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[English Version] 1.  Sergej , Nikolaevič (4.8.1862 Achtyrka – 12.10.1905 St. Petersburg), Philosoph, Prof. und Rektor der Universität Moskau (1905). Unter dem Einfluß der Slawophilen und V. Solovjovs fand er zur Erarbeitung eines Systems des »konkreten Idealismus«. Bereits die Problemstellung spiegelte die Bestrebungen der russ. Religionsphilos. zu Beginn des 20.Jh. nach einer Überwindung des lediglich abstrakt-intellektuellen Denkens. In seinen »Grundlagen des Idealismus« (Osnovanija idealizma, 18…

[English Version] von St. Petersburg (18. bis Anfang 19.Jh. St. Petersburg), eine der am meisten verehrten russ. Heiligen der Synodalzeit. Genaue biogr. Daten sind einschließlich ihres Geburts- und Todesdatums nicht erhalten. Ihre Bekanntheit beruht fast ausschließlich auf Erweisen ihrer Fürbitte nach ihrem Tode. X. lebte in St. Petersburg und war mit einem Hofsänger verheiratet. Mit 26 Jahren verwitwete sie und lebte danach 45 Jahre lang das Leben einer Närrin (Narrheit). Nachdem sie all ihre Habe…

[English Version] (griech. κιβω´ριοn̆/kibō´rion) stellt eine Art Bedeckung aus festem Material dar, die in der Regel auf vier Säulen über dem Altar ruht (s. Gefäße, liturgische, Abb.6). Ähnliche Gebilde waren bereits in vorchristl. Kulturen bekannt und wurden v.a. über Thronen und Gräbern errichtet, um ihre sakrale Bedeutung zu unterstreichen. Wesentlich für das Verständnis der Symbolik des Z. ist seine halbsphärische Form, die aber von außen wie eine Pyramide oder ein Zelt aussehen kann. Solche Ge…

[English Version] von Radonež (1313/14 oder 1321/22 bei Rostov/Don – 25.10.1392 heutiges Sergiev Posad bei Moskau), einer der am meisten verehrten Heiligen der russ. orth. Kirche. Er wurde in eine Bojarenfamilie geb. und auf den Namen Varfolomej getauft. Nach dem Anschluß Rostovs an das Fürstentum Moskau zog er mit seinen Eltern nach Radonež. 14 km davon entfernt gründete er in der Folge ein Kloster, die heutige Hl.-Dreieinigkeits-Sergij-Lavra. Anfangs lebte er als Einsiedler, um den sich allmählic…

[German Version] A ciborium (Gk κιβώριον/ kibṓrion) is a type of canopy over the altar. It is made of solid material and usually rests on four pillars (see Liturgical vessels, fig. 6). Similar structures already existed in pre-Christian cultures and were especially erected over thrones and tombs to underline their sacral significance. Essential for the understanding of the ciborium's symbolism is its hemispherical form, which can resemble a pyramid or tent when viewed from the ou…

[German Version] I. City and Eparchy, Patriarchate – II. Spiritual Academy I. City and Eparchy, Patriarchate The earliest textual reference to Moscow dates from the year 1147. It was an independent principality from the second half of the 13th century onward and became the focus of Russian territorial concentration in the first half of the 14th century under the conditions of the Tatar rule (Russia). The transfer of the Russian metropolitan's seat to Moscow increased the city's importance. This process began …

[German Version] (Aug 2, 1901, St. Petersburg – Sep 16, 1970, Paris), a prominent exponent of emigrant Russian theological thinking. After training in the cadet corps, he entered the Kiev Spiritual Academy in 1918, emigrated in 1920, and lived in Paris from 1923 on. He studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and theology at the Institut St. Serge, becoming a professor there in 1953. A…

[German Version] (Oct 8, 1823, Nadezhdino – Feb 8, 1886, Moscow), major representative of the “second wave” of Slavophilism. Besides his work as a writer, Aksakov was the editor of several leading Slavophile periodicals and newspapers. He turned against sociological nominalism and viewed the people as an integral organism. As the people's self-awareness increases, society (intelligence) arises; its most important feature is intellectual creativity, esp. in literature. Vladimir Ivanov Bibliography A.G. Dementyev & E.S. Kalmanovskii, “Vstutipel'naya …

[German Version] 1. Sergey Nikolayevich (Aug 4, 1862, Ochtyrka – Oct 12, 1905, St. Petersburg), philosopher, professor, and rector of the University of Moscow (1905). Under the influence of the Slavophiles and V. Solovyov, he worked out a system of “concrete idealism.” The way he addressed the problem already reflected the efforts of Russian philosophy of religion at the start of the 20th century to overcome ways of thinking that were only abstract and intellectual. In his Osnovaniya idealizma (1896, “Foundations of Idealism”), Trubetskoy built his system not on abstract …

