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[German version] (modern Zülpich, district of Euskirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia). Town ( vicus: CIL XIII 7920;  It. Ant. 373,4: vicus Sopenorum - possibly a Celtic tribal name), originally in the settlement area of the Eburones, then of the Ubii (Tac. Hist. 4,79,2). Presumably the location of a station of beneficiarii . Remains survive of thermae and burial monuments. After being destroyed in Germanic attacks in 275/6 AD, T. was fortified at the beginning of the 4th cent. AD . There is evidence of Romanic settlement until the middle of the 5th cent. Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliogr…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre Celtic settlement on the Nicer/Neckar (Tab. Peut. 4,1; [1. 199-271, 693 f.], cf. [3. 357-382]), modern Rottenburg. Settled in the Roman period, probably after AD 90 [3. 399-402]; there is no evidence of a fort [2. 469 f. D 89], but there is evidence of an ala Vallensium (CIL XIII 6361). Inscriptions attest to a procurator (administrator of the imperial saltus S., ILS 8855, probably at the beginning of the 2nd cent. AD), an ordo and magistri of the saltus (ILS 7100, middle of the 2nd cent.). S. was in the periphery of a civi…

[German version] River which, according to Ptol. 2,11,1 (Οὐισούργιος/ Ouisoúrgios) in combination with 2,11,5, rises on Mons Melibocus [2. 560], modern river Weser; for the etymology cf. [1. 366 f.]. In 12 BC, Nero Claudius [II 24] (Drusus the Elder) arrived by sea in the land of the Chauci between the Amisia [1] (modern Ems) and the V. (Cass. Dio 54,32,2). In 11 BC, he advanced by land against the Cherusci and the Chauci to the V., without crossing it (Cass. Dio 54,33,1-3). It was not until 9 BC that he…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Legio | Legio | Limes | Limes | Rome | Rome | Batavian Revolt Roman Mainz. An indigenous settlement near Mainz-Weisenau, named after a Celtic deity, seems to have given it the name. In the middle of the 2nd decade BC a Roman double legion camp was constructed on a high terrace on the left bank of the Rhine opposite the mouth of the Main. From this strategically favourable position between 10 BC and AD 16 there were repeatedly successful Roman advances into the territory of  Germania Magna. Together w…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Legio | Limes | Batavian Revolt Modern Neuss, on the left bank of the Rhine at the Erft estuary, where a significant Roman military base had been established from about 16 BC. Several encampments, some of which survived only briefly, followed one another during the Augustan-Tiberian period (1st half of the 1st cent. AD), including large encampments with space for two legions and auxiliary troops. From the 30s of the 1st cent. AD, N. was the home-base initially of the legio XX Valeria Victrix, which was deployed to Britannia i…

[German version] Name of the River Lahn, first attested in the 6th cent. AD in Venantius Fortunatus c. 7,7,58 (also Logona in manuscript). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography J. B. Keune, s.v. L., RE 12, 999 L. Weisgerber, Erläuterung zur Karte der römerzeitlich bezeugten rheinischen Namen, in: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter 23, 1958, 15.

[German version] One of the highest mountain ranges in Germania (Mela 3,30; name possibly Celtic). In AD 15 Germanicus [2] had a fort built in monte Tauno on the ruins of a fortress designed by Claudius [II 24] Drusus (Tac. Ann. 1,56,1). This fortress has often been identified with a fort established by Drusus 'among the Chatti immediately on the Rhine' in 11 BC (Cass. Dio 54,33,4). Since the latter is now presumed rather to be in the area of the Neuwieder Basin, the identification of Drusus' two fortresses is as uncertain as the connection with Ἄρταυνον/ Ártaunon in Ptol. 2,11,29. The T…

[German version] A presumably Germanic, later Celticised people, whose original homeland on the right bank of the Rhenus [2] (modern Rhine) is unknown. They marched across the Rhine with Ariovistus, who was defeated by Caesar in 58 BC (Caes. B Gall. 1,51,2). The V. were initially for the most part driven back over the Rhine. In the time of Augustus, but no later than before the middle of the 1st cent. AD (Tac. Ann. 12,27,2), they were settled on the left bank of the Rhine to the north of the Triboci and the Nemetes, and to the south of Mogontiacum; the capital of their civitas was Borbetomagus…

[German version] (Νέμητες; Némētes). Germanic tribe, which - judging by the Celtic name - probably settled  in the area of contact between Celts and Germani before the Roman period, but is hardly likely to belong to the Suebi. The N. were first mentioned alongside Triboci and Vangiones and later were also repeatedly referred to in conjunction with them (Plin. HN. 4,106; Tac. Germ. 28,4; Ptol. 2,9,17), among the seven tribes which Ariovistus had led across the Rhine (Caes. B Gall. 1,51,2). However, …

[German version] (Τωϋγενοί/ Tōÿgenoí). Sub-tribe of the Helvetii, affiliated with the Cimbri on the westward migration (Poseid. FGrH 87 F 31,2). According to Str. 4,1,8 Marius [I 1] fought against the T. and the Ambrones; but since, besides the Cimbri and the Ambrones, Plut. Marius 15,6 mentions the Teutoni as opponents of Marius at Aquae [III 5] Sextiae in 102 BC, Strabo may have confused the T. with the Teutoni [1. 145-157]. Identification of the T. with the Teutoni [1; 3. 356 f.; 4. 300-309, 455-459], however, is fundamentally unlikely [2; 5; 6. 20810]. Wiegels, Rainer (Osna…

