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, Turcoman tribe, from which sprang a ruling dynasty of Persia (see next article). There is no foundation for the statements of later historians that the Ḳād̲j̲ār tribe entered Iran with Hūlāgū [ q.v.]. In the 9th/15th century they formed part of the Boz Ok branch of the Turcomans of Anatolia, dwelling in the Kayseri-Sivas region and recognizing the suzerainty of the D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳadr rulers. They probably take their name from a leader named Ḳarāçar (=Ḳarçar). In the 9th/15th century they were divided into four sub-tribes ( oba ): Ag̲h̲ča Koyunlu, Ag̲h̲čalu, S̲h̲ā…

, one of the Og̲h̲uz (Türkmen) tribes. The Aḳ-Ḳoyunlu, founders of the dynasty called by the same name, are a clan of this tribe, and some historians call the Aḳ-Ḳoyunlu dynasty ‘Bayi̊ndi̊r Ḵh̲ān Og̲h̲lanlari̊’ or ʿĀl-i Bayi̊ndi̊riyye’, and the Aḳ-Ḳoyunlu state ‘Dewlet-i Bayi̊ndi̊riyye’. It is possible that the Bayi̊ndi̊r took part in the Sald̲j̲ūḳ conquest of Anatolia. There were many places in central and western Turkey called after them in the 9th/15th and 10th/16th centuries. No doubt most o…

( Eymür ), name of an Og̲h̲uz tribe ( boy ). They are mentioned in a legendary account of the pagan Og̲h̲uz as being the only tribe of the Üč-ok group from whom sprang rulers, but the historical references to them so far known go back only to the 10th/16th century, when they formed part of Türkmen confederations in the Ottoman Empire, in Persia, and south-east of the Caspian Sea. (1) The Eymir of the Ottoman domains were in two main branches, the one living among the Türkmen of Aleppo, the other with the Dulkadi̊rli̊ confederation ( ulus ). The former consisted, in the reign¶ of Süleymān I, of fou…

, güzeld̲j̲e , Ottoman vizier in the reign of Süleymān the Magnificent, after whom a quarter of Istanbul is called. The facts given about his life in historical records are few and scanty. The earliest historical reference to him concerns his appointment to Ḥamā as sand̲j̲aḳ beg following the victory of Mard̲j̲ Dābiḳ. During his term of office, Ḳāsim Pas̲h̲a suppressed the revolt of Ibn Ḥafs̲h̲, a rebel Arab amīr. Having been appointed Anadolu beglerbegi on Süleymān’s succession to the throne, Ḳāsim Pas̲h̲a took part in the expedition against Rho…

, Turkish tribe in Iran. It is not mentioned in any 10th/16th or 11th/17th century sources. Originally a member of the famous S̲h̲āmlu tribe during the Ṣafawid period, the tribe must have taken its name from one of its beys; it is probable that it originated in the Bey Dili sub-tribe of the S̲h̲āmlu. The homeland of the Ḳara Gözlü was the Hamadān region, but in the mid-20th century there was a small branch known by the same name in Fars. The Ḳarā Gözlü had abandoned a fully nomadic life as early as the beginning of the 19th century, and lived in la…

( ḳarāmānids ), a Turkish dynasty which ruled over the regions of Ič-Il, Ḳonya and Niğde [ qq.v.]. The claim made by Yazi̊d̲j̲i̊ -og̲h̲lu ʿAlī [ q.v.] that the Ḳarāmān-og̲h̲ullari̊ belonged to the Avs̲h̲ar [see afs̲h̲ar ] tribe is plausible. It is probable that they were settled in Arrān [ q.v.] prior to the Mongol invasion, that because of it they had to immigrate to the Sivas region, and that after taking part in the Babāʾī [ q.v.] revolt they moved to the Ermenek region and established their home there. The Ermenek-Mut-Anamur region was conquered in 622/1225 during th…

or Arslan Beg b. Balangirī (d. 547 or 548/1153), Turkmen amīr under the Great Sald̲j̲ūḳs of ʿIrāḳ and western Persia. The name K̲h̲āṣṣ Beg seems to have been bestowed on him because of his favoured position under Sulṭān Masʿūd b. Muḥammad (529-47/1134-52); it is used in similar contexts in the works of D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī and in the Kitāb Dede Ḳorḳut . During the latter years of Masʿūd’s reign, K̲h̲āṣṣ Beg secured an ascendancy in the state, disposing of such rivals as Tog̲h̲a Yürek’s son ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, governor of Arrān (541/1147)…