[German Version] (Mar 6, 1874, Kiev – Mar 23, 1948, Clamart). The philosopher Nikolai Berdyayev was a prominent representative of the Russian religious and cultural renaissance in the early 20th century. He sought to achieve a synthesis of the Western European and Russian intellectual traditions on the basis of existential personalism. Born to an aristocratic …

[German Version] (c. 1440–1503) was, after A. Rublyov, the most important representative of the Moscow school of icon painting (Icons). In the 1460s and 1470s, he worked in the monastery of St. Pafnuty of Borovsk, then on the iconostasis and the decoration of the altar area of the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Kremlin in Moscow. After the end of the 14…

[German Version] (Gk εἰκονοστάσις/ eikonostásis) refers to a barrier that separates the altar (III, 1.c) from the central section of the sanctuary. The development of Orthodox worship (II, 7) and its interpretation exerted essential influence on its structure and iconographic program. The early phase in the development of the iconostasis remains hypothetical in many respects. The ¶ period beginning in the 9th century with the victory of icon renerators (Veneration of images: VI) is marked by the appearance of sacred and liturgical forms that were inte…

[German Version] (18th to early 19th cent., St. Petersburg), one of the most revered Russian saints of the synodal period. Precise biographical data are lacking, including the dates of her birth and death. ¶ Her fame rests almost exclusively on demonstration of her effective intercession after her death. She lived in St. Petersburg and was married to an imperial chorister. Widowed at the age of 26, she lived the remaining 45 years of her life as a “fool for Christ” (Folly, Holy). After giving away all her possessions, she lived …

[German Version] (Aug 14, 1865, St. Petersburg – Dec 9, 1941, Paris), scholar of Romance languages, poet, art critic, and religious thinker. He attained Europe-wide renown with his trilogy Christos i Antichrist (1895–1904; ET: Christ and Antichrist, 1901) and his study Tolstoj i Dostoevskij ¶ (1900; ET: Tolstoi as a Man and Artist, with an Essay on Dostoievski, 1970), which were written on the basis of the religious philosophy notion of the “Third Testament” and led to the inception of the “new religious consciousness.” Large-scale projects for the re…

[German Version] (1313/1314 or 1321/1322 near Rostov on Don – Oct 25, 1392, in what is today Sergiev Posad near Moscow), one of the most revered saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. He was born to a boyar family and given the name Varfolomey at baptism. After Rostov was annexed to the principality of Moscow, he and his parents moved to Radonezh. Subsequently he founded a monastery 14 km away, today’s Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. Initially he lived as a hermit, around whom a circle of disciples gra…

[German Version] I. Catholicism – II. Orthodox Church I. Catholicism The practice of NT congregations attested in Jas 5:14f., that the elders of the congregation called upon the sick in their homes in order to pray over them and anoint them with oil (Anointing) so that the prayer could unfold its power to heal the body, to lift up the soul, and, if need be, to forgive sin (Sickness and healing: …

1. Definition und BedeutungDie B. (von mhdt. bigiht, zusammengezogen bīht[e]: Aussage, Bekenntnis; Übersetzung von lat. confessio) ist die vom frühen MA bis teilweise in die Gegenwart gebräuchlichste Form des kirchlichen Bußverfahrens. Der Streit um die Frage, ob der B. der Charakter eines Sakraments zuzuerkennen und wie ihre kirchenamtliche Regulierung und ihre Ausübung in der Religionspraxis zu gestalten sei, ist zu einem wesentlichen Differenzierungsfaktor zwischen den drei großen christl. Konfessionen gewo…

1. Definition and meaningConfession (from Latin  confessio) has been the most common form of the church’s penitential discipline from the early Middle Ages until (to some extent) the present. The German equivalent is  Beichte, from MHG  bigiht, contracted  bīht[e]: “declaration, avowal”. The debate over whether it should be recognized as a sacrament and how it should be formally regulated and practiced by the church became a major bone of contention among the three main Christian religious groups. These differences have had not only…

[German Version] I. Concept and Origins – II. Catholic Church – III. Orthodox Churches – IV. Protestant Church I. Concept and Origins Church dedication is the ceremony which commits a church building to its liturgical use ( dedicatio). It is first attested in Tyre (Eus. Hist. eccl. X 3f.); the translation of the relics of martyrs for the first celebration of the eucharist appears as early as the 4th century (Ambr. Epist. 22). Since the early Middle Ages, the dedication of the altar underwent a rich develop…

[English Version] I. Allgemeines R. (russ. Rossija) setzte sich als Bez. erst seit Beginn des 18.Jh. (Peter der Große) durch. Bis dahin war der Begriff Rus' gebräuchlich, der bereits in den ältesten Zeugnissen sowohl zur Bez. des Landes wie seiner Bewohner verwendet wurde. Der Ursprung des Begriffes »Rus'« (fem. Sg.) ist umstritten, etym. läßt er sich am wahrscheinlichsten aber auf das finnische Ruotsi (dt. »Schweden«) zurückführen. Als hist. und geographischer Kernraum R. kann das Gebiet der oberen Dvina, der oberen Wolga, und des oberen und mittleren Dnepr'…