise engen Kontakten mit dem nördlichen Afrika, zum zweiten durch die rel. und polit. Vielfalt üb…

[English Version] Toledo, Stadt und Erzbistum in Spanien, erlangte erst im 6.Jh. größere Bedeutung als »Hauptstadt« und Konzilsort. Nach der Eroberung der Iberischen Halbinsel durch die Muslime wechselte das Gewicht T. Während des Emirats (756–929) stand die Stadt oft in Konkurrenz zur Zentralgewalt in Córdoba; nach dem Zerfall des Kalifats (1031) erlebte T. eine neue Blüte. Der Grad der Arabisierung ist umstritten. Sicher wohnten im 8. und 9.Jh. noch zahlreiche Christen (Mozaraber) in T., deren E…

[English Version] 1. Francisco (1436 Torrelaguna – 8.11.1517 Roa). Der aus adeliger Familie stammende X. wurde in Roa und Alcalá ausgebildet und studierte die Rechte in Salamanca. 1480 wurde er Oberkaplan im Domkapitel von Sigüenza und sicherte sich die Unterstützung des einflußreichen González de Mendoza. 1484 trat er in das eine strenge Observanz befolgende Franziskanerkloster S. Juan de los Reyes in Toledo ein. Nachdem er 1492 Beichtvater der Königin Isabella geworden war, wurde X. am 20.2.1495 E…

[English Version] . Die schon in der Antike belegte Stadt wurde nach der Eroberung der Iberischen Halbinsel durch die Muslime nach 711 weitgehend entvölkert. Als Bischofssitz ist der Ort seit 589 (3. Konzil von Toledo) belegt. Unsicher ist, inwieweit bfl. Aufgaben auch unter musl. Herrschaft weiter ausgeübt wurden. Nach einer ersten Eroberung unter Ramiro II. von León (931–950) fiel S. erst nach der Einnahme Toledos (1085) wieder endgültig unter christl. Herrschaft. 1102 bestätigte Alfons VI. von …

[English Version] . Nach der Überschreitung des Rheins 405 gelangten die in ihrer Herkunft (elbgerm. Bereich, Ostseeraum?) nicht sicher bestimmbaren S. über Gallien auf die Iberische Halbinsel, wo sie sich 409/411 im Bereich der antiken Lusitania ansiedelten. Als Begründer ihres Reichs, zu dem zeitweise auch Astorga, Lugo, Mérida und Sevilla gehörten, gilt Hermericus (Abdankung 438). Hofhaltung, Wiederherstellung der alten kaiserlichen fisci, Schatzbildung und Gesandtschaftsbeziehungen sorgten für…

[German Version] The original homeland of the Suevi has not been clearly identified (Elbe-Germanic or Baltic region?). After crossing the Rhine in 405, they passed through Gaul and arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, where they settled between 409 and 411 in the region of ancient Lusitania. Hermericus (abdicated 438) is considered the founder of their kingdom, which at one time or another also included Astorga, Lugo, Mérida, and Seville. Establishment of a court, restoration of the old imperial fisci, accumulation of wealth, and diplomatic relations stabilized the kingdom. …

[German Version] (derived from Arab. Garnata). In Iberian and Roman times, Granada, under the name Elvira, was the site of one of the earliest dioceses in Spain. The First Council of Elvira (between 295 and 314) dealt with disciplinary questions. During the period of Visigoth domination, there was also (until 589) an Arian (Arius) bishop in the city. After the Muslim conquest at the beginning of the 8th century, bishops are attested only in isolation until the 10th century. The Almohades destroyed Gr…

[German Version] (pope Apr 10, 847 – Jul 17, 855). The son of the Roman Radoald, under Pope Gregory IV Leo was made subdeacon and under Pope Sergius II cardinal priest of Santi Quattro Coronati. Already elected in January of 847, he was consecrated by the Romans without imperial assent, supposedly because of the Saracen threat. In the light of earlier depredations, Leo's concern for the city of Rome and the Patrimonium Petri was especially intense (cf. the Civitas Leonina). With the support of southern Italy and Roman militias, Leo confronted the Saracens in 849 near Ostia…