, one of the Og̲h̲uz tribes to which, as claimed by some Turkish chroniclers, the Ottoman dynasty belongs. The Ḳāyi̊ were considered as the noblest of the Og̲h̲uz tribes. The high prestige which they enjoyed seems to have rested on the fact that most of the rulers or yabg̲h̲us of the Og̲h̲uz people living along the Syr Daryā (Sayḥūn = Jaxartes) during the period between the 9th and 11th centuries were from this tribe. Some of the names of these kings are mentioned in the chapter of D̲j̲āmiʿ al-tawārīk̲h̲ dealing with the legendary history of the Og̲h̲uz Turks.…

, a tribe of the Boz-oḳ branch of the Og̲h̲uz (Türkmen) peoples. Anūs̲h̲tagīn, ancestor of the Ḵh̲wārizms̲h̲āh dynasty, is sometimes believed to be of this tribe, but this is probably not so. A large Begdili community was found among the Türkmens in Syria in the 8th/14th century. At that time they were led by Tas̲h̲k̲h̲un (Tas̲h̲kun) Og̲h̲ullari̊. They were regarded as one of the most important Türkmen tribes in Syria in the 9th/15th century. Another important branch of this tribe lived in the 14 villages of th…

, an Og̲h̲uz (Türkmen) tribe. The Bayat are understood to have taken part in the conquests of the Sald̲j̲ūḳs in Anatolia. The nickname al-Bayātī given to Sunḳur, representative in Baṣra in 512-3/1119 of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid amīr Aḳ Sunḳur al-Buk̲h̲ārī, is quite probably connected with this tribe. There were numerous places called Bayat or Bayad in central and western Turkey in the 9th/15th and 10th/16th centuries of which few survive today. Most of these place-names, no doubt, belonged to the Bayat w…

, an Og̲h̲uz tribe, which holds an important place in the political and religious history of Turkey, and in the history of its occupation by the Turks. The most intimate mürīds of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Bektās̲h̲ belonged to this tribe, an important branch of which must therefore have been living in the Ḳi̊rs̲h̲ehir region in the 13th century. In the second half of this century there was another important group of the Čepni in the Samsun region, who in 676/1277 successfully defended Samsun against the forces of th…

, name of an Og̲h̲uz tribe ( boy ). They are mentioned in the Og̲h̲uz-nāme (the account of the life of the Og̲h̲uz people before they embraced Islam, see F. Sümer, Oǧuzlar’a ait destanî mahiyette eserler , in Ank. Ün. DTCFD , xvii/3-4), where it is said that some prominent beys of the Og̲h̲uz rulers belonged to This tribe. According to the Syrian historian S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-D̲j̲azarī (658/1260-739/1338), the Artuk [ q.v.] dynasty, ruling the Mardin-Diyārbekir region, belonged to the Döger tribe (F. Sümer, op. cit., 405, n. 171), which must therefore have taken part in th…

, the name of a Turkish people living in the Fārs province of Iran. Persian works refer to this people as Ḳas̲h̲ḳāʾī. The exact origin of the name is not known. In western Turkish ḳas̲h̲ḳa is the name given to a blaze on the forehead of animals such as horses, sheep and cattle; in Čag̲h̲atay the word also means “brilliant” and “gallant”. It is probable that the name Ḳās̲h̲ḳāy is related to one of these meanings, especially the former, i.e. a blaze. It is impossible to agree with the claims of the chroniclers of the Ḳād̲j̲ār period that the word is derived from kačmak …

, Turkish dynasty which ruled over parts of Eastern Anatolia, ʿIrāḳ, al-Ḏj̲azīra, and most of Iran, also known as the Barānī (Bārānlu). It is not known why the dynasty was given This name. The Ḳarā-Ḳoyunlu tribe was undoubtedly a sub-tribe ( oba ) of the Og̲h̲uz. Minorsky’s claim that This sub-tribe belonged to the Yiwa is probably true ( The Clan of the Qara Qoyunlu rulers, in Köprülü Armaǧani , Istanbul 1953, 391-5). The political achievements of the dynasty led many tribes to enter the service of the Ḳarā-Ḳoyunlu, notably the Saʿdlu (Nak̲…

