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Taube, Otto von (Baron)

(290 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Jun 21, 1879, Reval [Tallinn] – Jun 20, 1973, Gauting), German writer whose work was increasingly informed by a Christian perspective. After earning a degree in law in Leipzig and doing an internship, from 1906 to 1910 Taube studied art history in Leipzig, Berlin, and Halle. From 1918 on, he lived in Gauting, near Munich, as a freelance writer. In 1936 he joined the Confessing Church; after 1945 he held the office of reader in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria. With his …

Weiß, Konrad

(397 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (May 1, 1880, Rauenbretzingen, near Schwäbisch Hall – Jan 4, 1940, Munich), German writer and art critic, whose literary works and meditations on the philosophy of history reflected a conservative Catholic stance. The oldest of ten children of a peasant family, he attended the Catholic boarding school in Ehingen. After passing his Abitur, he studied theology in Tübingen as well as Germanic philology and art history in Munich and Freiburg im Breisgau. From 1904 to 1920, he was on the editorial staff of the Catholic cultural journal Hochland; in 1920 he became the art…

Seidel, Ina

(270 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias

Wiechert, Ernst

(396 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (May 18, 1887, Kleinort, a forester’s lodge near Sensburg [Mrągowo, Poland] – Aug 24, 1950, Uerikon), German writer, whose fundamental humanistic and ethical position made him a moral authority during the Third Reich and the early postwar period. Wiechert, the son of a forester, studied at Königsberg (Kaliningrad). In 1911 he became a high school teacher, and in 1914 he volunteered for military service. After the war, he worked as a Gymnasium teacher in Königsberg and Berlin-Charl…

Kaiser, Georg

(264 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias

Storm, Theodor

(424 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Sep 14, 1817, Husum [then under Danish rule] – Jul 4, 1888, Hademarschen), German poet and novelist, whose North Frisian background left an enduring mark on his work. His upbringing was vague on all issues of religion; as a consequence, he turned his back on Christianity and developed instead a humanistic commitment to life in this world, which nevertheless had melancholic and sometimes pessimistic elements occasioned by its denial of transcendental hopes. After studying law at K…

Classicism, German,

(2,196 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] also known as “Weimar Classicism,” refers to a period in the history of literature which is primarily represented by the mature works of J.W. v. Goethe and F. v. Schiller, and is thus generally dated from 1786 (the beginning of Goethe's first journey to Italy) to 1805 (Schiller's death). In a wider sense, the literary class…

Werner, Zacharias

(277 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Nov 18, 1768, Königsberg [Kaliningrad] – Jan 17, 1823, Vienna), German writer and Catholic priest. His father, professor of history at Königsberg, died early; the enthusiastic Pietism of his mother exercised a powerful influence on him. He began to study law and finance in 1784; in 1793, without concluding his studies, he entered Prussian go…

Naturalism

(2,772 words)

Author(s): Meyer-Abich, Klaus Michael | Danz, Christian | Kitschen, Friederike | Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] I. Philosophy Naturalism is a polysemous concept; its meaning depends on whether it is used (1) affirmatively or (2) with critical intention, depending on the presupposed understanding of nature. ¶ 1. Affirmative naturalism. When (a) the one nature of all things is contained in God in such a way that nothing can be contrasted with it, the gods and human beings are also (and unconditionally) conceived of as parts of this whole. The gods are then identical with the forces of nature (as in Greek religion [Greece: I, 1]), human history is a part of natural history, culture is the most specifically “human” contribution to it, while nature beholds itself in art. Religious revelations, for their part, represent processes of natural history (as in B. Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise, 1670) in which humans, by virtue of their naturally acquired faculty of reason, attain cognizance of how they can live. Since a normative conception of nature is presupposed here, the categories of human behavior may also be deemed more or less natural. Naturalists in this particular sense were: Anaximander, Heraclitus, Plato, G. Bruno, Spinoza, and J.W. v. Goethe. When, on the other hand, (b) the one all-embracing nature is seen as the object studied by the natura…

