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, a river on the Algero-Moroccan borders, a sub-tributary on the left bak of the Tafna. Of little importance in itself, this river was the scene of several battles, since it constitutes an obstacle on the East-West route between Algeria and Morocco. Battles occurred here between the Marīnids and the ʿAbd al-Wādids in 648/1250 and 670/1271, and above all there was the battle between the French troops under Marshal Bugeaud and the Moroccan troops commanded by Mawlāy Muḥammad, the son of Sultan Mawlāy ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Bugeaud’s army consisted of some ten thousand men, the Moroccan a…

, a Moroccan agitator who got himself recognised as sultan in north-east Morocco from 1902 to 1909. His real name was Ḏj̲ilālī b. Idrīs al-Zarhūnī al-Yūsufī, and he was born about 1865 in the mountains of Zarhūn. He had been a member of the corps of engineering students which Mawlāy al-Ḥasan had tried to establish, and then he became a minor civil servant. He was accused of dishonesty and imprisoned, and then became an exile in Algeria. He returned thence in the summer of 1902, and thanks to frauds and alleged miracles managed to pass himself off as a s̲h̲arīf and even a…

, in modern Arabic “government”. Like many political neologisms in Islamic languages, the word seems to have been first used in its modern sense in 19th century Turkey, and to have passed from Turkish into Arabic and other languages. Ḥukūma comes from the Arabic root ḥ.k.m , with the meaning “to judge, adjudicate” (cf. the related meaning, dominant in Hebrew and other Semitic languages, of wisdom. See ḥikma ). In classical usage the verbal noun ḥukūma means the act or office of adjudication, of dispensing justice, whether by a sovereign, a judge, …

, a town in Algeria in the wilāya of Mostaganem, a dāʾira of Ig̲h̲il Izane (Relizane), about 30 km. north-east of Mascara, on the Wādī Ḳalʿa. Population: 12,332 (1966 census). This Ḳalʿa was founded in the 6th/12th century by a chieftain of the Hawwāra, Muḥammad b. Isḥāḳ. About a century later, the Hawwāra [ q.v.] were supplanted by a tribe from the D̲j̲abal ʿAmūr, the Banū Rās̲h̲id. The town came under the rule of the Banū ʿAbd al-Wād, and following them under the Marīnids and then the Turks; it was at this period that Leo Africanus described it a…

, a religious brotherhood of Moroccan origin which established itself in the Central Atlas and in the neighbourhood of Constantine. It appears to have its origin in the zāwiya founded towards the end of the 6th/12th century by a Berber from the Sūs, Saʿīd u ʿAmur al-Ahansalī, on the banks of the asīf Ahansal, in the heart of the Berber country. From modest beginnings this zāwiya became better known in the second half of the 11th/17th century, when a descendant of the founder, Abū ʿUt̲h̲mān Saʿīd b. Yūsuf al-Ahansalī, who died in 1702, founded a new zāwiya in the same region and founded a b…

, plural of dāʾira , group of families attached to the service and the person of a native chief in Algeria. Before the French conquest, the name of dawāʾir (local pronunciation dwāyr ) was borne especially by four tribal groups encamped to the south-west of Oran and attached to the service of the Bey of that city, although there were other dawāʾir, for example in the Titteri. They were organized as a militia, living on the products of the ¶ land put at their disposition by the Turkish government and the profit from expeditions against tribes who were unruly or refused to p…

, Moroccan town situated at the junction of the Moroccan High Atlas with the plain of Sūs, on the Atlantic coast. The town stands at the northern end of a large bay, at the foot of a hill some 800-900 feet high which is surmounted by a fort. The population numbers 30,111, of whom 1,518 are Jews and 6,062 Europeans (1952 census). It is not clear whether a settlement existed there before the arrival of the Portuguese, although a letter from the inhabitants of Māssa to Emmanuel I of Portugal, dated 6 July, 1510 ( Sources inédites de l’Histoire du Maroc , Portugal , i, 243) speaks of an agādīr al-arbaʿā …

, sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908. He was born, according to Weisgerber, on 24 Feb. 1878, according to Doutté and Saint-René Taillandier 18 Rabīʿ I 1298/18 Feb. 1881, of the sultan Mawlāy al-Ḥasan and Lālla Ruḳayya, of Circassian origin. When his father died on a campaign, 9 June 1894, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was proclaimed sultan in Rabat, thanks to the hād̲j̲ib Aḥmad b. Mūsā, called Bā Aḥmad, who had been in charge of his education, and received as reward the title of Grand-Vizier. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz left the management …

, a dynasty of Turkish origin which reigned in Damascus from 497/1104 to 549/1154. Its founder was the atabeg [ q.v.] of S̲h̲ams al-Mulūk Duḳāḳ, son of the Sald̲j̲ūḳid sultan Tutus̲h̲ (see sald̲j̲ūḳids ). This atabeg, named Tug̲h̲takīn and called Ẓahīr al-Dīn, was the confidant of sultan Tutus̲h̲, and was entrusted with the direction of affairs in Damascus as early as 488/1095 by Duḳāḳ, whose mentor he had been. After the death of Duḳāḳ (12 Ramaḍān 497/18 June 1104), Tug̲h̲takīn continued to exercise power in the name of the dece…

, Turkish corsair who seized possession of Algiers at the beginning of the 10th/16th century. He is sometimes designated by the name of Barbarossa (a term which is sometimes interpreted as a corruption of Bābā ʿArūd̲j̲), but it appears this surname more often refers to his brother Ḵh̲ayr al-Dīn [ q.v.]. ʿArūd̲j̲ came from the island of Midilli (Mytileneancient ¶ Lesbos); his father was a Turk, a Muslim soldier of the garrison of occupation ( G̲h̲azawāt ), or a Greek potter (Haëdo). He had at least two brothers, who were with him in the Mag̲h̲rib; Ḵ…

biʾllāh Abu Muḥammad , Saʿdid sultan, son of one of the founders of the dynasty, Maḥammad al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Mahdī. He was born Ramaḍān 933/June 1527 and, designated as heir presumptive, was recognized as sultan on his father’s death, assassinated by his Turkish guardsmen 29 Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 964/23 Oct. 1557. His reign lasted till his death, due to a crisis of asthma, 28 Ramaḍān 981/21 Jan. 1574. His reign as a whole was peaceful. Yet the sultan showed himself uneasy in expectation of an eventual intervention of the Turks, who had killed his father, immediat…

, a mountainous region in the Algerian Tell. The word Kabylia, coined by the French, means “land of the Kabyles” ( bilād al-Ḳabāʾil ). This name is of fairly recent origin, however, for it is not found in the works of Arabic historians and geographers; it is probably of oral origin and intended for use by foreigners, i.e., Europeans; it seems to have been introduced into geographic nomenclature by European writers from the 16th century onwards. The word “Kabyle”, the etymology of which is sometimes questioned, seems to correspond to the Arabic word ḳabāʾil , plural of ḳabīla …

b. al-Ḥusayn , the last dey of Algiers, was born at Izmir and ruled from 1818 to 1830. When his predecessor ʿAlī K̲h̲od̲j̲a died of the plague on 1 March 1818 Ḥusayn was occupying the high office of k̲h̲od̲j̲at al-k̲h̲ayl (tribute collector). Ḥusayn was raised to the dignity of dey without having sought it, and being of a moderate disposition opened his reign by gestures of clemency. His reward was two attempts at assassination. Thereafter he remained mostly in the kasbah, which dominated the city of Algiers, surrounded by Kabyle guards. There was unrest in Algeria: the beys of Consta…

, corsaire turc qui s’est emparé d’Alger au début du Xe/XVIe siècle. Il est parfois désigné sous le nom de Barberousse (terme que certains ont interprété comme une déformation de Bābā ʿArūd̲j̲), mais il semble que ce surnom soit plutôt celui de son frère Ḵh̲ayr al-dīn [ q.v.]. ʿArūd̲j̲ était originaire de l’île de Midilli (Mytilène, anc. Lesbos); son père était soit un Turc, soldat musulman de la garnison d’occupation ( G̲h̲azawāt) soit un potier grec (Haëdo). Il avait au moins deux frères, qui se trouvèrent avec lui au Mag̲h̲rib: Ḵh̲ayr al-dīn et Isḥāḳ. Marin et musulman dès son jeune âge ( G̲h…