[German Version] 1. Francisco (1436, Torrelaguna – Nov 8, 1517, Roa). Jiménes, born into a hidalgo family, was educated in Roa and Alcalá and studied civil and canon law at Salamanca. In 1480 he became a cathedral chaplain at Sigüenza and gained the support of the influential Cardinal González de Mendoza. In 1484 he entered the monastery of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo, a Franciscan house of strict observance. Having been appointed confessor to Queen Isabella in 1492, in 1495 be became archbishop…

[German Version] a city and archbishopric in Spain, took on major importance in the 6th century as a “capital” and conciliar center. After the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the importance of Toledo shifted. During the emirate (756–929), the city was often in competition with the central authorities in Córdoba; after the fall of the caliphate in 1031, Toledo enjoyed a new heyday. The extent to which Toledo was Arabized is disputed. It is clear that many Christians (Mozarabs) still lived in Toledo in the 8th and 9th centuries, but ¶ their influence declined in the 10th and 11…

[German Version] (Rodrígo Díaz de Vivar; 1043, Vivar near Burgos – Jul 10, 1099, Valencia) was the son of the infanzón (baronet) Diego Laínez. He was brought up in the household of Infante Sancho, the son of Ferdinand I. Upon Sancho's accession to the throne in 1066, Díaz was appointed alférez real ( armiger regis) and earned himself the byname campi doctor ( Campeador) during armed conflicts with Navarre. After further military campaigns, he also became involved in the war of succession between Sancho II and his brother Alfonso VI of Léon (10…

[German Version] I. General In antiquity Hispania denoted the whole Iberian Peninsula, sometimes including Mauretania Tingitana; not until the late Middle Ages was Portugal gradually excluded. The general political and ecclesiastical history of Spain was dominated by three factors: its position on the periphery of the continent of Europe, which led to close contacts (at times very close) with northern Africa; centuries of religious and political diversity, especially in the Middle Ages, in contrast to…

[German Version] John XXI, Pope, Sep 8, 1276 – May 20, 1277 (Petrus Hispanus; born c. 1210–1215, Lisbon), important medieval physician and philosopher. John received his education first in Lisbon, then in León and Paris. As a magister of philosophy and medicine (1245), he broadened his medical knowledge in Salerno and Palermo. In 1260, he became the personal physician of the later pope Hadrian V; in 1273, he became archbishop of Braga and cardinal bishop of Tusculum, and was also archivist and personal physician of Pope Gregory X. …

[German Version] Felix of Urgel, bishop of Urgel (d. 818 in Lyon), is known primarily as an advocate and propagator of the doctrine of adoptionism, as formulated by Elipandus of Toledo around 785. This doctrine may have been ¶ developed to reintegrate segments of the population that had converted to Islam. According to this position, Christ in his human aspect was God's adoptive son. Pope Hadrian I rejected this doctrine in 787 as “Nestorianism”. Whether Felix was appointed to his episcopacy as a consequence of Mozarabic (Mozarabs) o…

[German Version] (Apr 8, 1455 – Aug 6, 1458). Alfonso De Borja [Borgia] born Dec 31, 1378 at Canals, near Játiva, Valencia. Callistus studied and taught civil and canon law at Lérida (Llerda/Lleida). He entered the service of Alfonso V of Aragon and in 1429 persuaded Pope Clement VIII to abdicate. He was then made bishop of Valencia by Pope Martin V. In 1444 he was made cardinal priest of SS. Quattro Coronati in Rome; on Apr 8, 1455, he was elected pope. One of h…

[German Version] Joan, Legendary Pope, was supposed to have been a female pope between Pope Leo IV (died 855) and Pope Benedict III (died 858). A corresponding tale was widespread from the middle of the 13th century. Apparently earlier evidence does not go back beyond 1200. The chronicle of Martin of Troppau tells of a maid from Mainz or England who studied in Athens, then went to Rome dressed as a man, and was elected pope as Johannes Anglicus. After a pontificate of two years, two months, and fo…

[German Version] The rise of the city of Santiago de Compostela is closely linked to the cult of the apostle James, to whom a preaching ministry on the Iberian Peninsula was attributed in the 7th or 8th century and whose supposed remains were “discovered” in the 9th century. Consolidation of the cult of the apostle encouraged the emergence and growth of the city and bishopric. A monastic community sprang up near the churches built over the gravesite; later a village was established, which could be called a villa burgensis as early as 915 and was supported by the Asturian kings. In …