Tucholsky, Kurt

(391 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Jan 9, 1890, Berlin – Dec 21, 1935, Hindås, near Göteborg), German writer and journalist, whose many publications made him the critical chronicler of the Weimar Republic. Born to an upper-class Jewish family – his father, Alex Tucholsky, was a bank manager –, after his Abitur in 1909 he studied law in Berlin; in 1915 he received his doctorate from the University of Jena and was then drafted into military service. In 1907 he had already begun publishing art and theater criticism, especially in Die Schaubühne (after 1918 Die Weltbühne), which soon became an important o…

Storr

(451 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias | Kirn, Hans-Martin
[German Version] 1. Johann Christian ( Jun 3, 1712, Heilbronn – May 8, 1773, Stuttgart). In 1744 he was appointed deacon at the Leonhardskirche in Stuttgart and also court chapl…

Seghers, Anna

(183 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (orig. Netty Reiling, married Radványi; Nov 19, 1900, Mainz – Jun 1, 1983, East Berlin), German writer of Jewish background. In her novels and short stories, she focused on the fate of ordinary workers and social outcasts against the background of political developments in Germany during the Weimar Repub-…

Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb

(837 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Jul 2, 1724, Quedlinburg – Mar 14, 1803, Hamburg), epic poet, lyricist and dramatist with significant influence on 18th-century German literature, obtained a comprehensive humanist education at the Princes' School in Pforta, which he attended from 1739 to 1745. In 1745, he took up the study of theology and philosophy at the University of Jena, and transferred in 1746 to Leipzig. With the publication of the first three songs of the verse epic Der Messias in 1748, Klopstock immediately attained widespread fame and popularity. In 1750, he traveled to Züri…

Trakl, Georg

(553 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias

Stifter, Adalbert

(548 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Oct 23, 1805, Oberplan, Bohemia [now Horní Planá, Czech Republic] – Jan 28, 1868, Linz), Austrian writer and landscape painter. With a humanistic cultural ideal and anthropology rooted in the Enlightenment, he overcame Romanticism and designed a blissful utopian existence whose harmonizing tendencies contained an implicit criticism of the social reality of the 19th century. He discovered his interest in literature, painting, and natural science during his school years at the Bene…

Hesse, Hermann

(565 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Jul 2, 1877, Calw – Aug 9, 1962, Montagnola, Switzerland), one of the best-known 20th-century German authors. Hesse's life and work were decisively impacted by the dynamic combination of the two cultural spheres that influenced him while he was still living with his parents: the strict faith of Swabian Pietism, which became, for him, a paradigmatic model of a repressive upbringing and an unworldly devoutness, and the influence of Far Eastern culture and philosophy he received thr…

Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich

(411 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[German Version] (Jul 13, 1773, Berlin – Feb 13, 1798, Berlin), German art theorist and writer, whose conception of art made him the forerunner of German Romanticism. At the Gymnasium he attended from 1786 to 1792, he formed a friendship with Ludwig Tieck (1773–1853); while studying law at Erlangen and Göttingen, he regularly attended lectures on art history and cultura…

Weiß

(350 words)

Author(s): Hurst, Matthias
[English Version] Weiß, Konrad (1.5.1880 Rauenbretzingen bei Schwäbisch Hall – 4.1.1940 München), dt. Schriftsteller und Kunstkritiker, dessen lit. Werk und geschichtsphilos. Betrachtungen einer kath.-konservativen Grundhaltung entsprangen. Als erstes von zehn Kindern einer kleinbäuerlichen Familie entstammend, besuchte W. das kath. Internat in Ehingen und studierte nach dem Abitur Theol. in Tübingen sowie Germanistik und Kunstgesch. in München und Freiburg i.Br. Von 1904 bis 1920 war er Mitarbeite…
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