[German version] (Μηλίβοκον ὄρος/ Mēlíbokon όros). According to Ptol. (2,11,7), the most northerly and important mountain range in Germania, which stretched over several degrees of longitude; the southern frontier of the Cherusci and the Chamavi. Its precise identification is disputed. Recently the Thuringian Forest and the Erzgebirge mountains have been put forwards. Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography A. Franke, s.v. Melibocus mons, RE 15, 509  G.Chr. Hansen, in: J. Herrmann (ed.), Griechische und lateinische Quellen zur Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas bis z…

[German version] (modern Waal). A slow-flowing (Tac. Ann. 2,6,3 f.) left bank distributary of the Rhenus [2] (modern Rhine); it incorporates the Mosa [1] (modern Maas) to form the Insula Batavorum (Caes. Gall. 4,10,2; Tac. Ann. 2,6: Vahalis; Serv. Aen. 8,727: Vahal) and the Rhenus Bicornis ('with two horns';  cf. Verg. Aen. 8,727). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography P. Goessler, s. v. V., RE 7 A, 2018-2024.

[German version] modern Ladenburg in the lower reaches of the Nicer (Neckar). The Celtic place name, earlier also interpreted as ‘stronghold of Lo(u)pos’, means something like ‘swamp fortress’ [1]. Few archaeological traces of the former Celtic population are preserved. From about the Tiberian period (AD 14-37), Suebi from the Germanic Elbe area settled in the region of the lower river. It is assumed that the Romans themselves settled them, or at least tolerated their settlement, in order to secure the territory on the eas…

[German version] Left-hand tributary of the Moselle (Auson. Mos. 365), which flows into the Moselle near Bernkastel, modern Lieser. L. or Lesora is the name of a mountain in the Cevennes, modern Lozère (Sid. Apoll. Carm. 24,44; cf. Plin. HN 11, 240), Lesuros (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 48) a river on the east coast of Spain. There is also a Lieser in Carinthia (Austria). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography F. Cramer, s.v. L., RE 12, 2138 L. Weisgerber, Erläuterungen zur Karte der römerzeitlich bezeugten rheinischen Namen, in: Rheinische Vierteljahresblätter 23, 1958, 15.

[German version] Roman posting station (It. Ant. 375,8; 378,7; Tab. Peut. 2,5) in Germania inferior on the road from Cologne to Tongeren at the crossing of the Rur, the modern Jülich. Epigraphically attested is [vic]ani [Iuliac]enses on the base of a Jupiter column from the early 2nd cent. AD [1. 195 no. 196]. Bricks of the legio VI Victrix, a dedication by one of its soldiers (CIL XIII 7869), and a funerary relief confirm the presence of the military. I. was the central place of a fertile settlement landscape with many villae rusticae. In the early 4th cent., I. was fortified with a …

[German version] (Σάξονες/ Sáxones, the Saxons). Association of Germanic tribes, first mentioned at Ptol. 2,11,11. According to him, they settled in Holstein to the northeast of the lower Elbe; in the west their territory bordered the sea (Ptol. 2,11,31: three Saxon islands). Presumably the S. originated from the Reudigni and the Aviones (Tac. Germ. 40,2) [1]. They may have become known to the Romans earlier, possibly in 5 AD when a fleet sailed to the Cimbrian peninsula, yet Tacitus does not menti…

[German version] (Cuberni). Presumably a part of a tribe, certainly one of the groups succeeding the  Sugambri resettled by the Romans in 8 BC on the lefthand side of the Rhine (on the motives [1]). According to Pliny (HN 4,106: Cuberni) they lived between the  Ubii in the south and the  Batavi in the north and probably already created in the 1st cent. AD a   civitas based on peregrine law. On the basis of an extant fragmentary inscription (AE 1981, 690 = AE 1984, 650) from AD 68, Cib[ernodurum] was developed close to the later  Colonia Ulpi…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul | Legio | Legio | Limes | Limes | Batavian Revolt Roman camp on the Rhine at the 60th milestone downstream from Colonia Agrippinensis (modern Cologne; Tac. Ann. 1,45,1) between the modern towns of Birten and Xanten. The camp originated from the early Imperial period. The name, probably indigenous, refers to an archaeologically unattested earlier settlement nearby (cf. Tac. Hist. 4,18,3: castra quibus Veterum nomen est, 'camp with the name V.', quite often in accounts of the Batavian Revolt; Ptol.…

[German version] People neighbouring the Suiones, ruled at the time of Tacitus (Tac. Germ. 45,6) by a woman. Their area of settlement cannot be ascertained, possibly in modern Finland. Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography A. A. Lund (ed.), P. Cornelius Tacitus, Germania, 1988, 237 f.  G. Perl, Tacitus, Germania, in: J. Herrmann (ed.), Griechische und lateinische Quellen zur Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas ..., vol. 2, 1990, 257 f.  J. B. Rives, Tacitus, Germania, 1999, 321.

[German version] (Λακιβούργιον; Lakiboúrgion). Site in northern Germania magna, west of the Oder (Ptol. 2,11,12), not yet localized. Possibly a misspelling of Asciburgium (modern Moers-Asberg). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography A. Franke, s.v. L., RE 12, 344f. G. Chr. Hansen, in: J. Herrmann (ed.), Griech. und lat. Quellen zur Frühgesch. Mitteleuropas bis zur Mitte des 1. Jt. u.Z., Teil 3, 1991, 581.