, dynastie turque qui régna sur une partie de l’Anatolie orientale, du ‘Irak, de la Ḏj̲azīra, et sur la plus grande partie de l’Iran; elle est également appelée Barānī (Bārānlu), mais l’on ne sait pas à quoi elle doit ce nom. La tribu des Ḳarā-Ḳoyunlu est certainement une fraction ( oba) des Og̲h̲uz; Minorsky affirme ( The Clan of the Qara Qoyunlu rulers, dans Köprülü Artnagam, Istanbul 1953, 391-5) que cette fraction appartient aux Yiwa, et il a probablement raison. La réussite politique de la dynastie amena diverses autres tribus à entrer à son service: il …

, l’une des tribus og̲h̲uzes (turkmènes). Les Aḳ Ḳoyunlu, fondateurs de la dynastie du même nom, forment un clan de cette tribu et certains historiens appellent la dynastie Aḳ Ḳoyunlu «Bayi̊ndi̊r Ḵh̲ān Og̲h̲lanlari̊»ou«Āl-i Bayi̊ndi̊riyye» et ¶ l’État Aḳ Ḳoyunlu «Dewlet-i Bayi̊ndi̊riyye ». Il est possible que les Bayi̊ndi̊r aient pris part à la conquête sald̲j̲ūḳide de l’Anatolie. Il y avait, dans la Turquie du Centre et de l’Ouest, aux IXe/XVe et Xe/XVIe siècles, beaucoup d’endroits dont le nom dérivait des Bayi̊ndi̊r. La plupart appartenaient sans doute aux Bayi̊…

, nom d’une tribu ( boy) og̲h̲uze qui est mentionnée dans 1’ Og̲h̲uz-nāme (récit de la vie du peuple og̲h̲uz avant sa conversion à l’Islam, voir F. Sümer, Oǧuzlar’a ait destanl mahiyette eserler, dans Ank. Ün. DTCFD, XVII/3-4), où il est dit que d’importants beys des souverains og̲h̲uz en faisaient partie. Ḏj̲après l’historien syrien S̲h̲ams al-dīn Muḥammad al-Ḏj̲azarī (658-739/1260-1339), la dynastie des Artukides [ q.v.], qui régnait sur la région Mārdīn-Diyārbakir, appartenait à la tribu des Döger (F. Sümer, op. cit., 405, n. 171), qui doit donc avoir pris part aux conqu…

, tribu og̲h̲uze (turkmène). Les Bayat sont censés avoir pris part aux conquêtes des Sald̲j̲ūḳides en Anatolie. Le surnom al-Bayātī donné à Sunḳur, représentant de l’ amīr sald̲j̲ūḳide Aḳ Sunḳur al-Buk̲h̲ārī à Baṣra en 513/1119, est très probablement rattaché à cette tribu. Il y avait de nombreux lieux dits Bayat ou Bayad dans la Turquie du centre et de l’Ouest au IXe/XVe et au Xe/XVIe siècle, mais bien peu ont subsisté jusqu’à nos jours. Un grand nombre de ces toponymes appartenaient sans doute aux Bayat qui prirent part à la conquête de l’Anatolie. Il y av…

, Güzeld̲j̲e, vizir ottoman sous le règne de Suleymān le Magnifique; un quartier important et célèbre d’Istanbul porte son nom. Les documents historiques donnent peu de renseignements sur sa vie; l’information la plus ancienne concerne sa nomination comme sand̲j̲aḳ beg de Ḥamāt après la victoire de Mard̲j̲ Dābiḳ [ q.v.] et, durant cette période, il fit exécuter Ibn Ḥafs̲h̲, un amīr arabe rebelle. Après avoir été nommé beglerbegi d’Anatolie lors de l’accession au trône ottoman de Süleymān, il prit part, en 930/1523, à l’expédition de Rhodes et devint gouverneur …

(Eymür), nom d’une tribu ( boy) og̲h̲uze mentionnée dans un récit légendaire des Og̲h̲uz paϊens comme étant la seule tribu du groupe Üč-ok d’où soient issus les chefs, mais les attestations historiques qu’on en possède jusqu’ici ne remontent qu’au Xe/XVIe siècle, époque à laquelle elle faisait partie des confédérations turkmènes dans l’empire ottoman, en Perse et au Sud-est de la mer Caspienne. I. Les Eymir des territoires ottomans étaient divisés en deux branches principales, dont l’une habitait parmi les Turkmènes d’Alep, l’autre dans la confédération ( ulus) des Dulkadi̊rli̊. …