ou ahl Fās, nom donné aux habitants de Fās. Dans le langage local, ce nom ne s’applique pas à tous ceux qui vivent à Fās, mais à ceux qui y sont nés et y ont droit de cité pour avoir adopté les us et coutumes de la ville et son code des bons usages. La population de Fās s’est peu à peu formée d’éléments divers. Le fonds primitif est certainement constitué par des Berbères et quelques Arabes compagnons des Idrisides. Dès le début du IIIe/IXe siècle, cette population s’accrut de réfugiés politiques de Cordoue et de Kairouan qui apportèrent à la nouvelle ville les traditions et le…

, sultan ʿalawite du Maroc, dont le premier règne commença le 4 s̲h̲aʿbān 1141/5 mars 1729 et le dernier se termina par sa mort le 27 ṣafar 1171/10 novembre 1757. En effet, ce souverain fut déposé à plusieurs reprises, cinq fois selon les historiens arabes, et fut chaque fois rappelé au pouvoir. C’est que la belle ordonnance du Maroc sous Mawlāy Ismāʿīl n’était plus qu’un souvenir. Lorsque ʿAbd Allāh prit le pouvoir, deux de ses frères, Aḥmad al-Ḏh̲ahabī et ʿAbd al-Malik, se l’étaient déjà disputé pendant deux ans et avaient déchaîné, par leurs surenchère…

, en arabe moderne, «gouvernement». Comme beaucoup de néologismes politiques des langues islamiques, le mot semble avoir, dans son sens moderne, été d’abord employé dans la Turquie du XIXe siècle et avoir passé du turc en arabe et dans les autres langues. Ḥukūma vient de la racine arabe h.k.m. avec le sens de «juger, adjuger» (cf. sens connexe, qui domine en hébreu et dans d’autres langues sémitiques, de sagesse [voir Ḥikma]). Dans l’usage classique, le nom verbal ḥukūma signifie l’acte ou la fonction de dispenser, de rendre la justice, que ce soit par un souverain, un j…

, fils de Ḵh̲ayr al-dīn [ q.v.] et trois fois chargé du commandement à Alger, de 951 à 958/1544-51, puis de 964 à 968/1557-61, enfin de 969 à 975/1562-7. Comme il était fils d’une femme d’Alger, i’ avait moins de vingt-huit ans lorsqu’il fut nommé pas̲h̲a d’Alger pour la première fois. Son premier commandement (en qualité de lieutenant de son père qui était à la fois beylerbey et ḳapudan pas̲h̲a) fut d’abord marqué par le renforcement ¶ des fortifications d’Alger jugées insuffisantes à la suite de l’expédition de Charles-Quint en 1541. D’autre part, il s’efforça de régl…

(Banū), tribu bjrbère zénète signalée comme vivant dans le bas Zāb (Sud de Msīla) au début du IVe/Xe siècle. Ces Berbères, en lutte contre le calife fāṭimide ʿUbayd Allāh, qui édifia la place forte de Msīla pour les surveiller, embrassèrent la cause de l’agitateur k̲h̲ārid̲j̲ite Abū Yazīd [ q.v.] et lui offrirent un refuge lorsqu’il était traqué par le calife fāṭimide al-Manṣūr. Ils obtinrent cependant le pardon de ce dernier, mais participèrent à la rebellion du gouverneur du Zāb, Ḏj̲aʿfar b. al-Andalusī [ q.v.] en 360/971. La répression fāṭịmide les contraignit à fuir; ils t…

, contrée montagneuse du Tell algérien. Le mot Kabylie, forgé par les Français, signifie «pays des Kabyles» ( bilād al-Ḳabāʾil). Cette dénomination, toutefois, est d’origine assez récente, car on ne la rencontre pas chez les historiens et les géographes arabes; elle est vraisemblablement d’origine orale et destinée à l’usage des étrangers, c’est-à-dire des Européens; elle paraît avoir été introduite dans la nomenclature géographique par les écrivains européens à partir du XVIe siècle. Quant au mot «Kabyle», dont l’étymologie est quelquefois mise en question, il se…