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Abū Saʿīd Yūsuf b. Muḥammad al-Ṭāʾī, ʿAbbāsid commander of the middle decades of the 3rd/9th century, who presumably derived his professional nisba from service along the Byzantine frontiers ( t̲h̲ug̲h̲ūr [ q.v.], sing, t̲h̲ag̲h̲r ; al-Samʿānī, Ansāb , ed. Ḥaydarābād, iii, 136-7, gives two scholars with this same …

, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAzzūz al-ḳuras̲h̲ī al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī al-Marrākus̲h̲ī , a cobbler of Marrakesh to whom thaumaturgic gifts were attributed and who died in an odour of sanctity in 1204/1789. His tomb, situated in his own residence at Bāb Aylān, has been continuously visited because of its reputation of curing the sick. Although he had not received a very advanced education, Ibn ʿAzzūz nevertheless succeeded in leaving behind an abundant body of works, dealing mainly with my…

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or k̲h̲ifāḍ (a.), female excision, corresponding to the circumcision of boys ( k̲h̲atn or k̲h̲itān…

, Ḥamd (> Aḥmad ) b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb Abū Sulaymān a…

, also Göksün , a small town in south-eastern Turkey, the ancient Kokussos, W. Armenian Gogi̊son, now the chef-lieu of an ilçe of the vilâyet of Maraş, pop. (1960) 3697. It is the ‘Cocson’, ‘Coxon’, where the army of the First Crusade rested for three days in the autumn of 1097 (see A History of the Crusades , ed. K. M. Setton, i, Philadelphia 1955, 297-8). (Ed.) Bibliography İA, s.v. Göksun (by Besim Darkot), with full bibliography.

(etymology uncertain: not Pand̲j̲ābī, possibly Persian; in Urdu, malangi , masc. = “salt worker”, fem. = “loose, wanton woman”), a term used in Muslim India, including in the Pand̲j̲āb but also in the Deccan, to denote wandering dervishes of the Ḳalandarī, bī-s̲h̲arʿ or antinomian type [see ḳalandar , ḳalandariyya ]. D̲j̲aʿfar S̲h̲arīf [ q.v.] at one place of his Ḳānūn-i Islām puzzlingly names their founder as D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Buk̲h̲ārī, Mak̲h̲dūm-i D̲j̲ahāniyān-i D̲j̲ahāngas̲h̲t [ q.v.], and at another, as D̲j̲amand̲j̲atī, a disciple of Zinda S̲h̲āh Madār ( Islam in India, ed. W. C…

, sum, total, from the Arabic fad̲h̲ālika , “and that [is]”, placed at the bottom of an addition to introduce the result. Besides its arithmetical use, the term was also employed for the summing up of a petition, report, or other document, as for example for the summarized statements of complaints presented at the …

(a.), pl. marāḥil , in mediaeval Islamic usage, a stage of travel, normally the distance which a traveller can cover in one day; it was, therefore, ¶ obviously a variable measurement of length, dependent on the ease or difficulty of the terrain to be crossed. The classical Arabic geographers frequently use the term. Al-Muḳaddasī [ q.v.] in one place (206) gives as his norm 6 to 7 farsak̲h̲s or parasangs (the …

, Melek-Nihād (II), Ottoman Grand Vizier, who served Sultān Meḥemmed III [ q.v.] for ten days only and then died on 19 Rabīʿ I 1004/22 November 1595. (Ed.)

, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAmr al-Anṣārī , Moroccan poet and faḳīh , of Andalusian origin, who was born at Rabat, fulfilled the office of ḳāḍī for some time, and from 1224/1809 taught at Marrākus̲h̲. Whilst making the Pilgrimage, he stopped at Tunis, and received there some id̲j̲āza s; he died in the Ḥid̲j̲āz on 10 Rabīʿ I 1243/1 October 1827. Ibn ʿAmr was neither a great faḳīh nor a great poet. His works, which include in particular a dīwān , a fahrasa and a riḥla , have not been preserved in toto, and his fame rests essentially on an imita-tion of the S̲h̲amaḳmaḳiyya of Ibn al-Wannān [ q…

, Abū Kat̲h̲īr ʿAbd Allāh b. (al-) Zabīr b. al-As̲h̲yam al-Asadī …

(a.) “the five mysteries, things concealed in the unseen”, a technical term of Islamic theology. These are regarded as known to God alone as part of His prescience ¶ and foreknowledge of all aspects of nature and human acitivity (cf. H. Ringgren, Studies in Arabian fatalism, Uppsala 1955, 86 ff.; and al-ḳaḍāʾ wa ’l-ḳadar ). These are usually identified with the five things known to God as expounded in the Ḳurʾān, XXXI, 34: the hour of the Last Judgment [see al-sāʿa ]; when rain will be sent down; what is in the womb (i.e. the sex and number of children); what a man will gain, of his sustenance, on the morrow; and when a man shall die. (Ed.) Bibliography (in addition to references given in the article): See G. Sale, The Koran, ad loc. R. Paret, Der Koran, Kommentar und Konkordanz, Stuttgart, etc. 1980, 395, for other Ḳurʾānic parallel passages…

, literally iron-head, a Turkish term for the movable stock and equipment, belonging to an office, shop, farm, etc. In Ottoman usage it was commonly applied to articles belonging to the state and, more especially, to the furniture, equipment, and fittings in government offices, forming part of their permane…

(t.), literally, “excepted, separated”, denoting those provinces of the Ottoman empire separated from the “normallyadministered” ones of the Anatolian and Rumelian heartland. In the heyday of the empire (10th-12th/16th-18th centuries) these usually comprised such provinces as Ṣaydā, Aleppo, Bag̲h̲dād. Baṣra, Mawṣil, Ṭarābulus al-G̲h̲arb, Beng̲h̲azi, Ḥid̲j̲āz and Yemen, i.e., essentially those of the more recentlyconquered Arab lands. Since the feudal system of tīmārs and ziʿāmets hardly existed there, taxation from these regions was collected by a local office, müfred ül…

, conventional form Monghyr, a town of Bihar in the Indian Union, situated on the south bank of the Ganges in lat. 25° 25’ N. and 86° 27’ E, and at an important communications point between Bengal and the middle Ganges valley. It is also the administrative centre of a District in the province of Bihar of the same name.…

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, the Ḳurʾānic term (XXIV, 33) for prostitution. “Prostitute” is rendered by bag̲h̲iyy (pl. bag̲h̲āyā ), mūmis (pl. -āt , mayāmis/mayāmīs , mawāmis/ mawāmīs ), ʿāhira (pl. ʿawāhir ), zāniya (pl. zawānīs ). etc.; a more vulgar term, although we have here a euphemism, is ḳaḥba (pl. ḳiḥāb ), which the lexicographers attach to the verb ḳaḥaba “to cough”, explaining that professional prostitutes used to cough in order to attract clients. Although M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes ( Mahomet 2, Paris 1969, 48) saw in the legend of Isāf and Nāʾila [ q.v.] the “reminiscence of sacred prostitution”, no such custom seems to have existed amongst the pagan Arabs; T. Fahd considers moreover that the legend in question is edifying in its aim and “has as its intention putting pilgrims on guard against sacred prostitution as it was practised in the Syrian temples”. However, it is quite possible that vestiges of pagan ceremonies continued sporadically in islamised regions, in particular, amongst certain Berber tribes. In any case, pre-Islamic Arabia certainly was familiar with the world’s oldest profession which was, at least in the larger centres of population, carried on by free women, spinsters, widows or divorced women, reduced by misery to trafficking in their own bodies, but mainly by slaves “working” for their masters. These women were recognisable, as elsewhere, by the banners which they flew at the doors of their dwellings; they accepted all comers as clients; if they produced a child, the latter was entrusted to the official responsibility of the man whom the physiognomists ( ḳāfa [see ḳiyāfa …

, Libyan nationalist who, after having sought refuge in Tunisia, hastened from November 1914 onwards to assume leadership of the revolt fomented by the Sanūsīs [ q.v.] against Italian domination. The rebels soon achieved some spectacular successes against the Italians [see lībiyā ], and K̲h̲alīfa speedily attempted to raise the Tunisians against France. On 16 …